Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional UWB Real-Time Locating Auto-Positioning System for Fire Rescue

Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.

Passive Localization Using Time Difference of Arrival and Frequency Difference of ArrivalWC

In order to improve the accuracy and engineering feasibility of four-Satellite localization system, the frequency difference measurement is introduced to the four-Satellite TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) localization algorithm. The TDOA/FDOA (Frequency Difference of Arrival) localization algorithm is used to optimize the GDOP (geometric dilution of precision) of four-Satellite localization. The simulation results show that the absolute position measurement accuracy has little influence on TDOA/FDOA localization accuracy as compared with TDOA localization. Under the same conditions, TDOA/FDOA localization has better accuracy and its GDOP shows more uniform distribution in diamond configuration case. The localization accuracy of four-Satellite TDOA/FDOA is better than the localization accuracy of four-Satellite TDOA.

Three-Dimensional Sound Source Location Algorithm for Subsea Leakage Using Hydrophone

Leakages from subsea oil and gas equipment cause substantial economic losses and damage to marine ecosystem,so it is essential to locate the source of the leak.However,due to the complexity and variability of the marine environment,the signals collected by hydrophone contain a variety of noises,which makes it challenging to extract useful signals for localization.To solve this problem,a hydrophone denoising algorithm is proposed based on variational modal decomposition(VMD)with grey wolf optimization.First,the average envelope entropy is used as the fitness function of the grey wolf optimizer to find the optimal solution for the parameters K andα.Afterward,the VMD algorithm decomposes the original signal parameters to obtain the intrinsic mode functions(IMFs).Subsequently,the number of interrelationships between each IMF and the original signal was calculated,the threshold value was set,and the noise signal was removed to calculate the time difference using the valid signal obtained by reconstruction.Finally,the arrival time difference is used to locate the origin of the leak.The localization accuracy of the method in finding leaks is investigated experimentally by constructing a simulated leak test rig,and the effectiveness and feasibility of the method are verified.

High-Precision Time Delay Estimation Based on Closed-Form Offset Compensation

To improve the estimation accuracy,a novel time delay estimation(TDE)method based on the closed-form offset compensation is proposed.Firstly,we use the generalized cross-correlation with phase transform(GCC-PHAT)method to obtain the initial TDE.Secondly,a signal model using normalized cross spectrum is established,and the noise subspace is extracted by eigenvalue decomposition(EVD)of covariance matrix.Using the orthogonal relation between the steering vector and the noise subspace,the first-order Taylor expansion is carried out on the steering vector reconstructed by the initial TDE.Finally,the offsets are compensated via simple least squares(LS).Compared to other state-of-the-art methods,the proposed method significantly reduces the computational complexity and achieves better estimation performance.Experiments on both simulation and real-world data verify the efficiency of the proposed approach.

On-Line Detection of EDM Spark Locations Using Potential Difference Method

The valuation relation of potential difference with discharging time in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is analyzed theoretically and tested and verified by experiments designed in this paper and the relation between potential difference and spark location is induced and analyzed, and proceed by experiments under the condition of onedimension.

Research on Estimation of Time Delay Difference in Passive Locating for Impulse Signal

Analyzed the relation between time delay difference and time delay estimation errors, based on the principles of three-point locating, a reformed threshold method for time delay difference estimation of impulse signals, called as amendment estimation for short, is developed by introducing channel equalization technique to its conventional version, named as direct estimation in this paper, to improve the estimation stability. After inherent relationship between time delay and phase shift of signals is analyzed, an integer period error compensation method utilized the diversities of both contribution share and contribution mode of concerned estimates is proposed under the condition of high precision phase lag estimation. Finally, a cooperative multi-threshold estimation method composed of amendment and direct estimations to process impulse signals with three thresholds is established. In sea trials data tests of passive locating, this method improves the estimation precision of time delay difference efficiently. The experiments verify the theoretical predictions.

High Performance of a TOA-TDOA Hybrid GSM Location System for Intelligent Transportation Systems

This paper illustrates the performance of a mobile positioning technique applicable to a GSM network.An experimental system of a network-based GSM positioning for ITS has been proposed, and the hybrid TOA-TDOA method based on GSM signaling has been analyzed and used. The performance of the proposed system is showed through simulations in urban and suburban environments. The accuracy for 67% mobile stations is 70 m in urban and 120 m in suburban. The accuracy, coverage and network load of positioning system are also analyzed.

COMPARISON OF TDOA LOCATION ALGORITHMS WITH DIRECT SOLUTION METHOD

For Time Difference Of Arrival(TDOA) location based on multi-ground stations scene,two direct solution methods are proposed to solve the target position in TDOA location.Therein,the solving methods are realized in the rectangular and polar coordinates.On the condition of rectangular coordinates,first of all,it solves the radial range between the target and reference station,then cal-culates the location of the target.In the case of polar coordinates,the azimuth between the target and reference station is solved first,then the radial range between the target and reference station is figured out,finally the location of the target is obtained.Simultaneously,the simulation and comparison analysis are given in detail,and show that the polar solving method has the better fuzzy performance than that of rectangular coordinate.

Aviation multi-station collaborative detecting based on time-frequency correlation of data-link

As an important application research topic of the intelligent aviation multi-station, collaborative detecting must overcome the problem of scouting measurement with status of 'fragmentation', and the NP-hardness problem of matching association between target and measurement in the process of scouting to data-link, which has complicated technical architecture of network construction. In this paper, taking advantage of cooperation mechanism on signal level in the aviation multi-station sympathetic network, a method of obtaining target time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurement using multi-station collaborative detecting based on time-frequency association is proposed. The method can not only achieve matching between target and its measurement, but also obtain TDOA measurement by further evolutionary transaction through refreshing sequential pulse time of arrival (TOA) measurement matrix for matching and correlating. Simulation results show that the accuracy of TDOA measurement has significant superiority over TOA, and detection probability of false TDOA measurement introduced by noise and fake measurement can be reduced effectively.

Novel method for radial velocity difference estimation of moving targets with wideband signals

For the frequency difference of arrival （FDOA） esti-mation in passive location, this paper transforms the frequency difference estimation into the radial velocity difference estimation, which is difficult to achieve a high accuracy due to the mismatch between the sampling period and the pulse repetition interval. The proposed algorithm firstly estimates the point-in-time that each pulse arrives at two receivers accurately. Secondly two time of arrival （TOA） sequences are subtracted. And final y the radial ve-locity difference of a target relative to two stations with the least square method is estimated. This algorithm only needs accurate estimation of the time delay between pulses and is not influenced by parameters such as frequency and modulation mode. It avoids transmitting a large amount of data between two stations in real time. Simulation results corroborate that the performance is bet-ter than the arithmetic average of the Cramer-Rao lower bound （CRLB） for monopulse under suitable conditions.

一种基于加权质心的TOF与TDOA联合定位算法

在大噪声环境或者标签位于基站附近等定位场景中,UWB TDOA定位模式下的定位算法存在精度低且发散等问题。针对此问题,引入飞行时间差(TOF)测距和加权质心算法,构建了一种新的TOF与到达时间差(TDOA)联合定位算法。首先,利用TOF测距,得到TDOA双曲线定位方程,与传统的TOA测距相比,所提算法不需要严格的时间同步;其次,为解决大噪声环境多个定位圆不相交而无法定位的问题,引入TOF加权质心算法得到标签的初始粗定位置,并代入TDOA双曲线方程组;最后,采用Taylor迭代思想计算出标签坐标。仿真实验对比分析其他方法和所提算法在不同噪声环境和不同标签位置下的定位精度、算法复杂度以及标签定位散点图,结果表明:与TOF、TOF-TDOA、TOA-TDOA算法相比,本文算法能够在大噪声环境下提供较高的定位精度和定位范围;当噪声方差等于0.75时,本文算法定位精度分别提升了30.1%、25.6%和25.8%;不管标签远离双曲渐近线或者靠近基站,本文算法均能够提供稳定的定位性能,且满足UWB实时定位的需求。

基于UWB的PDOA与TOF煤矿井下联合定位方法

煤矿井下人员和车辆精确定位是煤矿安全高效生产的重要保障。目前矿井人员和车辆精确定位主要采用超宽带(UWB)无线通信技术,其中仅采用飞行时间(TOF)的定位方法需2个定位分站或天线联合测距和定向,存在天线间距大、不便于安装维护、定位误差大等问题。针对上述问题,提出了应用于煤矿巷道一维定位场景的基于UWB的到达相位差(PDOA)与TOF煤矿井下联合定位方法。该方法通过TOF测量定位卡与定位分站之间的距离,通过PDOA判断定位卡的方位,再根据测得的定位卡与定位分站之间的距离和方位,对定位卡进行定位。该方法根据从定位卡发送的无线电信号到达定位分站的2根天线的相位差判断定位卡的到达角度(AOA),不需要很大的天线间距即可确定定位卡的方位,缩短了定位分站的2根天线之间的距离,可将2根天线一体化,便于安装维护,提高了定位精度。煤矿井下测试结果表明,该方法定位精度在15 cm以内;在200 m测试距离范围内,定位精度不受距离远近影响;TOF测距数值稳定在相对其均值±10 cm的范围内,具有很好的稳定性。

Hybrid TDOA/FDOA and track optimization of UAV swarm based on A-optimality

The source location based on the hybrid time difference of arrival(TDOA)/frequency difference of arrival(FDOA) is a basic problem in wireless sensor networks, and the layout of sensors in the hybrid TDOA/FDOA positioning will greatly affect the accuracy of positioning. Using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) as base stations, by optimizing the trajectory of the UAV swarm, an optimal positioning configuration is formed to improve the accuracy of the target position and velocity estimation. In this paper, a hybrid TDOA/FDOA positioning model is first established, and the positioning accuracy of the hybrid TDOA/FDOA under different positioning configurations and different measurement errors is simulated by the geometric dilution of precision(GDOP) factor. Second, the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB) matrix of hybrid TDOA/FDOA location under different moving states of the target is derived theoretically, the objective function of the track optimization is obtained, and the track of the UAV swarm is optimized in real time. The simulation results show that the track optimization effectively improves the accuracy of the target position and velocity estimation.

基于免疫选择和自适应权重的鲸鱼优化定位算法

针对鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)在到达时间差和到达角度混合定位中存在后期迭代种群多样性减小,容易导致局部最优、定位精确度降低的问题,提出一种基于免疫选择和自适应权重的鲸鱼优化算法(IM-WOA).由最大似然估计法得到目标定位函数,为丰富种群多样性引入免疫机制,能够有效产生新的个体,从而避免种群陷入局部最优.通过将自适应惯性权重应用于个体位置的更新公式,实现算法全局探索能力和局部开发能力的平衡和协调,对经典基准函数和目标定位函数进行求解.结果表明,与WOA、AWOA、CSSOA、PIO、CASSA算法相比,IM-WOA算法对绝大多数基准函数的求解具有更高的精度、稳定性和定位精度.

基于P波到时拾取的分析法与遗传算法联合定位方法与应用

针对岩石力学震源定位问题,提出了一种在P波到时精确拾取的基础上通过分析法过滤异常到达传感器和遗传算法(genetic algorithms,简称GA)求解联合定位方法,并将其应用于岩石材料的破裂面定位以及采矿工程中。为了消除传感器到时精度、传统迭代法及迭代初值选择对定位的影响,基于时频分析的改进长短时窗(short-term average/long-term average,简称STA/LTA)法拾取P波到时,求解不同传感器组合分析解的逻辑概率密度函数过滤异常到达,引入遗传算法对到达清晰的震源进行定位。通过断铅、含夹层组合煤岩单轴压缩试验及定点爆破试验对该方法进行验证。结果表明:在对信号预先带通滤波后进行变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,简称VMD)精确滤波的基础上结合改进STA/LTA法可以大幅提升到时拾取精度;通过分析法过滤异常到达对定位精度的影响,结合具有全局性、不受初值影响的遗传算法对震源定位,应用于岩石材料试验以及采矿工程中可以较准确的对震源进行定位,该方法较传统迭代法、线性定位法等更具有工程实际应用价值。

基于改进Laplace小波时延提取的声源定位方法

针对侵彻弹命中多层硬目标后产生的撞击声的定位问题,提出了一种基于改进Laplace(refined Laplace,R-Laplace)小波时延提取的声源定位方法。该方法通过先验信息处理构造出Laplace小波,与声信号进行相关系数计算得到时延信息,并结合搜索匹配算法求得多次撞击的声源位置。搭建了声源采集定位系统,并进行多次硬目标撞击声试验。外场试验结果表明,可以定位出4层撞击的声源位置,定位误差平均为0.3 m。相较于传统基于到达时间差的定位算法定位精度较高。该算法在基于到达时间差声源定位问题中具有较大的应用潜力,对实际应用中的声源定位问题具有重要意义。

无需先验测量误差的定位节点选择方法

针对现有定位节点选择算法依赖先验测量误差的问题,研究了一种不依赖先验测量误差的时差与频差无源定位节点选择方法,该方法将两步加权最小二乘定位算法中目标估计误差协方差作为目标函数。在给定可用定位节点数目的情况下,通过引入一组布尔量构建关于目标函数为带约束的最小估计误差寻优问题,通过半定松弛技术将非凸问题转为半定规划问题进行求解,依据最小化问题特性,使得所提算法不依赖先验测量误差。仿真结果表明,不依赖测量误差的方法与穷举搜索法相比在定位性能上无太大差别;相比于穷尽搜索算法,所提方法复杂度低、实时性好。同时,仿真结果进一步表明在对运动目标定位过程中,及时调整定位节点组合的必要性。

适用于声源定位的气体绝缘输电线路超声导波传播特性研究

基于到达时间差(TDOA)的声源定位方法是当前气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)故障定位的主要方式,声波在GIL结构上的传输特性深刻影响着定位结果的准确性。为进一步提升故障定位精度,该文提出了考虑导波频散与多模态特性的GIL壳体声传输分析模型,以典型220 kV GIL管段为研究对象,建立声波传输有限元模型,研究了导波特性对故障定位的影响,确定了适用于故障定位的超声导波模态以及GIL非直管结构对该模态导波的衰减与时延量,通过现场定位试验验证了分析模型的可行性,为GIL声源故障定位系统的传感器配置与定位阈值设置提供了计算依据。结果表明,在20~60 kHz频带内,F(1,1)模态导波具有能量高、波形形状稳定、抗干扰能力强等特点,使用该模态导波进行故障定位精度较高。GIL非直管结构会对F(1,1)模态导波造成较大的幅值衰减与一定程度的时延,在故障定位中考虑非直管结构衰减与时延影响可以使定位误差降低60%以上。

混凝土不同形态裂纹对声发射波传播特性影响

混凝土中裂纹的尺寸与形态参数对损伤声发射信号传播存在不可忽视的影响,为研究不同形态裂纹对声发射波传播特性的影响,进而研究不同形态裂纹存在对损伤信号的定位修正模型;试验基于不同形态裂纹的混凝土试件声发射试验的基础上,研究裂纹角度、裂纹距声发射源距离、裂纹数量和裂纹深度对声发射波传播特性的影响规律。研究表明:不同形态裂纹对声发射信号传播的损伤程度不同,裂纹距声发射源距离和裂纹角度对声发射信号的损伤较大,最大损伤达到66.44%和48.43%;裂纹数量和裂纹深度对其的损伤相对较小,最大损伤达到38.00%和24.71%;基于不同形态裂纹影响规律,建立了考虑不同形态裂纹影响的修正波速关系模型,与传统时差定位方法相比,基于不同裂纹形态的修正波速定位方法对声发射源的定位更精确。

基于广义互相关时延估计(TDOA)算法的声源定位跟踪系统设计与实现

为实现在二维平面内对声源进行实时定位和动态跟踪,运用时延估计(TDOA)互相关算法设计一种原声监听头阵列的CC-TDOA声源定位跟踪系统,实现对多个原声监听头进行同步采样,再进行信号放大及运算处理,运用LCD屏实时显示目标声源的距离和方位角度,同时运用二维云台控制激光笔对准声源,并持续动态跟踪声源。模拟仿真及真实环境实验测试表明,采用基于到达时间差的互相关定位算法,计算量小,精度较高,测试角度误差小于2o,距离误差小于1.2%,可以满足多种智能应用场合中声源实时定位与跟踪的要求。