Multi-type ant system algorithm for the time dependent vehicle routing problem with time windows

The time dependent vehicle routing problem with time windows（TDVRPTW） is considered. A multi-type ant system（MTAS） algorithm hybridized with the ant colony system（ACS）and the max-min ant system（MMAS） algorithms is proposed. This combination absorbs the merits of the two algorithms in solutions construction and optimization separately. In order to improve the efficiency of the insertion procedure, a nearest neighbor selection（NNS） mechanism, an insertion local search procedure and a local optimization procedure are specified in detail. And in order to find a balance between good scouting performance and fast convergence rate, an adaptive pheromone updating strategy is proposed in the MTAS. Computational results confirm the MTAS algorithm＇s good performance with all these strategies on classic vehicle routing problem with time windows（VRPTW） benchmark instances and the TDVRPTW instances, and some better results especially for the number of vehicles and travel times of the best solutions are obtained in comparison with the previous research.

Spectral Method for Solving Time Dependent Flow of Upper-Convected Maxwell Fluid in Tube

The ti me dependent flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluid in a horizontal circular pip e is studied by spectral method. The time dependent problem is mathematically re duced to a partial differential equation of second order. By using spectral meth od the partial differential equation can be reduced to a system of ordinary diff erential equations for different terms of Chebyshev polynomials approximations. The ordinary differential equations are solved by Laplace transform and the eige nvalue method that leads to an analytical form of the solutions.

Influence of Neodymium on Amorphizability of RS Al-Fe-V-Si-Nd Alloys:An Investigation Using Time Dependent Nucleation Theory

Time dependent nucleation theory was applied to calculate the incubation time required for α Al nucleation in rapid solidified (RS) Al Fe V Si Nd alloys. The nucleation rates were calculated as a function of temperature, and the critical cooling rates required for the formation of amorphous α Al at different neodymium concentrations were calculated too. The addition of neodymium increases the amorphizablity of α Al by increasing the incubation time and decreasing the nucleation rate and the critical cooling rate. The calculations are fitted to experimental results when liquidus temperatures are estimated from an approximation, which treats Al Fe V Si Nd as quasi binary Al Fe system.

Random Time Dependent Resistance Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Structures

The analysis method on random time dependence of reinforced concrete material is introduced,the effect mechanism on reinforced concrete are discussed,and the random time dependence resistance of reinforced concrete is studied.Furthermore,the corrosion of steel bar in reinforced concrete structures is analyzed.A practical statistical method of evaluating the random time dependent resistance,which includes material,structural size and calculation influence,is also established.In addition,an example of predicting random time dependent resistance of reinforced concrete structural element is given.

Time Dependent Distribution of [^(203)Hg] Mercuric Nitrate in the Subcellular Fractions of Rat and Fish Liver

Cytotoxicity of inorganic mercury to the liver of two species, Anabas tesludineus and Sprague Dawley male rat was evaluated. Distribution kinetics of this metal in the different hepatic subcellular fractions were followed for 48 h after a single injection of [203Hg] mercuric nitrate at a dose of 4mg/kg b.w. Interaction of this metal with protein, DNA and RNA was also studied. In rat, nuclear and lysosomal fractions showed a significant increase in the protein content, while in fish, the amount of protein increased in all fractions except microsome. Comparatively more mercury was bound to protein in fish during the later phase of treatment. Retention of mercury in nuclear DNA of rat gradually declined from 15 min to 48 h of treatment, while, mitochondria! DNA binding to mercury increased from 15 min to 2 h of post injection and then declined in the later phase of the experiment. Such a biphasic binding pattern of mercury was shown by both the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the fish. The nuclear RNA of rat and mitochondrial and cytosolic RNA of both test species also showed a biphasic pattern of mercury binding, however, with a higher rate of binding in fish at the later phase of the experiment. The present study thus highlights that (a) mercury follows a definite distribution pattern in the subcellular fractions of the liver in both animal species, (b) cytosol is the major site of mercury accumulation.

Role of Exogenous Reduced Glutathione on Time Dependent ^(203)Hg Distribution in Liver and Kidney of a Freshwater Teleost, Anabas testudineus

Time-dependent tissue distribution of mercury(Hg) was studied in a freshwater perch,Anabas testudineus which revealed that the liver and kidneys are the major sites of Hg reten tion. The role of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the clearance of Hg was also investigated to e valuate the ameliorative effect of this nucleophile. For this purpose, the perch was given GSH 15 min before or after they received 203Hg by injection. The fish were then sacrificed at 24 h and 48 h later. The results clearly indicate that exogenous GSH can significantly reduce Hg retention in both the liver and kidneys, demonstrating a direct role of this nucleophile in the amelioration of Hg-induced toxicity in the early phase of intoxication

Time Dependent Tissue Distribution of ^(203)Hg in the White Rat and Anabas testudineus, a Freshwater Teleost

The distribution of mercury, an environmentally important toxicant, has been evaluated in a time dependent manner in different tissues of white rat and a freshwater teleost, Anabas testudineus. Sampling was performed at 15 min, 2, 6 and 48 h post injection (im) of 203Hg mercuric nitrate. Radioactivity of the 5% tissue homogenate, serum and bile was measured in a Gamma Counter. The rate of 203Hg accumulation is higher in fish immediately after administration which, however, is more or less of equal rate in the later period of observation in both the experimental animals. Partitioning of 203Hg occurs in a species specific manner with higher levels recorded in the brain and gonad of white rat. Spleen, liver and kidney, however, are the major tissues to accumulate mercury in both the species. The present study highlights that kidney is the target site of mercury retention with a higher kidney/liver ratio of mercury.

A VARIATIONAL ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO TIME DEPENDENT FLOW OF OLDROYD B FLUID IN CIRCULAR TUBE

In the present investigation the time dependent flow of an Oldroyd fluid B in ahorizontal eylindrical pipe is stuided by the variational analytical approach developedby author. The tome dependent problem is mathematically reduced to a partialdifferential equation of third order. Using the improved variational approach due toKantorovich the partial differential equation can be reduced to a system of ordinarydifferential equations for different approximations. The ordinary differential equationsare solved by the method of the Laplace transform which is led to an analytical formof the solutions.

A Time Dependent Inventory Model for Exponential Demand Rate with Constant Production Where Shelf-Life of the Product Is Finite

In this paper a time dependent inventory model is developed on the basis of constant production rate and market demands which are exponentially decreasing. It advances in quest of total average optimum cost considering those products which have finite shelf-life. The model also considers the small amount of decay. Without having any sort of backlogs, production starts. Reaching at the desired level of inventories, it stops production. After that due to demands along with the deterioration of the items it initiates its depletion and after certain periods the inventory gets zero. The decay of the products is level dependent. The objective of this paper is to find out the optimum inventory cost and optimum time cycle. The model has also been justified with proving the convex property and by giving a numerical example.

Solution of the Time Dependent Schrodinger Equation and the Advection Equation via Quantum Walk with Variable Parameters

We propose a solution method of Time Dependent Schr?dinger Equation (TDSE) and the advection equation by quantum walk/quantum cellular automaton with spatially or temporally variable parameters. Using numerical method, we establish the quantitative relation between the quantum walk with the space dependent parameters and the “Time Dependent Schr?dinger Equation with a space dependent imaginary diffusion coefficient” or “the advection equation with space dependent velocity fields”. Using the 4-point-averaging manipulation in the solution of advection equation by quantum walk, we find that only one component can be extracted out of two components of left-moving and right-moving solutions. In general it is not so easy to solve an advection equation without numerical diffusion, but this method provides perfectly diffusion free solution by virtue of its unitarity. Moreover our findings provide a clue to find more general space dependent formalisms such as solution method of TDSE with space dependent resolution by quantum walk.

Time Dependent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Concrete

In order to study how to correctly apply the two different time dependencies to service life prediction models, the definition of parameters in the time dependent equation using the long-term test method and the short-term test method, and its relationship were discussed. The experimental results show that, as the two time dependencies have different meanings, they have different manners when handled in service life prediction models. Time dependency of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete was obtained by fitting experimental data. A large number of accurate experimental data were required to fit the formula of time dependency to ensure the accuracy of service life prediction model.

Analysis of SIRVI model with time dependent coefficients and the effect of vaccination on the transmission rate and COVID-19 epidemic waves

COVID-19 epidemic models with constant transmission rate cannot capture the patterns of the infection data in the presence of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions during a pandemic.Because of this,a new modification of SIR model that contain the vaccination compartment with time dependent coefficients and weak/lossimmunity is explored.Literature review confirms that the effect of vaccination on the time dependent transmission rate is still an open problem.This study answers this open problem.In this study,we first prove the well-posedness and investigate the model dynamics to show their continuous dependence on the model parameters.We then provide an algorithm to derive the time-dependent transmission function for the epidemiologic model and the data of the infected cases.The derived coupled nonlinear differential equations show the effect of vaccination on the transmission rate.Unlike previous studies,we first filter the published data and solve the nonlinear coupled differential equations using the finite difference technique,where the coefficient of the coupled nonlinear differential equations is a function of given data.We then show that time-dependent transmission function can be represented by linear combinations of Gaussian radial base function.We then validate the prediction of our models using numerical simulations,where we used the published data of COVID-19 confirmed cases by the Ministries of Health in Saudi Arabia and Poland.Finally,the numerical solutions of a SIRVI model with time dependent transmission rate show that the waves for currently active cases are in good agreement with the data of Saudi Arabia and Poland.

ON MAXIMUM NORM ESTIMATES FOR RITZ-VOLTERRAPROJECTION WITH APPLICATIONS TO SOME TIME DEPENDENT PROBLEMS

The stability in L∞-norm is considered for the Ritz-Volterra projection and some applications are presented in this paper. As a result, point-wise error estimates are established for the finite element approximation for the parabolic integrodifferential equation, Sobolev equations, and a diffusion equation with non-local boundary value problem.

MHD flow of a visco-elastic fluid through a porous medium between infinite parallel plates with time dependent suction

This work provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of MHD unsteady free convection viscoelastic fluid flow through a porous medium. The medium is treated as incompressible and optically transparent. The flow of the fluid is initiated by shearing action of the moving wall with time dependent suction. Radiative heat flow is considered in temperature equation. The coupled nonlinear problem has been solved asymptotically. Approximate solutions have been obtained for the mean velocity, mean temperature using multi parameter perturbation technique. The originality of the present study is to investigate the effect of viscoelastic property of the fluid（Walters B？ model） on the flow and heat transfer phenomena when the flow is permeated through a porous medium with uniform porous matrix subject to transverse magnetic field and time dependent fluctuative suction at the boundary surface. The case of viscous flow has been discussed as a particular case on comparison with the result reported earlier and it is in good agreement. Flow reversal is indicated incase of viscoelastic fluid with high heat capacity in the presence of magnetic field. The higher cooling of the plate in case of viscoelastic flow also causes a flow reversal.

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement in time-dependent broadband pumping frequency non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier

This paper investigates quantum fluctuations characteristic of time-dependent broadband pumping frequency non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier for below and above threshold regions. It finds that a high squeezing and entanglement can be achieved.

Influence of multi-deposition multi-annealing on time-dependent dielectric breakdown characteristics of PMOS with high-k/metal gate last process

A multi-deposition multi-annealing technique （MDMA） is introduced into the process of high-k/metal gate MOSFET for the gate last process to effectively reduce the gate leakage and improve the device＇s performance. In this paper, we systematically investigate the electrical parameters and the time-dependent dielectric breakdown （TDDB） characteristics of positive channel metal oxide semiconductor （PMOS） under different MDMA process conditions, including the depo- sition/annealing （D＆A） cycles, the D＆A time, and the total annealing time. The results show that the increases of the number of D＆A cycles （from 1 to 2） and D＆A time （from 15 s to 30 s） can contribute to the results that the gate leakage current decreases by about one order of magnitude and that the time to fail （TTF） at 63.2% increases by about several times. However, too many D＆A cycles （such as 4 cycles） make the equivalent oxide thickness （EOT） increase by about 1A and the TTF of PMOS worsen. Moreover, different D＆A times and numbers of D＆A cycles induce different breakdown mechanisms.

MODELLING AND NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF A GAUGE PERIODIC TIME DEPENDENT GINZBURG-LANDAU MODEL FOR TYPE-Ⅱ SUPERCONDUCTORS

In this paper we seek the solutions of the time dependent Ginzburg-Landau model for type-Ⅱ superconductors such that the associated physical observables are spatially periodic with respect to some lattice whose basic lattice cell is not necessarily rectangular. After appropriately foring the gange, the model can be formulated as a system of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations with quasi-periodic boundary conditions. We first give some results concerning the existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions and then we propose a semiimplicit finite element scheme solving the system of nonlinear partial dmerential equations and show the optimal error estimates both in the L2 and energy norm.We also report on some numerical results at the end of the paper.

An efficient hybrid computational technique for the time dependent Lane-Emden equation of arbitrary order

The study of dynamic behaviour of nonlinear models that arise in ocean engineering play a vital role in our daily life.There are many examples of ocean water waves which are nonlinear in nature.In shallow water,the linearization of the equations imposes severe conditions on wave amplitude than it does in deep water,and the strong nonlinear effects are observed.In this paper,q-homotopy analysis Laplace transform scheme is used to inspect time dependent nonlinear Lane-Emden type equation of arbitrary order.It offers the solution in a fast converging series.The uniqueness and convergence analysis of the considered model is presented.The given examples confirm the competency as well as accuracy of the presented scheme.The behavior of obtained solution for distinct orders of fractional derivative is dis-cussed through graphs.The auxiliary parameter¯h offers a suitable mode of handling the region of con-vergence.The outcomes reveal that the q-HATM is attractive,reliable,efficient and very effective.

High Performance Algorithms Based on a New Wavelet Expansion for Time Dependent Acoustic Obstacle Scattering

This paper presents a highly parallelizable numerical method to solve time dependent acoustic obstacle scattering problems.The method proposed is a generalization of the“operator expansion method”developed by Recchioni and Zirilli[SIAM J.Sci.Comput.,25(2003),1158-1186].The numerical method proposed reduces,via a perturbative approach,the solution of the scattering problem to the solution of a sequence of systems of first kind integral equations.The numerical solution of these systems of integral equations is challenging when scattering problems involving realistic obstacles and small wavelengths are solved.A computational method has been developed to solve these challenging problems with affordable computing resources.To this aim a new way of using the wavelet transform and new bases of wavelets are introduced,and a version of the operator expansion method is developed that constructs directly element by element in a fully parallelizable way.Several numerical experiments involving realistic obstacles and“small”wavelengths are proposed and high dimensional vector spaces are used in the numerical experiments.To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm on parallel computing facilities,appropriate speed up factors are introduced and evaluated.

Uniaxial Time-Dependent Ratcheting of SS304 Stainless Steel at High Temperatures

The uniaxial time-dependent strain cyclic behaviors and ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel were studied at high temperatures （350 ℃ and 700 ℃）. The effects of straining and stressing rates, holding time at the peak and/or valley of each cycle in addition to ambient temperature on the cyclic softening/hardening behavior and ratcheting of the material were discussed. It can be seen from experimental results that the material presents remarkable time dependence at 700 ℃, and the ratcheting strain depends greatly on the stressing rate, holding time and ambient temperature. Some significant conclusions are obtained, which are useful to build a constitutive model describiog the time-dependent cyclic deformation of the material.