Export Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the Ukrainian Timber Industry

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the export dynamics within the Ukrainian timber industry, emphasizing its pivotal role in the national economy. The study begins by outlining the research objectives, context, and innovative methodologies, setting the stage for a deep dive into the theoretical underpinnings of sustainable and competitive trade. It explores Ukraine’s rich forest biodiversity across varied vegetation zones and its geopolitical significance. Detailed evaluations of forest resource management, policy frameworks, and institutional support form the core of the analysis. Challenges such as imbalanced export structures and legal inconsistencies are critically examined. The research employs trade gravity models and competitive indicators like the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Market Share (MS) to assess factors influencing exports and to forecast potential growth areas. The findings inform strategic recommendations aimed at enhancing export capacity through market diversification, brand development, and legal stability. The conclusion highlights the need for strategic interventions to harness Ukraine’s timber resources sustainably, balancing economic gains with environmental stewardship.

钉合木-混凝土组合楼板浅槽型连接件抗剪性能试验

钉合木(NLT)是一种不使用胶黏剂的结构材,具有环保、加工快捷等优点,可用于木结构建筑的楼板、屋面板等。将混凝土板设置在钉合木楼板上方,并通过剪力连接件将二者组合,可以提高原钉合木楼板的结构性能。本文提出适用于钉合木-混凝土组合楼板的浅槽型连接件,并基于推出试验开展浅槽型连接的抗剪性能研究。试验参数主要包括开槽宽度、螺钉倾斜角度和螺钉尺寸,其中,开槽宽度设置为100和200 mm;螺钉倾斜角度设置为垂直和交叉45°;螺钉尺寸主要考虑螺钉直径和锚固深度的影响。基于试验结果分析上述因素对浅槽型连接承载力、抗剪刚度和延性的影响。结果表明:采用交叉斜螺钉代替垂直螺钉、增大螺钉的直径和锚固深度均可提高浅槽型连接的抗剪性能;开槽宽度对浅槽型连接的抗剪承载力和滑移刚度影响较为显著。

高性能竹基复材加固木梁的协同工作性能研究

竹钢是一种高性能竹基复合材料和重组竹制品,具有可以和钢材媲美的拉、压、弯曲强度。用钢带(无损)或钢带加少量钢钉(微损)锚固竹钢板材加固古建筑木梁,可以实现对古建筑木梁的无损/微损和可逆加固。为了研究不同加固方法和竹钢板厚度等因素对木梁协同工作性能的影响,该文对10根木梁进行了弯曲加载试验,对试件的受力过程、破坏形态、初始抗弯刚度及变形能力进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明:竹钢板与木梁可以协同工作,加固后木梁的抗弯承载力、刚度均显著提升,抗弯承载力的提高幅度为47.94%~139.74%,刚度的提高幅度为4%~128%;其中全包加固试件加固效果最佳;拉压复合加固和全包加固试件破坏后的残余抗弯承载能力可达未加固木梁极限抗弯承载力的74%~138%,说明采用这两种加固方式对有缺陷木梁进行加固可以弥补木材初始缺陷的不足。建立了竹钢板加固木梁的抗弯承载力计算公式,理论计算与试验结果吻合良好。

木-混凝土螺栓连接力学性能试验及承载力计算模型

连接节点的设计是保证木-混凝土混合结构中两种材料协同工作的基础.为研究常用工程木-混凝土螺栓连接节点的力学性能及破坏模式,分别选用正交胶合木(Crosslaminated timber,CLT)-混凝土螺栓连接和云杉-松木-冷杉(Spruce Pine Fir,SPF)规格材-混凝土螺栓连接作为试验对象,设计了27组单调加载试验和低周往复加载试验,归纳并对比了两类木-混凝土螺栓连接的典型破坏模式.结果表明:木-混凝土螺栓连接节点承载力大小与螺栓屈服模式相关,CLT-混凝土螺栓连接相较于SPF-混凝土螺栓连接更易发生双铰破坏,且CLT-混凝土螺栓连接具有更好的延性.基于对两类连接力学性能差异的影响机理分析,考虑钢垫板对承载力的影响,并引入CLT等效截面,提出了木-混凝土螺栓连接的承载力力学模型.计算结果与试验结果对比的平均误差为12.18%,表明计算值与试验值吻合良好,可为木-混凝土螺栓连接的设计与应用提供参考.

Application of single neuron adaptive PID controller during the process of timber drying

The paper presents a method of using single neuron adaptive PID control for adjusting system or servo system to implement timber drying process control, which combines the thought of parameter adaptive PID control and the character of neural network on exactly describing nonlinear and uncertainty dynamic process organically. The method implements functions of adaptive and self-learning by adjusting weighting parameters. Adaptive neural network can make some output trail given hoping value to decouple in static state. The simulation result indicates the validity, veracity and robustness of the method used in the timber drying process

Mechanical properties of monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints of the traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region

The mechanical properties of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints of the ancient Chinese traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region were studied using the experimental method. Three monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints were designed according to the actual configurations. The failure modes,the hysteretic curves,the skeleton curves, the rotation rigidities, and the energy dissipation capacity of this type of mortise-tenon joints under the low cyclic reversed loading were obtained. The results show that the hysteretic curves of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints appear to be Z shape and have obvious pinch effects. During the process of the test,these mortisetenon joints pass orderly through the elastic stage,the yield stage and the failure stage. The energy dissipation capacity of these mortise-tenon joints generally decreases with the increase in the rotation angle. The equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the monodirectional Gutou mortise-tenon joints are between 0. 161 and 0. 193. The results can provide the theoretical base for the computing analysis and repair design of Chinese traditional timber buildings in the Yangtze River region.

基于有限元分析的大理、丽江地区穿斗式木结构山架抗震性能

通过实地调查,分析了大理、丽江地区木结构榫卯结构的配置情况以及二者结构上的差异。为了研究二者的抗震性能与受力特性,通过有限元软件对两个地区的典型穿斗式木结构山架进行低周往复荷载模拟。结果表明:丽江地区穿斗式木结构山架抗震性能优于大理地区,两地木结构的薄弱点均在横向构件与纵向构件的榫卯节点处,榫卯节点的薄弱点位于榫头末端,二者的抗侧刚度均不高,易在水平荷载下倾斜。

Structural Carpentry in Qing Dynasty-A Framework for the Hierarchically Modularized Chinese Timber Structural Design

This article, by using mathematical expressions, offers a scientific framework for understanding how the grading system of Qing′s structural carpentry determines the design and construction in the grand style timber architecture.The Qing′s grand style timber structure, which is ready for prefabrication and assembly, is extremely hierarchical oriented and significantly standardized. The general procedure in designing a grand style timber structure is to start with the grade that defines the basic module (dou kou); next comes with the number of bracket set (cuan), the number of longitudinal bays and the number of purlins which affect its plan and cross section; thirdly choose a roof type that determines its longitudinal section and the facade as well. A series of formulae are conducted to help depict the layout, cross sectional roof curvature and special longitudinal treatments in 4 sloped and 9 spined roofs respectively.

间伐对杉木大径材培育林分的生长和乔木碳储量的影响

在浙江省开化县林场,以1991年营建的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)大径材培育林分为研究对象,1997年夏季,在杉木林分中选择立地条件(坡向和坡度等)基本一致的样地,分别在上、中、下坡位建立3个区组,每个区组设计3种间伐处理(未间伐(对照)、中度间伐、强度间伐),每个处理各建立3块20 m×20 m固定样地;间伐前林分平均密度为2565株·hm^(-2)、平均树高为7.9 m、平均胸径为11.3 cm、立地指数18(基准年龄为20 a)。在林分生长至7、14 a时开展2次间伐,第一次间伐(1997年夏季),强度、中度间伐处理分别间伐33%和20%的林木(以株密度计),对照不间伐;第二次间伐(2004年秋季),强度间伐、中度间伐、对照,分别间伐18%、16%、15%的林木;2022年12月份强度间伐、中度间伐、对照处理的保留密度,分别为1227、1552、1906株·hm^(-2)。分别在1997年(第一次间伐当年)、1999年(第一次间伐后2 a)、2004年(第一次间伐后7 a)、2004年(第二次间伐当年)、2006年(第二次间伐后2 a)、2012年(第二次间伐后8 a)、2022年(第二次间伐后18 a)冬季,测量树高和胸径,应用相关算法估算林分断面积、蓄积量、碳储量;采用单因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA)、邓肯(Duncan)多重比较法,分析间伐对杉木大径材培育林分的生长和乔木碳储量的影响。结果表明:不同间伐处理,对平均树高没有显著影响。2次间伐后25 a(32年生林分),强度间伐处理的林木平均胸径,比对照林分增加了11.5%,但保留木断面积、活立木蓄积量、乔木碳储量,分别比对照林分减少了18.7%、22.3%、25.2%;中度间伐处理的保留木断面积、活立木蓄积量、乔木碳储量,略低于对照林分,但这些指标在中度间伐和对照处理之间没有显著差异。2次间伐后25 a,强度间伐处理的林分大径木林分密度和蓄积量,显著低于对照处理的林分;中度间伐处理的林分大径木林分株密度和蓄积量,与对照处理的林分接近;但强度间伐处理的林分大径木平均胸径和单株材积,高于对照处理的林分。第一次间伐后7 a内、第二次间伐后8 a内,强度间伐处理的林分林木平均胸径生长量均显著高于对照处理的林分;第二次间伐8 a(22年生林分)以后,间伐对林木胸径的影响逐渐减弱。综合大径材高效培育和固碳能力协同提升的培育目标,18指数立地,杉木大径材培育林分以中度间伐为宜,适宜的保留密度约为1500株·hm^(-2)。

北宋木植司论考

木植司,作为北宋森林采伐与管理的机构,初设于神宗元丰三年,但其性质特殊:一是在建制上不同于以往的林业机构受辖于虞部,木植司往往由地方直接统领而不受干扰;二是在功能上,不同于以往的林业机构专门负责采伐、运输等步骤,木植司则更为全面,集采伐、运输、贩卖于一体。南宋时,木植司便悄然消失。究其原因:一方面是由于领土的收缩使南宋失去了大片森林资源;另一方面,是由于木植司的存在颇有王安石变法“与民争利”的色彩,故而在后世便受到了轻视。

荒漠绿洲红枣经济林滞尘时空特征分析

为探究荒漠绿洲区域红枣经济林在不同空间区域、时间维度的滞尘能力,以荒漠绿洲城镇第一师十一团红枣经济林为研究对象,通过叶面尘收集、叶面积测定、洗脱过滤称重,采用质量差减法结合Digimizer软件及NOWAK经验公式测定红枣经济林单位叶面积、单叶、单株及单位种植面积滞尘能力,分析枣林时空分布特征、植株结构对滞尘效益的影响。结果表明:1)枣林单位叶面积滞尘量、单株滞尘量、单位土地面积滞尘量均值依次为4.86 g/m^(2)、72.70 g/株、248.81 kg/hm^(2);2)枣林滞尘量的空间变化趋势表现为:在水平空间分布上单株滞尘量、单位叶面积滞尘量由绿洲内部到边缘呈先减少后增多趋势,单位枣林滞尘量随着距枣林边缘水平距离增加呈先增加后减少趋势;在垂直空间分布上,则随高度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;3)在时间分布上,滞尘累积量随月份增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,6月表现最佳;4)枣林单株滞尘量(SP)与单位叶面积滞尘量(LA)、冠幅(CW)、冠高(CH)、三维绿量(DGP)间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。研究结果可为塔里木盆地北缘荒漠绿洲城镇红枣经济林生态效益评估提供理论参考。

考虑断裂损伤的足尺透榫节点抗震性能试验及恢复力模型研究

为研究断裂损伤对古建筑木结构透榫节点抗震性能及恢复力模型的影响,对3个足尺铁杉透榫节点模型进行拟静力试验,通过声发射测试确定节点临界荷载和临界能量释放率,分析节点断裂损伤模式、滞回性能,提出考虑断裂损伤效应的节点恢复力模型。结果表明:往复荷载下透榫节点破坏为变截面与榫颈局部断裂,变截面局部为RL、LT及RT型断裂,榫颈局部为LT与RT型断裂。负向加载松动程度对节点能量释放率影响较大,负向最大能量释放率相差217.48kN/mm。拔榫量随松动程度增加而降低,正向加载拔榫量最多降低33.72%,负向加载拔榫量最多降低35.53%。变截面裂纹贯通前,随着节点松动增加,正负向加载初始滑移增大,弹性刚度减小,屈服刚度变化不大;榫颈截面开裂后,随着节点松动增加,正向加载刚度减小,负向加载刚度变化不大。

Preservation Strategies of Timber-framed Arch Bridges as Cultural Landscape Heritage

Theoretical study on and safeguarding of cultural landscape heritage has been put on the agenda of heritage protection in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces.The safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge heritage in the past 5 decades could be classified into 3 stages,and heritage protection in all 3 stages was closely related to original meaning of "landscape",which proved that timber-framed arch bridge heritage had profound inside information,and the safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge from the perspective of cultural landscape heritage was worth further study.Safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge cultural landscape heritage focused on integrated conservation,but not protection of individual bridges.Integrated conservation of world heritage is to maintain and restore the integrated environment landscape of the heritage,thus protection of timber-framed arch bridge heritage is not only to explore its architectural craftsmanship,but also to lay a foundation for the dynamic succession of such craftsmanship as intangible cultural heritage.Value of the existing timber-framed arch bridges as historic building heritage was discussed,and it was proposed that ultimate objectives of the safeguarding could be realized step by step from 3 layers.

新型仿编木钢结构景观人行拱桥设计

为实现古代编木式拱桥的装配化设计和施工,采用钢结构设计跨径13.2 m编木造型景观拱桥一座,并对部分节点进行简化处理,利用Midas Civil建立全桥有限元模型对该桥进行结构分析,研究表明:作为景观人行桥,本设计方案在结构静力、动力和稳定性方面均满足要求,在实现桥梁仿古编木景观功能的条件下方便了设计和施工,对古代桥梁文化具有积极的推广作用。

Analysis of moisture diffusivity of larch timber during convective drying condition by using Crank＇s method and Dincer＇s method

Two analytical procedures （Crank＇s method and Dincer＇s method） for porous solid materials were reevaluated and used to determine moisture diffusion coefficients and moisture transfer coefficients for larch lumber subjected to drying. A diffusion-like equation was used to describe drying process data. The lumber was idealized in the modeling as infinite plates. The moisture transport process inside the board was assumed to be one-dimensional. The macroscopic drying kinetics curves of larch timber at particular conditions were determined experimentally. Based on these data, calculation for both the moisture diffusion coefficients and moisture transfer coefficients by the Dincer＇s analytical procedure were made. The dynamic moisture diffusion coefficients by the traditional Crank＇s method were calculated. In general, diffusion coefficients calculated by the Dincer＇s method were all higher than those by Crank＇s method. These results could be due to the differences between two analytical methods and also different characteristics between solid moisture diffusion process and heat transfer process. Therefore the analysis and solution procedures of moisture diffusion differential equations need to be adapted in the future. With drying temperature＇s increasing moisture diffusion coefficient （D） and moisture transfer coefficient （k） increases accordingly. Also the relationships between diffusion coefficients and temperature as well as material moisture contents were analyzed by using Arrhenius equation and bound water transport theory.

Shifting Private Timberland Ownership in South Carolina: Implications for Management Intensity

Beginning in the late 1970’s forest industry timberland gained the eye of financial investors. Diamond International and Crown Zellerbach were early firms that were purchased for the “break-up value” of their timberland. Timberland was perceived as undervalued by investors and made forest industry firms attractive takeover targets. This started a process where forest industry divested of its timberland. Some firms formed separate entities for its timberland base. Acquisitions and mergers became popular in the industry. Some forest industry companies converted to real estate investment trusts, for tax and defensive reasons. Large institutional investors became interested in timberland as means to diversify their portfolios and increase financial performance. Timber management investment organizations developed to manage and procure timberland for these institutional investors. Today little of the forest industry timberland remains with vertically-integrated forest products companies. South Carolina’s forest industry timberland decreased by about 800,000 ha since 1993 (or nearly 90%). This has implications for the state’s timber supply. Forest industry timberlands were some of the most productive and intensively managed forests in the state. We address how forest management might change on this timberland and how long-term timber supply might be impacted in the state.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of subsidy schemes for industrial timber development and carbon sequestration in Japanese forest plantations

This study uses simulations to investigate the effects of implementing two different Japanese forestry subsidy systems on timber production and carbon stock, and examines the consequences for harvesting strategies. An existing Local Yield Table Construction System （LYCS）, a wood conversion algorithm, and a harvesting cost model were used in the simulations to test the applicability of different subsidies to the thinning of stands. Using forest inventory data collected by local government staff, simulation output was used to calculate forestry profits, carbon stocks, subsidies, the amount of labor required, and the cost effectiveness of investing in subsidies. By comparing the output of simulations based on two scenarios, we found that both the clear-cutting area and the amount of harvested timber were larger under Scenario 2, in which the rules governing subsidy allocations are more relaxed, than under Scenario 1, in which the rules are more restrictive. Because the harvested timber under Scenario 1 was mainly produced by clear-cutting, the forestry profits and the subsidy predicted in the early period of the simulation, were larger under Scenario 1 than under Scenario 2. In contrast, the carbon stock was larger under Scenario 2 than under Scenario 1. The simulation model is likely to be useful for improving Plan-Do-Check-Act cyclesimplemented in Japanese forest management systems.

Comparison of three processing methods for laminated bamboo timber production

Three processing techniques, split-squaring(SS),V-grooving(VG), and split-edging(SE), were evaluated and compared in terms of their processing time and recovery. Semantan bamboo(Gigantochloa scortechinii Gamble) was used as a raw material and the results showed that the VG-method required the longest processing time(32.1 min), followed by the SS-method(18.2 min), and the SE-method(17.9 min). However, the VG-method showed the highest recovery(82.0%) compared to the SS-method and SE-method, 31.0 and 49.4%, respectively. When both processing time and recovery factors were combined with the same weighing factor, the highest value was recorded with the VG-method(49.1), while the SE-method had values of 31.1 and the SS-method 12.8. The results suggest that the VG-method is the best option. However, the V-grooving machine is still a prototype and therefore the SE-method could be an alternative option until the improved V-grooving machine is available.

Selection of superior families of Pinus massoniana in southern China for large-diameter construction timber

This study addresses the increasing demand for large-diameter production timber,and considers the time and space variability of half-sib families of Pinus massoniana.Height,diameter at breast height(DBH)and timber volume of 440 open-pollinated half-sib progeny families were investigated in 14 progeny trials in different years and production regions.An evaluation of the genetic variation of all half-sib families was carried out during the sustainable rapid growth period and individual volumes were characterized as a major index.ANOVA analysis showed that there was considerable variance in the growth traits of most families in different years and on different sites.The variations caused by temporal and spatial changes of the mating system required three selection methods for analysis.The results show that there were differences among the heritabilities of different growth traits by different halfsib progenies.Average heritability values of height,DBH and volume were 0.33,0.34 and 0.36,respectively.Fortyfive superior families were selected in every progeny test,12 were selected in progeny trials by different years and five in different habitat progeny trials.Three superior families(Gui GC553A,Gui GC414A and Gui GC431A)were selected,although in different years and production regions.The genetic gains of timber volume of these selected r families ranged from 1.20 to 47.00%,which could provide a foundation for superior wood property selection and serve as material for seed improvement and extension in surrounding areas.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber with Different Lay-ups Using Japanese Larch

Japanese larch is one of the main plantation tree species in China.A lack of engineered wood products made by Japanese larch,however,limits its application in wood stnuctures.In this study,based on optimum process parameters,such as pressure(12 MPa),adhesive spread rate(200 g/m^(2))and adhesive(one-component polyurethane),the mechanical properties of Japanese larch-made cross-laminated timber(CLT)with different lay-ups were evaluated by means of the static method.Results of this study showed that variations in lay-ups significantly affected the mechanical properties of CLT.The strength and modulus of bending and parallel compression for CLT increased with the thickness of lumber,while that of bending,parallel compression and rolling shear all decreased with the number of layers.Thickness,layup orientation and the number of layers all had an impact on the strength of CLT.Failure modes obtained from numerical simulation were basically the same as those of experimental tests.There was also strong alignment between theoretical value and test value for effective bending stifness and shear stifness.Thus,the shear analogy method can be used to predict the mechanical properties of CLT effectively.This study proved great potential in using Japanese larch wood for manufacturing CLT due to its good mechanical properties.