基于广义互相关时延估计(TDOA)算法的声源定位跟踪系统设计与实现

为实现在二维平面内对声源进行实时定位和动态跟踪,运用时延估计(TDOA)互相关算法设计一种原声监听头阵列的CC-TDOA声源定位跟踪系统,实现对多个原声监听头进行同步采样,再进行信号放大及运算处理,运用LCD屏实时显示目标声源的距离和方位角度,同时运用二维云台控制激光笔对准声源,并持续动态跟踪声源。模拟仿真及真实环境实验测试表明,采用基于到达时间差的互相关定位算法,计算量小,精度较高,测试角度误差小于2o,距离误差小于1.2%,可以满足多种智能应用场合中声源实时定位与跟踪的要求。

Hybrid TDOA/FDOA and track optimization of UAV swarm based on A-optimality

The source location based on the hybrid time difference of arrival(TDOA)/frequency difference of arrival(FDOA) is a basic problem in wireless sensor networks, and the layout of sensors in the hybrid TDOA/FDOA positioning will greatly affect the accuracy of positioning. Using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) as base stations, by optimizing the trajectory of the UAV swarm, an optimal positioning configuration is formed to improve the accuracy of the target position and velocity estimation. In this paper, a hybrid TDOA/FDOA positioning model is first established, and the positioning accuracy of the hybrid TDOA/FDOA under different positioning configurations and different measurement errors is simulated by the geometric dilution of precision(GDOP) factor. Second, the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB) matrix of hybrid TDOA/FDOA location under different moving states of the target is derived theoretically, the objective function of the track optimization is obtained, and the track of the UAV swarm is optimized in real time. The simulation results show that the track optimization effectively improves the accuracy of the target position and velocity estimation.

一种改进组合加权的TDOA室内二维定位算法

针对现有组合加权算法对定位区域边缘的目标定位时精度较低的问题,在现有组合加权算法的基础上提出了一种改进算法。首先,将基站分组,以到达时差算法得到目标位置的多个估计结果;其次,计算各估计结果之间距离值并排序,以滑动窗口法判断是否存在基站组出现异常定位估计;最后,当任意基站组的定位结果发生异常时,使用目标位置估计结果及其估计克拉美罗下界值设计两个加权步骤的权值,通过二步组合加权算法得到最终定位结果。仿真结果表明,所提算法有效减少了原组合加权算法对定位区域边缘的目标定位时的误差,当测量噪声标准差为0.8 m时,所提算法相较于原算法在正方形边缘区域定位均方根误差减小了0.35 m;在定位狭窄矩形区域时,所提算法平均定位均方根误差减小了0.11 m。

一种基于加权质心的TOF与TDOA联合定位算法

在大噪声环境或者标签位于基站附近等定位场景中,UWB TDOA定位模式下的定位算法存在精度低且发散等问题。针对此问题,引入飞行时间差(TOF)测距和加权质心算法,构建了一种新的TOF与到达时间差(TDOA)联合定位算法。首先,利用TOF测距,得到TDOA双曲线定位方程,与传统的TOA测距相比,所提算法不需要严格的时间同步;其次,为解决大噪声环境多个定位圆不相交而无法定位的问题,引入TOF加权质心算法得到标签的初始粗定位置,并代入TDOA双曲线方程组;最后,采用Taylor迭代思想计算出标签坐标。仿真实验对比分析其他方法和所提算法在不同噪声环境和不同标签位置下的定位精度、算法复杂度以及标签定位散点图,结果表明:与TOF、TOF-TDOA、TOA-TDOA算法相比,本文算法能够在大噪声环境下提供较高的定位精度和定位范围;当噪声方差等于0.75时,本文算法定位精度分别提升了30.1%、25.6%和25.8%;不管标签远离双曲渐近线或者靠近基站,本文算法均能够提供稳定的定位性能,且满足UWB实时定位的需求。

High-Precision Time Delay Estimation Based on Closed-Form Offset Compensation

To improve the estimation accuracy,a novel time delay estimation(TDE)method based on the closed-form offset compensation is proposed.Firstly,we use the generalized cross-correlation with phase transform(GCC-PHAT)method to obtain the initial TDE.Secondly,a signal model using normalized cross spectrum is established,and the noise subspace is extracted by eigenvalue decomposition(EVD)of covariance matrix.Using the orthogonal relation between the steering vector and the noise subspace,the first-order Taylor expansion is carried out on the steering vector reconstructed by the initial TDE.Finally,the offsets are compensated via simple least squares(LS).Compared to other state-of-the-art methods,the proposed method significantly reduces the computational complexity and achieves better estimation performance.Experiments on both simulation and real-world data verify the efficiency of the proposed approach.

传感器位置误差下TDOA-DOA水下目标被动定位算法

针对水下目标被动定位中传感器位置误差带来的定位精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于两步最小二乘的到达时间差波达方向(time difference of arrival-direction of arrival,TDOA-DOA)目标定位算法。首先,构建TDOA-DOA理想化无误差模型,并利用最小二乘算法对目标位置进行粗估计。其次,考虑测量误差和传感器位置误差,构建目标定位误差和传感器位置的联合方程,并利用加权最小二乘求解。最后,利用目标定位误差对目标位置粗估计值进行修正,得到更精确的定位结果。仿真实验表明,所提算法可对目标位置和传感器位置进行联合估计,相较于已有算法具有更高的定位精度,更适用于传感器位置存在误差情况下的水下目标定位。

未知信号传播速度的TDOA定位方法研究

研究了未知信号传播速度时的到达时间差(Time-Difference-Of-Arrival,TDOA)定位问题,提出两种联合估计信号传播速度和目标位置的定位方法。第一种方法为两步加权最小二乘方法。在该方法中,首先不考虑变量之间关系,得到一个关于未知变量的初始加权最小二乘估计。为改进第一步估计的性能,第二步考虑第一步估计中变量之间的关系,将其转换为一个标准的广义信赖域子问题,最终获得更高精度的估计性能。第二种方法为半正定松弛方法,通过构建非线性非凸加权最小二乘问题,然后利用半正定松弛技术将其松弛为凸的半正定规划问题,容易求解。仿真结果表明,所提两种方法均能够在高斯噪声下,且噪声不太大时达到克拉美-罗界。

Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional UWB Real-Time Locating Auto-Positioning System for Fire Rescue

Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.

基于TDOA算法的基建现场施工人员定位研究

为了解决当前存在的受大量多径干扰和视距干扰的影响而导致定位精度不足的问题,提出基于到达时间差(TDOA)算法的基建现场施工人员定位方法。利用层叠样式表单技术,搭建三维图像定位基本框架。使用统一的定位服务器,根据基建现场面积确定定位节点数量。创新性地将TDOA算法部署到定位引擎中,从三维图像中提取施工人员特征信息和位置特征信息并进行匹配,得到基建现场施工人员三维特征集合。利用TDOA算法计算待测目标的三维坐标信息,实现施工人员三维图像定位。对比试验结果表明:所提方法的定位数据与实际位置坐标的绝对误差在0.2 m以内;在非视距环境下,连续定位轨迹与模拟的真实轨迹基本一致;在定位距离测试中,测得的距离与真实结果更接近。在视距和非视距环境下,所提方法的定位误差小、测距结果准确、定位精度较高,满足实际定位需求。该研究可以较大程度地消除事故隐患,从而建立相对安全的施工环境、降低基建现场施工中出现事故的概率。

TDOA目标模拟信号光子链路传输延时测量系统

在TDOA(time difference of arrival)目标模拟系统中,采用微波光子链路传输包含精确TDOA信息的多路多频段目标模拟信号,为保证TDOA信息的精度足够高,需要精确测量目标模拟信号经过光子链路的传输延时。从特定工程应用角度提出一种光子链路传输延时测量方法,通过专用延时测量芯片实现传输延时高分辨率、高精度测量,通过延时测量信号和目标模拟信号分时占用单根光纤的相同光传输波道,实现光子链路传输延时测量和目标模拟信号传输分时工作,从机理上满足了精确测量光子链路传输延时所需硬件条件。试验结果:表明该方法可精确测量目标模拟信号经过光子链路的传输延时,测量误差小于1 ns,比传感器的TDOA测量精度高一个数量级,满足系统对光子链路传输延时的测量精度要求。

Passive Localization Using Time Difference of Arrival and Frequency Difference of ArrivalWC

In order to improve the accuracy and engineering feasibility of four-Satellite localization system, the frequency difference measurement is introduced to the four-Satellite TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) localization algorithm. The TDOA/FDOA (Frequency Difference of Arrival) localization algorithm is used to optimize the GDOP (geometric dilution of precision) of four-Satellite localization. The simulation results show that the absolute position measurement accuracy has little influence on TDOA/FDOA localization accuracy as compared with TDOA localization. Under the same conditions, TDOA/FDOA localization has better accuracy and its GDOP shows more uniform distribution in diamond configuration case. The localization accuracy of four-Satellite TDOA/FDOA is better than the localization accuracy of four-Satellite TDOA.

利用船舶噪声线谱的TDOA和FDOA定位方法研究

船舶辐射噪声作为海洋环境噪声的主要来源,是众多噪声源综合作用的结果.船舶辐射噪声中含有丰富的特征信息,是对目标进行跟踪、定位的重要依据.针对两阶段加权最小二乘法(TSWLS)在第一阶段引入多余变量引起的定位不准确的问题,将船舶辐射噪声线谱作为信号源,提出了利用入侵杂草优化算法(IWO)和加权最小二乘算法(WLS)的水下到达时间差(TDOA)和到达频率差(FDOA)联合定位的方法.仿真结果表明,噪声方差在-40 dB到0 dB时,本文所提方法的速度以及位置的偏差和均方根误差均低于传统的两阶段加权最小二乘法(TSWLS)和迭代加权最小二乘法(ICWLS).所以浅海环境下利用船舶辐射噪声线谱对其进行定位对军事和安全保障方面都具有重要意义.

基于多波束/TDOA技术的双星干扰源定位

单星多波束干扰源定位方法需要在3个以上的同频波束都能接收到干扰源信号的情况下才能实现定位。由于同频波束的数量有限以及干扰源位置的随机性,往往会出现能接收到干扰源信号的同频波束少于3个,或接收增益过低影响定位精度的情况。【目的】针对只有两个可用波束的定位问题以及进一步提高干扰源的定位精度,提出了通过邻星与主星建立基于多波束天线与到达时间差(TDOA)技术的双星联合定位模型。【方法】通过建立双星联合定位模型,并联立出定位方程组证明了该模型的可行性。同时,基于定位几何稀疏精度因子(GDOP)对定位模型的接收增益误差、波束指向误差、到达时间差误差以及位置预测误差4个方面进行了定位误差分析,并使用Matlab进行仿真对比。【结果】仿真实验表明,基于多波束天线与TDOA技术的双星联合定位方法的定位精度明显优于传统的单星多波束定位方法。【结论】基于多波束天线与TDOA技术的双星联合定位方法利用了TDOA对定位精度影响较小的优势,使其代替部分波束参与到卫星定位中,不仅减少了对定位波束数量的需求,而且减少了测量增益的误差与波束指向的误差,大大提高了定位的精度并提升了可靠性,较单星多波束定位更具优势。

面向TDOA定位的分布式雷达部署策略优化方法研究

针对到达时间差被动定位任务,研究了分布式雷达的部署策略优化问题,以提升系统的定位和监视性能。现有研究大多仅关注节点位置的优化,而未充分考虑节点法线指向与系统监视性能间的耦合关系。文中结合实际应用场景,考虑了节点位置与法线指向的联合优化策略,构建了面向定位任务的单目标优化问题以及兼顾定位和监视任务的多目标优化问题。由于这些优化问题具有复杂耦合约束和非凸特性,解析解难以获得。文中提出一种区域约束多目标粒子群算法(RC-MOPSO),用以求解最优部署策略。该算法通过在粒子初始化和更新过程中引入约束区域,确保粒子在迭代过程中始终满足复杂耦合约束条件。仿真结果表明,所提方案实现了定位和监视性能的最优平衡,相较于随机部署方案表现出显著优势,同时对辐射源发射功率估计误差表现出较强的鲁棒性。

基于改进TDOA与卡尔曼预测模型的目标定位跟踪算法研究

针对无人机集群无源定位领域的目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进到达时间差(TDOA)算法与卡尔曼预测模型的目标定位跟踪算法。首先,针对现有基于Chan的TDOA算法在时差值精度不够时定位精度差,以及现有基于Taylor的TDOA算法受迭代初始值影响大导致算法稳健性不足的问题,提出基于Chan-Taylor的改进TDOA算法,该算法通过Chan算法快速求解出目标位置初始估计值,然后使用Taylor算法迭代求解出目标位置,在提高定位效率、缩短定位时间的基础上,提高了定位精度。其次,利用卡尔曼预测模型,将目标运动模型产生的目标位置预测值作为先验信息带入目标定位算法,通过将预测信息与定位信息有效融合,进一步提高目标定位精度。最后,通过实验仿真,从累积分布函数(CDF)、定位精度几何因子(GDOP),以及定位跟踪RMSE多个方面验证文中所提算法的正确性及有效性。

基于自适应Levy飞行改进的TDOA三维定位算法

针对已有的算法在基于到达时间差(time difference of arrival,TDOA)测量方案中存在的搜索能力不均衡,导致三维定位区域局部存在定位精度低甚至求解失败的问题,提出了一种基于改进探路者优化算法(pathfinder algorithm,PFA)的TDOA定位算法,通过将自适应Levy飞行和改进后的PFA算法进行融合,增强了个体对定位区域复杂环境的适应性,解决算法早熟、易陷入局部最优等问题,提升了算法综合性能.通过仿真和实验,结果表明:与Taylor算法、LM算法相比,本文提出的算法(Levy-pathfinder algorithm,LPFA)可以提高定位精度;与PSO算法、PFA算法相比,LPFA算法可以在提高运算速度的同时得到更准确的定位结果.

TDOA and track optimization of UAV swarm based on D-optimality

To solve the problem of time difference of arrival(TDOA)positioning and tracking of targets by the unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)swarm in future air combat,this paper adopts the TDOA positioning method and uses time difference sensors of the UAV swarm to locate target radiation sources.Firstly,a TDOA model for the target is set up for the UAV swarm under the condition that the error variance varies with the received signal-to-noise ratio.The accuracy of the positioning error is analyzed by geometric dilution of precision(GDOP).The D-optimality criterion of the positioning model is theoretically derived.The target is positioned and settled,and the maximum value of the Fisher information matrix determinant is used as the optimization objective function to optimize the track of the UAV in real time.Simulation results show that the track optimization improves the positioning accuracy and stability of the UAV swarm to the target.

TDOA estimation of dual-satellites interference localization based on blind separation

The time difference of arrival(TDOA)estimation plays a crucial role in the accurate localization of the satellite interference source.In the dual-satellites interference source localization system,the target signal from the adjacent satellite is likely to be interfered by the normal communication signal with the same frequency.Therefore,the signal to noise ratio(SNR)of the target signal would become too low,and the TDOA estimation through cross-correlation processing would be unreliable or even unattainable.This paper proposes a technique based on blind separation to solve the co-channel interference problem,where separation of the mixed signal can be carried out by the particle filter(PF)algorithm.The experimental results show that the proposed method could achieve more accurate TDOA estimation.The measured data obtained by using the software radio platform at 915 MHz and 2 GHz respectively verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Aviation multi-station collaborative detecting based on time-frequency correlation of data-link

As an important application research topic of the intelligent aviation multi-station, collaborative detecting must overcome the problem of scouting measurement with status of 'fragmentation', and the NP-hardness problem of matching association between target and measurement in the process of scouting to data-link, which has complicated technical architecture of network construction. In this paper, taking advantage of cooperation mechanism on signal level in the aviation multi-station sympathetic network, a method of obtaining target time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurement using multi-station collaborative detecting based on time-frequency association is proposed. The method can not only achieve matching between target and its measurement, but also obtain TDOA measurement by further evolutionary transaction through refreshing sequential pulse time of arrival (TOA) measurement matrix for matching and correlating. Simulation results show that the accuracy of TDOA measurement has significant superiority over TOA, and detection probability of false TDOA measurement introduced by noise and fake measurement can be reduced effectively.

基于TDOA的无人机集群协同单目标定位

无源定位作为现代信息化战场中电子侦察的重要技术,可以在自身不辐射电磁波的情况下实现对敌方目标的精确定位。以高灵活性、高安全性的无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)集群为接收站,研究基于到达时差测量的辐射源定位方法。作为高机动平台,UAV集群的位置误差更大,基于该情况对Chan算法、Taylor算法进行改进,并提出了一种粒子群泰勒协同的解算方法。与其他方法的定位结果进行对比,仿真结果表明所提的方法定位精度接近克拉美罗下界(Cramer-Rao lower bound,CRLB),解决了Taylor算法的初值问题。