High-Precision Time Delay Estimation Based on Closed-Form Offset Compensation

To improve the estimation accuracy,a novel time delay estimation(TDE)method based on the closed-form offset compensation is proposed.Firstly,we use the generalized cross-correlation with phase transform(GCC-PHAT)method to obtain the initial TDE.Secondly,a signal model using normalized cross spectrum is established,and the noise subspace is extracted by eigenvalue decomposition(EVD)of covariance matrix.Using the orthogonal relation between the steering vector and the noise subspace,the first-order Taylor expansion is carried out on the steering vector reconstructed by the initial TDE.Finally,the offsets are compensated via simple least squares(LS).Compared to other state-of-the-art methods,the proposed method significantly reduces the computational complexity and achieves better estimation performance.Experiments on both simulation and real-world data verify the efficiency of the proposed approach.

Direction-of-arrival estimation based on direct data domain (D3) method

A direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation algorithm based on direct data domain （D3） approach is presented. This method can accuracy estimate DOA using one snapshot modified data, called the temporal and spatial two-dimensional vector reconstruction （TSR） method. The key idea is to apply the D3 approach which can extract the signal of given frequency but null out other frequency signals in temporal domain. Then the spatial vector reconstruction processing is used to estimate the angle of the spatial coherent signal source based on extract signal data. Compared with the common temporal and spatial processing approach, the TSR method has a lower computational load, higher real-time performance, robustness and angular accuracy of DOA. The proposed algorithm can be directly applied to the phased array radar of coherent pulses. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed technique.

SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT SPACE-TIME CHANNEL AND DOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN TD-SCDMA SYSTEMS

In this paper, a simple method is presented for multi-user space-time channel estimation in Time Division-Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) systems. The method is based on a spe- cific midamble assignment strategy, which results in a cyclic Toeplitz midamble-matrix in the linear equation of the received data vectors. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based algorithm is used to obtain the estimate of the uplink multi-user space-time channels. Furthermore, the estimated space-time channel is applied to the identification of multi-paths for each user, and Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation for each path is carried out by using the extracted spatial signature vector. Aside from the simplicity in computation, the proposed di- rection of arrival estimation method can effectively resolve multi-paths regardless of the correlation and angle separations of the multi-paths.

基于超声TOA的环境感知

针对超声波传感器测量过程中方位角存在不确定性的问题,提出了一种基于超声反射波到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)的目标距离及方位角的测量方法,并据此发展了基于超声探测的环境感知方法 .基于混合高斯拟合对回波信号进行处理,消除了信号串扰问题,提高了目标距离和方位信息的测量精度.基于传感器波束角的特性,实现了不同距离下目标的同时测量.通过引入“不确定度”,构建信度分配函数,采用DSmT(Dezert-Smarandache Theory)方法进行数据融合,实现地图更新.搭建了实验装置与实验环境,并对相关方法进行了实验验证,实验结果表明,通过135次测量即可实现对环境基本轮廓的建图,建图误差在3 cm以内.

Nonparametric TOA estimators for low-resolution IR-UWB digital receiver

Nonparametric time-of-arrival（TOA） estimators for impulse radio ultra-wideband（IR-UWB） signals are proposed. Nonparametric detection is obviously useful in situations where detailed information about the statistics of the noise is unavailable or not accurate. Such TOA estimators are obtained based on conditional statistical tests with only a symmetry distribution assumption on the noise probability density function. The nonparametric estimators are attractive choices for low-resolution IR-UWB digital receivers which can be implemented by fast comparators or high sampling rate low resolution analog-to-digital converters（ADCs）,in place of high sampling rate high resolution ADCs which may not be available in practice. Simulation results demonstrate that nonparametric TOA estimators provide more effective and robust performance than typical energy detection（ED） based estimators.

Linear Track Estimation Using Double Pulse Sources for Near-Field Underwater Moving Target

双脉搏来源(DPS ) 方法在这个工作为线性轨道评价被介绍。在在水下的移动的噪音鉴定的领域里指向， Doppler 将弄歪散发的噪音的频率和振幅。消除这，轨道评价是必要的。在 DPS 方法，我们首先估计通过放方法的基线在动人的目标安装的二正弦曲线脉搏来源的轴承。同时，每脉搏的射出并且记录的时间也被获得。然后，线性磁道参数将在两倍来源间距的帮助下基于几何学模式被完成。模仿的结果证实 DPS 改进以前的双来源间距方法的表演。模仿的实验用一辆动人的电池汽车被执行进一步评估它的表演。当目标离开是 4060m 时，实验结果证明那轨道方位角并且垂直偏导 DPS 的距离分别地在 0.6o 和 3.4m 下面。并且估计的速度的平均偏差在 0.25m/s 附近。

TOA positioning algorithm of LBL system for underwater target based on PSO

For the underwater long baseline(LBL)positioning systems,the traditional distance intersection algorithm simplifies the sound speed to a constant,and calculates the underwa-ter target position parameters with a nonlinear iteration.However,due to the complex underwater environment,the sound speed changes with time and space,and then the acoustic propagation path is actually a curve,which inevitably causes some errors to the traditional distance intersection positioning algorithm.To reduce the position error caused by the uncertain underwater sound speed,a new time of arrival(TOA)intersection underwater positioning algorithm of LBL system is proposed.Firstly,combined with the vertical layered model of the underwater sound speed,an implicit positioning model of TOA intersection is constructed through the constant gradient acoustic ray tracing.And then an optimization function based on the overall TOA residual square sum is advanced to solve the position parameters for the underwater target.Moreover,the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is replaced with the tra-ditional nonlinear least square method to optimize the implicit positioning model of TOA intersection.Compared with the traditional distance intersection positioning model,the TOA intersec-tion positioning model is more suitable for the engineering practice and the optimization algorithm is more effective.Simulation results show that the proposed methods in this paper can effectively improve the positioning accuracy for the underwater target.

A SUBARRAY-SYNTHESIS BASED 2D DOA ESTIMATION METHOD

In some satellite communications, we need to perform Direction Of Arrival (DOA) angle estima- tion under the restriction that the number of receivers is less than that of the array elements in an array antenna. To solve the conundrum, a method named subarray-synthesis-based Two-Dimensional DOA (2D DOA) angle estimation is proposed. In the method, firstly, the array antenna is divided into a series of subarray antennas based on the total number of receivers; secondly, the subarray antennas’ output covariance matrices are esti- mated; thirdly, an equivalent covariance matrix is synthesized based on the subarray output covariance matri- ces; then 2D DOA estimation is performed. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the estimation method is ef- fective.

基于基带S模式信号的联合TOA估计算法研究

针对广域多点定位系统中接收信号信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)低导致到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)提取不准确的问题,提出了一种匹配滤波结合非相干积累的联合TOA估计算法,该算法能够有效降低匹配滤波法在低SNR下TOA估计的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE).联合算法通过对二次雷达驻留时间内接收的应答信号的匹配滤波输出做非相干积累,在最大值点处标记时间戳进行TOA估计,利用能量累积原理提高SNR,从而使得估计精确度得以提升.仿真结果表明:该算法可在-15 dB SNR,53 MHz采样频率及9个积累信号时,达到24.302 ns的TOA估计精确度.所提联合TOA估计算法具有高精确度与高稳健性的特点,能够在-15~0 dB SNR将估计精确度提升至25 ns以下,为提取低SNR S模式信号TOA进而提升广域多点定位精确度提供了一种有效的方法.

UWB无线传感器网络中基于匹配滤波检测的TOA估计

深入研究了UWB(ultra wideband)无线传感器网络中基于匹配滤波门限检测的TOA(time of arrival)估计算法.针对现有算法的不足,提出了一种三步TOA估计算法:先确定DP(direct path)搜索区域,然后使用门限检测确定DP的粗略位置,最后精确搜索到DP的中心.其中,用于计算检测门限的门限因子依据匹配滤波输出的峭度动态设置,设置模型独立于信道模式,其正确性通过与使用固定门限因子所获得的性能对比进行了验证.与其他算法的性能对比仿真结果表明,所提出的三步TOA估计算法在运算效率和TOA估计精度上取得了较好折衷,适合于当前实际应用.还通过对TOA估计误差的统计分析讨论了测距结果的可信度:依据峭度将测距结果划分为可信和不可信两个级别,并为各级别的TOA估计误差分别了建立概率密度模型.在定位模块中有效利用这些可信度信息,可进一步提高定位精度.

基于TOA和TDOA的三维无源目标定位方法

提出了一种基于到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)和到达时间差(time difference of arrival,TDOA)的空中运动平台对目标高精度三维定位的无源定位方法。该方法使用3个辅站信号到空中运动平台的TOA以及辅站位置确定空中运动平台自身的位置,然后依据目标散射回波到达各个辅站与空中运动平台的TDOA确定目标的位置。分析了三维TDOA目标定位模糊产生的原因,提出了一种无模糊的高精度TDOA目标位置求解算法。仿真结果表明,该算法比经典的TDOA定位算法精度高,而且不存在定位模糊,从而验证了该空中运动平台对目标进行无源定位方法的有效性以及正确性。

无线传感器网络中基于超宽带的TOA/AOA联合定位研究

提出一种基于超宽带(ultra wideband,UWB)信号到达时间估计(time of arrival,TOA)/到达角度估计(angle of arrival,AOA)联合估计的无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks,WSNs)定位方案,只需要一个参考节点就可以实现对其他传感器节点的2D相对定位,并且不需要时钟同步,适合于传感器网络节点的低成本设计需求.利用往返时间(round trip time,RTT)进行TOA估计,给出了基于多径检测的TOA估计算法;利用到达时间差估计(time difference of arrival,TDOA)进行AOA估计,因而无需借助复杂的天线波束赋形技术.同时,分析了定位误差模型对定位性能的影响,并通过IEEE802.15.4a信道下的仿真实验进行了验证,结果表明了所提方案的有效性.

IR-UWB能量检测接收机中基于门限的TOA估计

为提高能量检测模式下脉冲超宽带(IR-UWB)测距的精度和可行性,该文提出基于最优门限和次优门限的两种到达时间(TOA)估计算法。最优门限算法以接收机信号统计特性与UWB小尺度衰减特性关系式为基础推导出门限选择的闭合表达式,并在最小均方误差(MMSE)指标下求解TOA估计值;次优门限算法以最优门限分析为基础,在虚警概率约束下使用牛顿迭代给出求解门限的递推算法。仿真表明,与同类算法相比,最优门限算法测距精度有较大提升;次优门限算法易于实现,且性能无明显下降。

一种基于TOA定位的CHAN改进算法

本文提出了一种基于TOA参数的CHAN改进定位算法.首先利用坐标平移的方法,消除定位方程中的未知参数,得到移动台位置的一次估计;其次通过对一次定位结果误差的分析表明基站的几何位置结构和到达距离对定位误差具有不同的"贡献"度,依据"贡献"度大小的不同,对大"贡献"度采用小权值而对小"贡献"度采用大权值的原则,提出了虚拟基站的方法来减小系统的总体误差,从而提高定位精度.仿真结果验证了本文算法的有效性.

传感器误差情况下的线性校正TOA定位算法

传统定位方法一般是在假设传感器位置信息准确已知的前提下进行的。然而在实际情形中,传感器位置信息往往含有随机误差,这些误差会严重影响目标的定位精度。针对这一问题,提出了一种存在传感器误差情况下的线性校正TOA定位算法。首先将非线性TOA定位方程组转化为一组关于目标位置的伪线性方程,利用加权最小二乘估计进行初始求解;然后在此基础上把伪线性方程组转化为关于估计偏差的求解问题,进而对初始解进行线性校正。在测量误差充分小的情况下分析了该算法的有效性。仿真结果表明该算法具有较好的定位性能。

一种简单的UWB-TOA估计方法

为实现简单而高效的超宽带精确测距定位,提出了一种低复杂度UWB-TOA估计方法.利用多相滤波来实现高精度采样恢复,克服了传统方法需要采样时钟速率达几十吉赫兹、AD芯片无法实现、FPGA芯片无法接收和处理这样高速而大量采样数据的问题,为专用超宽带定位芯片的实现和市场化发展奠定了基础.理论分析和仿真实验表明,所提方案可实现短距离精确定位,误差可达厘米级,且数据处理总量及计算复杂度较相干检测的到达时间估计至少下降一个数量级.

基于UWB的无线传感器网络中的两步TOA估计法

为了设计一种以较小运算量获得较高测距精度的TOA(time of arrival)估计算法以适合节点运算能力有限的UWB(ultra wideband)无线传感器网络,提出了一种结合能量检测与匹配滤波的两步TOA估计方法.分析了该方法的工作原理,指出了第1步中DP(direct path)块检测成功率及第2步中匹配滤波门限因子设置的重要性.通过仿真对影响DP块检测成功率的两个因素,即DP块检测算法的选用和能量积分周期的设置进行了讨论.提出了依据能量采样序列中DP块与最小块比值DMR(DP to minimum energy sample ratio)动态设置匹配滤波门限因子的思想,并为其建立了数学模型.仿真结果表明,两步TOA估计方法在运算量比单一的基于匹配滤波的相干算法小很多的情况下,获得了比单一的基于能量检测的非相干方法更好的TOA估计性能,从而更适合应用于有低复杂度、低能耗设计需求的传感器节点中.

一种单星仅测TOA无源定位方法

因单星测向定位体制存在系统构成复杂、对卫星载荷和姿态要求高等问题,提出一种单个低轨卫星仅测脉冲到达时间(TOA)实现对地表静止辐射源无源定位的方法。在研究仅测脉冲TOA估计径向加速度的基础上,提出采用网格搜索法进行定位的方法。推导得到了该方法定位误差的克拉美-罗下限(CRLB)及对于不同位置辐射源的定位误差几何分布(GDOP),并分析了该方法的可实现性。理论和仿真分析表明,该方法实现简单,适用范围广,定位性能满足实际需求。

一种有效减小非视距传播影响的TOA定位方法

本文基于移动通信环境中非视距 (NLOS)传播时延服从指数分布的特性 ,提出了一种有效减小NLOS影响的定位方法 .该方法首先利用测量的波达时间 (TOA)和NLOS传播时延的统计特性估计由NLOS引起的附加时延 ;然后从测量的波达时间中减去附加时延 ,得到对LOS传播时间的估计 ,进而估计移动台的位置 ;最后 ,对不同时刻估计的移动台位置进行平滑处理 ,进一步减小NLOS的影响 .采用该方法对移动台的位置进行的估计是一种无偏估计 ,不需要增加系统成本 ,计算简单 ,是一种非常实用的定位方法 .仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性 .

基于超宽带的TOA-DOA联合定位方法

针对现有的大多数超宽带(ultra-wide band,UWB)定位方法至少需要3个基站,系统开销较大的问题,提出一种新颖的基于波达时间-波达方向(time of arrival-direction of arrival,TOA-DOA)联合估计的定位方法,仅需一个基站即可准确快速定位目标。利用酋矩阵束算法估计视距信号TOA和最小二乘估计准则估计视距信号DOA,得到目标的相对坐标。Matlab仿真实验证明,该方法的TOA和DOA估计精度较高,定位精度达到厘米级,而且复杂度降低为矩阵束算法的1/4,采样频率为亚奈奎斯特速率,易于实现,是一种简单有效的定位方法。