Quantitative and financial evaluation of non-timber forest products(case study:Zemkan basin forests,West of Iran)

Although Zagros forests in western Iran lack industrial timber value due to the severe climate and socioeconomics problems, non-timber products are of great value and importance due to their high economic potential and also their potential to improve the welfare of forestdwelling and forest-fringe villagers. This study was done in the forests of the Zemkan basin, an important part of central Zagros forests, Iran, to recognize the non-timber forest products（NTFPS）, investigate their potential economic value and role in people＇s livelihood. Data, collected using forest cruising, participatory observations, interviews with indigenous and local persons and experts, identified wild pistachio resin, wild pistachio fruit, oak fruit and oak syrup（Shokeh manna） among the non-timber products in this basin with total potential harvestable NTFPs of 77.16,771.602, 13248.68, and 1324.868 tons per year,respectively. The economic rent from NTFPs is 33 US$/ha/year and its total expected values with consideration of real interest rate when the exploiter invests the capital in the bank（6.4 %） and when money is borrowed from the bank to execute the incorporated projects（8.4 %） are $516/ha and $393/ha, respectively. Furthermore, families＇ economic share from potential profit of NTFPs is annually$601 per household. In addition wild pistachio resin has the highest share of the total potential profit of NTFPs and its equal to 51 % of the total of potential profit of NTFPs.Therefore, it is suggested that decisions be made to increase the infrastructure and strengthen the local selling market to enhance the cash income from NTFPs. Forest participatory management practices are suggested to organize and improve traditional use of the forests.

Population distribution and threats to sustainable management of selected non-timber forest products in tropical lowland rainforests of south western Nigeria

Uncontrolled harvesting of non-timber forest products （NTFPs） poses a serious risk of extermination to several of these species in Nigeria. Yet, there is a paucity of information on the distribution, population status and sustainable management of NTFPs in most of the tropical lowland rainforests. We, therefore, assessed the population, distribution and threats to sustainable management of NTFPs within the tropical lowland rainforests of Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, south western Nigeria. Data were obtained through inventory surveys on five top priority species including： bush mango （Irvingia gabonensis （Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke） Baill）, African walnut （Tetracarpidium conophorum （Mull. Arg.） Hutch. ＆ Dalziel syn. Plukenetia conophora）, chew-stick （Massularia acuminata （G. Don） Bullock）, fever bark （Annickia chlorantha Setten ＆ P.J.Maas syn. Enantia chloranta） and bush pepper （Piper guineense Schumach. ＆ Thonn.）. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used for the inventory. Each forest reserve was stratified into three, viz： less disturbed natural forest （for areas that have been rested for at least ten years）, recently disturbed natural forest （for areas that have suffered one form of human perturbation or the other in the last five years）, and plantation forest （for areas carrying forest plantation）. Data were collected from eighteen 10 m × 500 m belt transects located in the above strata. The species were generally fewer in both plantation and recently disturbed natural forest than the less disturbed natural forest, suggesting that forest disturbances （habitat modification） for other uses may have an effect on the occurrence and densities of the NTFPs. Exceptions to this trend were found for P. guineense and T. conophorum, which were fairly common in both plantation and recently disturbed natural forest. Among three tree NTFP species （i.e. I. gabonensis, M. acuminata and A. chlorantha）, only I. gabonensis showed a significant difference in overall DBH size classes for both reserves （t=？2.404; df =21; p=0.026）. Three tree NTFP species in both reserves further showed differences from the regular patterns of distribution of trees. The fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for M. acuminata in the study sites, however, suggests a recuperating population. In general, destructive harvesting of species, logging operations, low population size, narrow distribution ranges and habitat degradation are the major threats to the population of NTFPs in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of NTFPs in the study area are discussed and recommendations are made for a feasible approach towards enhancing the status of the species.

Diversity of non-timber forest products in Cachar District, Assam, India

We identified 67 and 21 NTFP-yielding plant and animal species, respectively, in a reserve forest in Cachar district of Assam. We recorded globally threatened species listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered （plant species Dipterocarpus turbinatus）, Vulnerable （plant species Aquillaria malaccensis）, Endangered （animal species Hoolock hoolock, Indotestudo elongata and Manis pentadactyla）, and Vulnerable （animal species Nilssonia hurum and Rusa unicolor）. The whole plant or animal and/or their various parts were used as food or medicine, in house construction, magico-religious activities and others. While some NTFPs were harvested throughout the year, others were harvested seasonally. A comprehensive NTFP policy, along with scientific measures for regen- eration, restoration and augmentation of NTFP-yielding plants and animals, would help in addressing the conflicting demands of conservation and livelihood in the forests of this area.

Export Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the Ukrainian Timber Industry

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the export dynamics within the Ukrainian timber industry, emphasizing its pivotal role in the national economy. The study begins by outlining the research objectives, context, and innovative methodologies, setting the stage for a deep dive into the theoretical underpinnings of sustainable and competitive trade. It explores Ukraine’s rich forest biodiversity across varied vegetation zones and its geopolitical significance. Detailed evaluations of forest resource management, policy frameworks, and institutional support form the core of the analysis. Challenges such as imbalanced export structures and legal inconsistencies are critically examined. The research employs trade gravity models and competitive indicators like the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Market Share (MS) to assess factors influencing exports and to forecast potential growth areas. The findings inform strategic recommendations aimed at enhancing export capacity through market diversification, brand development, and legal stability. The conclusion highlights the need for strategic interventions to harness Ukraine’s timber resources sustainably, balancing economic gains with environmental stewardship.

Market analysis for timber and forest products in China

This paper introduces the general condition of forestry resources of China and the demand and supply of timber and forest products. The market for timber and forest producls has borne dual pressure because of the population explosion and growth of the domestic economy. A major contemporary strategy for sustainable forestry includes the promotion of the Forest Products Industry (FPI), the substitution of other materials for timber,and the encouragement of imports of timber and forest products. The author analyzes the effect of these policies on the market for timber and forest products. In addition, the difficulties encountered by most mid-to large -scale state- owned forest enterprises during the transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy are examined. Finally, the author points out the countermeasures and means for reform of these old forest enterprises with a view toward future prosperity of the market for timber and forest products.

Assessing forest sustainability trajectory with temporal changes in timber output and ecological reserve: the case of China

We classified forest resources into four modes：high timber output and high ecological reserve（Mode T-E）; high timber output and low ecological reserve（Mode T-e）; low timber output and low ecological reserve（Mode t-e）; and low timber output and high ecological reserve（Mode t-E）. Ecological reserve is stand volume per unit area of natural forests and total area of natural forests;timber output is defined as total area of timber forests and unit area of timber production. We used this classification system to examine forest development in China between1950 and 2013. Data were acquired mainly from forest inventory statistics published by China’s Forestry Administration between the 1970 s and 2013. I Information from the 1950 s was acquired from relevant literature. Our analysis suggests that China’s forest resources transitioned from Mode t-E to Mode T-e during the period between the early 1950 s and late 1970 s, resulting in the destruction of both ecological vigor and timber resources. During the following 20 years, strategies were implemented to improve the ecological reserve and increase timber supply,resulting in a decline in the rate of forest degradation. Over the past decade, China’s forest resources have reached Mode T-E as a result of improvements in both the ecological reserve and the timber supply. Currently, the total area of timber forests is relatively low, representing the limiting factor for improvement in overall forest functionality. Nevertheless, along with increased efforts to protect natural forests and develop fast-growing forest plantations, it is hopeful that China’s forest resources will achieve a sustainable state. The four-mode TOER（timber output, ecological reserve） method introduced in this paper is a simple but an effective approach for characterizing the overall quality and quantity of forest resources. The data used for this type of evaluation are typically easy to obtain and reliable. This methodology has potential to be applied to forests in various regions and countries.

苹果等6种经济林不同时期果实BVOCs成分分析

为探究常见经济林树种不同时期果实在自然状态下释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分差异,并分析其香气类型,选取苹果、桃、李、梨、山楂和枣6种经济林树种为研究对象,采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行BVOCs分析。结果表明,6种果实膨大期和成熟期均检测出12类BVOCs,组分总数量前者(305)大于后者(275),2个时期果实释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类和醛类BVOCs占比最大;不同时期6种果实有10种共有BVOCs为2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、正十九烷、a-柏木烯、正戊醛、庚醛、辛醛、天然壬醛、癸醛、苯乙酮和庚胺醇;苹果、桃、李和梨随着果实生长发育BVOCs成分数量减少;不同时期6种果实香韵涵盖香型有差异,并随果实生长发育,青草香、果香、檀木香、醛香和柑橘香占比明显增加。表明不同时期6种经济林植物果实释放BVOCs组成成分和相对含量差异明显,在果实成熟期,主要香气BVOCs成分相对含量较高,是果实香精开发的最佳时期。

经济林种植户有机肥施用行为及影响因素分析——基于陕西省589户种植户调查数据

在积极倡导环境保护的时代背景下,探讨经济林种植户有机肥施用行为的影响因素,对林业绿色可持续发展具有重要影响。以陕西省589户经济林种植户的调查数据为基础,运用Heckman样本选择模型,着重分析电商参与和社会网络对经济林种植户有机肥施用行为的影响。结果表明,74%的种植户选择施用有机肥,但有机肥投入资金占肥料总投入较低。种植户电商参与、社会网络正向影响其有机肥施用决策和施用程度,并且社会网络在电商参与影响有机肥施用程度的过程中起正向调节作用。此外,家中农用机械数量、经济林种植面积以及是否被评选为科技示范户种植户也会对种植户有机肥施用行为产生影响。

林下食用菌栽培的现状及展望

林下栽培食用菌能够充分利用林地空间资源,获得优质食用菌农产品产出,是实现绿色发展、乡村振兴的有效途径。本文以林下食用菌产业的积极意义为切入点,归纳论述了不同林分类型下食用菌的栽培情况和林下食用菌的主要栽培模式,列举了5种典型的林下栽培食用菌案例(黑木耳、大球盖菇、竹荪、灵芝、羊肚菌)。在此基础上,分析了目前我国林下食用菌栽培产业存在的一些问题,并提出发展林下食用菌产业的对策:(1)建立林下复合经营共同体;(2)加强科技创新与技术推广;(3)加强林下经济产业人才培养,促进林菌专业合作组织建设;(4)出台扶持政策,加强市场流通体系建设;(5)完善林下经济相关标准、导则的制定。综上结果,以期能为相关从业人员提供一些参考。

密度控制和追肥对杉木近熟林改培大径材林的效应分析

为构建南岭山区杉木大径材高效培育技术体系,提高大径材产量与质量,将现有林分改培为大径材林是切实可行的途径。本研究以杉木近熟林为对象,采用正交设计进行疏伐与配方施肥改培试验研究。结果表明:在杉木树高-胸径生长模型研究中,幂函数模型有较好的拟合效果,是最理想的树高-胸径生长模型选择;杉木近熟林改培后第3年,处理前、后各材种变化总体呈现出小、中径材逐步减少,大径材逐步增加的趋势,大径材增量最大的是处理2。影响处理前后树高、胸径和单株材积增量的因子效应大小依次为追施尿素、追施过磷酸钙、保留密度,影响大径材出材量及出材率增量的试验因子有差异,增加大径材出材量和提高大径材出材率的最优组合一致。试验结果表明,当密度处于中等或中等偏高水平、尿素和过磷酸钙均处于中等水平时,最利于提高大径材出材量和出材率。

毛竹林下栽培食用菌对土壤性质及细菌群落特征的影响

【目的】探究食用菌栽培后毛竹林地土壤养分和细菌群落特征的变化,为毛竹林下栽培食用菌的应用与发展提供依据。【方法】于2020年10月在余姚市林场毛竹林下进行食用菌仿野生栽培,设计4个处理:分别栽培竹荪、大球盖菇和羊肚菌及对照(传统经营毛竹林,林下未栽培食用菌)。于2021年7月采集出菇结束后的土壤,利用PCR扩增技术研究土壤细菌群落多样性。分析土壤养分状况与细菌群落α多样性之间的相关性,揭示土壤细菌群落的变化规律。【结果】1)与对照相比,毛竹林下栽培大球盖菇能够显著增加土壤养分(P<0.05),土壤有机碳、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别增加13.70%、6.48%、380.00%、100.68%、33.75%和20.75%。2)与对照相比,在毛竹林下栽培羊肚菌能够显著缓解土壤酸化,并显著增加土壤有效磷、硝态氮含量(P<0.05),分别增加665.60%和250.31%。土壤细菌α多样性显著提高(P<0.05),土壤微生物的群落组成发生改变,土壤酸杆菌门相对丰度显著降低,而拟杆菌门相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05)。3)竹荪处理对毛竹林土壤养分影响较小,属分类水平上细菌优势群落组成与对照相似,但细菌扩增特征序列来源最复杂。4)各处理土壤酸杆菌门和变形菌门为细菌优势门(P<0.05)。5)土壤有效磷和速效钾含量与土壤细菌群落相对丰度显著相关(P<0.05),酸杆菌门与土壤水解性氮、铵态氮和有机碳含量正相关,与土壤pH值负相关,土壤pH值、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量与Chao1、Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数显著相关(P<0.01)。【结论】毛竹林下短期栽培大球盖菇使土壤养分提升的效果显著,栽培羊肚菌能够有效缓解土壤酸化,不同食用菌对土壤细菌群落影响差异大,在生产中可根据实地情况选择栽培。

基于文献计量的国内外林下经济研究进展

为深入了解国内外林下经济研究现状和趋势,以2002-2022年Web of Science核心数据库为数据来源,结合Citespace和VOSviewer等软件对国内外林下经济相关文献研究数量、研究机构、研究主题及关键词进行统计分析。结果表明:林下经济累积发文量和累积被引频次呈指数增长的趋势;该领域发文量学者主要分布在美国、巴西、印度、德国、中国等地;世界农林研究中心、法国农业国际合作研究发展中心、中国科学院等机构在该领域发文量最大;林下经济学是一门主要以林学、农学、环境科学、生态学、植物学、土壤学等学科交叉而成的新型学科。此外,基于关键文献和关键词分析,低速发展期(2002-2007年)考虑林木生长、作物产量的影响研究,快速增长期(2008-2017年)考虑间作模式、优良品种选育、土壤理化性质及养分、分析方法、种间关系等机制研究,急速增长期(2018-2022年)作物化学成分(及内含物)和营养价值、植物根际和土壤微生物群落活性的响应机理、遥感技术的运用以及稳定同位素的溯源技术是主要研究趋势。

碳中和背景下南方大径材林培育问题与对策分析

人工林是森林的重要组成部分,其在陆地生态系统增汇方面发挥重要作用。随着国家对森林资源保护的加强,培育大径材林成为实现我国碳中和战略目标和缓解木材供需矛盾的重要发力点。我国南方人工林面积大,但以中、幼龄林为主,如何提升林地生产力,发挥其增汇功能是关键。该文关注大径材林的固碳功能;针对目前我国南方大径材林培育面临的大径材林资源和成材机理不清晰、大径材林培育目标不明确、大径材定向培育技术体系不完善及人工林地力衰退严重和林分结构单一等问题,提出开展现存大径材林资源调查,科学规划林地和立地选择,开展珍贵乡土阔叶树种良种选育,开展精准施肥调控和调整林分结构等大径材林高效培育和固碳能力协同提升经营对策,可为科学制定森林生态系统管理方案提供依据。

湖北省主要针叶用材林林分质量评价

为评价湖北省主要针叶用材林林分质量,以2019年森林资源二类调查数据为基础,选取3项准则12个指标,采用主成分分析方法构建林分质量评价体系.结果表明,影响林分的重要因素是林分生产力和林分稳定性,指标层中相对重要的影响因子是胸径指数、树高指数、蓄积指数、土壤类型、土壤厚度、龄组、郁闭度、适生区、植被总盖度和群落结构10项指标;小班林分质量得分为0.1344~0.7574,差等、中等和优等小班面积占比分别达5.21%、80.43%和14.36%.湖北省主要针叶用材林林分质量以中等为主,提升空间较大.

森林抚育经营技术要点与应用

为进一步优化森林抚育经营技术,本文对森林抚育经营的必要性进行分析,包括提高林木成活率与森林质量,保障生物多样性,以及提升林业资源效益等。探究森林抚育经营技术要点,包括公益林、用材林和人工乔木林等不同类别的森林抚育经营方式。提出森林抚育经营技术的应用措施,包括转变经营理念,制定科学的经营方案,增强生态保护意识。目的在于优化森林结构,提升森林资源的经济效益,促进林业高质量发展。

银荆一年生播种苗木质量分级标准研究

为科学合理制定银荆菌材林的造林苗木出圃规格,运用相关性分析及主成分分析、聚类分析和正态分布方法,对长顺县培育的银荆一年生播种苗木质量进行分级评价研究。结果表明:地径是银荆一年生播种苗木质量分级的优先指标,苗高为辅助指标;调查样本逐步聚类分级结果更精准并且切合生产实际,均值比例法的60%或70%作为Ⅱ级苗的初始分级进行逐步聚类分级结果较其他方法更合理;Ⅰ级苗地径D>0.80 cm且苗高H>100 cm,Ⅱ级苗地径0.40 cm≤D≤0.80 cm且苗高H≥50 cm,Ⅲ级苗地径0.20 cm≤D<0.40 cm且苗高H≥30 cm。贵州营造银荆菌材林的苗木出圃规格为D≥0.50 cm且H≥50 cm,建议使用Ⅰ级规格的截干苗营造短轮伐期菌材林。

“课程思政”视域下的课堂教学改革路径探索——以经济林栽培学为例

经济林是实现乡村美、产业兴、百姓富和绿色发展总体目标的重要基石,服务于保障国家粮油安全、巩固脱贫攻坚成果、推进乡村振兴等国家战略。经济林栽培学作为专门研究经济林栽培理论和实践的综合性课程,是林学专业理论与技术融合共进的核心内容。针对经济林栽培学课程教学目标、内容及方式与专业育人的协同体系建设,思政元素的挖掘及融入课程的途径等进行有益探索,结合本校特色,以期构建林学专业课程思政新模式。融合思政教育和专业思想教育,使学生了解经济林对我国生态文明建设的巨大贡献,激发学生强烈的专业使命感与社会责任感,促使学生努力提高自身专业知识水平和业务素养,成为一名德才兼备、全面发展的林业人才。

受甲虫影响的木材与非木材产品的联合收获策略

基于森林中木材和非木材产品的开发现状,考虑甲虫与森林木材的相互作用关系建立生态数学模型。首先,分析该模型的动力学行为,运用常微分方程的定性理论分析系统平衡点的存在性以及稳定性条件;其次,研究该模型下的最优收获问题,选取收获努力量和对甲虫的人为消杀率为最优控制变量,求出最优解的表达式;最后,结合数值模拟给出具有实际意义的最优收获策略,为林业生态经济的可持续发展提供一定的理论依据。

施肥时期对毛竹林出笋成竹及新竹生长的影响

为探究施肥时期对毛竹林出笋成竹及新竹生长的影响,2019—2022年在福建省永安市进行了不同施肥时期试验,设置3种施肥时期处理:5月份施肥1次+挖冬笋前1个月施肥1次(处理A),5月份施肥1次+边挖冬笋边施肥1次(处理B),5月份施肥1次+挖冬笋后1个月施肥1次(处理C),以不施肥作为对照(CK),分析比较不同施肥时期对毛竹林春笋出笋量、成竹量及新竹生长量的影响。结果表明,以处理B对毛竹林出笋成竹及新竹生长的促进作用最好,平均春笋出笋量达939个/hm^(2),平均成竹量达883株/hm^(2),新竹平均胸径达10.9 cm,平均竹高达12.3 m,分别较对照提高28.10%、32.38%、14.74%、14.95%。研究结果可为笋竹两用毛竹林施肥时期选择提供技术参考。

杉木优质用材林生长动态及营林效果分析

为调查杉木优质用材林生长动态及营林效果,广西壮族自治区国有高峰林场于2012年3月在长客分场内营造杉木优质用材林46 hm^(2)、对照林分2 hm^(2),对1~11年生两种杉木林分的生长性状、土壤地力和林下植被进行监测。结果显示,杉木优质用材林林分生长状况优于对照林分,两种林分土壤地力和林下植被相差不大。该结论可为今后的储备林建设提供实践参考。