In this paper, a simple model for a closed multiverse as a finite probability space is analyzed. For each moment of time on a discrete time-scale, only a finite number of states are possible and hence each possible un...In this paper, a simple model for a closed multiverse as a finite probability space is analyzed. For each moment of time on a discrete time-scale, only a finite number of states are possible and hence each possible universe can be viewed as a path in a huge but finite graph. By considering very general statistical assumptions, essentially originating from Boltzmann, we make the set of all such paths (the multiverse) into a probability space, and argue that under certain assumptions, the probability for a monotonic behavior of the entropy is enormously much larger then for a behavior with low entropy at both ends. The methods used are just very simple combinatorial ones, but the conclusion suggests that we may live in a multiverse which from a global point of view is completely time-symmetric in the sense that universes with Time’s Arrow directed forwards and backwards are equally probable. However, for an observer confined to just one universe, time will still be asymmetric.展开更多
OIL-RICH Libya faces an array of daunting challenges in dealing with the legacies of Muammar Gaddafl＇s 42 years in power, not least the dysfunctional labor sector he left behind. Add to this the damage done to the co...OIL-RICH Libya faces an array of daunting challenges in dealing with the legacies of Muammar Gaddafl＇s 42 years in power, not least the dysfunctional labor sector he left behind. Add to this the damage done to the country＇s economic infrastructure during the revolution that ousted Gaddafi in 2011, and the impact of the civil war that has raged for nearly a year. and the prognosis looks very grim,展开更多
One hundred and thirty years after the work of Ludwig Boltzmann on the interpretation of the irreversibility of physical phenomena, and one century after Einstein's formulation of Special Relativity, we are still ...One hundred and thirty years after the work of Ludwig Boltzmann on the interpretation of the irreversibility of physical phenomena, and one century after Einstein's formulation of Special Relativity, we are still not sure what we mean when we talk of “time” or “arrow of time”. We shall try to show that one source of this difficulty is our tendency to confuse, at least verbally, time and becoming, i.e. the course of time and the arrow of time, two concepts that the formalisms of modern physics are careful to distinguish. The course of time is represented by a time line that leads us to define time as the producer of duration. It is customary to place on this time line a small arrow that, ironically, must not be confused with the “arrow of time”. This small arrow is only there to indicate that the course of time is oriented, has a well-defined direction, even if this direction is arbitrary. The arrow of time, on the other hand, indicates the possibility for physical systems to experience, over the course of time, changes or transforma-tions that prevent them from returning to their initial state forever. Contrary to what the ex-pression “arrow of time” suggests, it is there-fore not a property of time itself but a property of certain physical phenomena whose dynamic is irreversible. By its very definition, the arrow of time presupposes the existence of a well- established course of time within which – in addition – certain phenomena have their own temporal orientation. We think that it is worth-while to emphasize the difference between sev-eral issues traditionally subsumed under the label “the problem of the direction of time”. If the expressions “course of time”, “direction of time” and “arrow of time” were better defined, systematically distinguished from one another and always used in their strictest sense, the debate about time, irreversibility and becoming in physics would become clearer.展开更多
By contrast with Sartre's existentialism,The Time Traveler's Wife depicts another humanistic world.Moreover,such things as meaning,reason,compensation and peace are indispensable in this world.
Links Following recent fatal accident,school bus checks kick off nationwide in China According to Xinhua news, twenty-one people, including 19 preschoolers and two adults, died and 43 others were injured when a nine-s...Links Following recent fatal accident,school bus checks kick off nationwide in China According to Xinhua news, twenty-one people, including 19 preschoolers and two adults, died and 43 others were injured when a nine-seat school bus illegally carrying 64 people collided head-on with a展开更多
Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most frequent cause of dementia in the western world. In clinical terms, AD is characterized by progres- sive cognitive decline that usually begins with memory impairment. As the dis...Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most frequent cause of dementia in the western world. In clinical terms, AD is characterized by progres- sive cognitive decline that usually begins with memory impairment. As the disease progresses, AD inevitably affects all intellectual functions including executive functions, leading to complete dependence for basic activities of daily life and premature death.展开更多
There is long history and tradition of acrobatics in the central plains. Puyang Acrobatic Art Troupe was developed through three generations' hard endeavor. Ren Qingran, the grandfather of Ren Xuezhen, is proficie...There is long history and tradition of acrobatics in the central plains. Puyang Acrobatic Art Troupe was developed through three generations' hard endeavor. Ren Qingran, the grandfather of Ren Xuezhen, is proficient in acrobatic stunt. He organized Ren's goup in 1968 wandering in the streets and villages to perform acrobatic acts to make their livings. Later the local government organized one acrobatic team on the basis of members from Ren's to develop literature and art activities. However, good times ...展开更多
THE United Nations celebrates its 70th anniversary this month, making it one of the longest surviving international organizations in the world today. But despite the celebrations, it is a body harboring the fiercest e...THE United Nations celebrates its 70th anniversary this month, making it one of the longest surviving international organizations in the world today. But despite the celebrations, it is a body harboring the fiercest exchanges in international politics.展开更多
FOR the first time In its 16-year existence, the Milken Institute Global Conference 2013 in Los Angeles included four panels devoted to discussing African opportunities and challenges. A decade ago, perceptions of Afr...FOR the first time In its 16-year existence, the Milken Institute Global Conference 2013 in Los Angeles included four panels devoted to discussing African opportunities and challenges. A decade ago, perceptions of Africa were extremely negative. The May 2000 cover of a major international publication described Africa as “The Hopeless Continent.” Fast forward to 2011, and the same magazine ran a more optimistic headline： ＂Africa Rising.＂ There is a media frenzy focused on Africa and the continent＇s gains are tangible.展开更多
2007年9月刊《星际Ⅱ歪批第一弹》为大家送上了许多"异想天开"的理念,许多读者也对此表示了极大的兴趣。距离上次Blizzoon的Re-Aplah版,如今已经过了8个月了。在这期间,暴雪也不定期地为大家放出官方的FAQ。万众期待的Zerg虫...2007年9月刊《星际Ⅱ歪批第一弹》为大家送上了许多"异想天开"的理念,许多读者也对此表示了极大的兴趣。距离上次Blizzoon的Re-Aplah版,如今已经过了8个月了。在这期间,暴雪也不定期地为大家放出官方的FAQ。万众期待的Zerg虫族也终于在3月10日这天大举入侵地球。中、美、韩三地玩家都先后领略到了新生Zerg的恐怖之处。同时我们也看到了更多更详细的有关星际Ⅱ的资料,这让全世界玩家都兴奋得很。小编自然也坐不住了,我们这个对星际Ⅱ评头论足的栏目也应该继续了,这里仍然会不定期地出现最新的星际Ⅱ消息、评论和不负责任的猜想。Hell,it's about time!展开更多
In this paper, an alternative approach to cosmology is discussed. Rather than starting from the field equations of general relativity, one can investigate the probability space of all possible universes and try to dec...In this paper, an alternative approach to cosmology is discussed. Rather than starting from the field equations of general relativity, one can investigate the probability space of all possible universes and try to decide what kind of universe is the most probable one. Here two quite different models for this probability space are presented: the combinatorial model and the random curvature model. In addition, it is briefly discussed how these models could be applied to explain two fundamental problems of cosmology: Time’s Arrow and the accelerating expansion.展开更多
Two elementary particles—a photon and a graviton—responsible for interaction with physical objects of two long-range action fields electromagnetic and gravitational are considered. The similarity and distinction of ...Two elementary particles—a photon and a graviton—responsible for interaction with physical objects of two long-range action fields electromagnetic and gravitational are considered. The similarity and distinction of these quantum particles are investigated. It is shown that these particles essentially differ from each other. First of all, they are in different spaces. The photon is in photon space, and the graviton is in Riemann’s space-time. Interaction of a photon and a mass body cannot be calculated in Euclidian space. Interaction of a graviton and a mass body can be calculated in the Euclidian space. Polarizing properties of a gravitational wave both in plane Minkowski’s space, and in curved Riemann’s space-time are in detail considered. The differential equation of a gravitational quantum oscillator is found and its solution is analyzed. Also, the quantum metrics of Riemann’s space-time in presence of graviton and its quantum numbers are found.展开更多
IN traditional Chinese society, having an occupation, as a means of making a living, was the "privilege" of women at lower levels of society. Married and unmarried women who had servants were sneered at if t...IN traditional Chinese society, having an occupation, as a means of making a living, was the "privilege" of women at lower levels of society. Married and unmarried women who had servants were sneered at if they had an occupation. The work that lower class women did was generally related to production and labor, market exchange, communications展开更多
The 18th Asian Games opened amid a spectacular ceremony in Jakarta,capital of Indonesia,on August 18.China sent a strong delegation of 845 athletes—including19 Olympic champions—to the quadrennial sporting event whi...The 18th Asian Games opened amid a spectacular ceremony in Jakarta,capital of Indonesia,on August 18.China sent a strong delegation of 845 athletes—including19 Olympic champions—to the quadrennial sporting event which will run until September 2.The Jakarta Asiad will host 465 events across 40 sports,among which 330展开更多
About the CongressThe 18th International Systemic Congress was convened in Tokyo,Japanfrom 29th July to 2nd August 1991.It took place on the ever-green garden-like campus of the International Christian University,with...About the CongressThe 18th International Systemic Congress was convened in Tokyo,Japanfrom 29th July to 2nd August 1991.It took place on the ever-green garden-like campus of the International Christian University,with more than onehundred participants from about twenty countries and regions.Among展开更多
As more and more people in China attend graduate schools, experts are raising questions about the quality of the education students receive, and some view the outlook as relatively bleak unless major changes are made....As more and more people in China attend graduate schools, experts are raising questions about the quality of the education students receive, and some view the outlook as relatively bleak unless major changes are made. At the National Association for the Study of Higher Education's 2005 annual meeting in November at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Xuhui campus), a task force led by Yang Jie,展开更多
文摘In this paper, a simple model for a closed multiverse as a finite probability space is analyzed. For each moment of time on a discrete time-scale, only a finite number of states are possible and hence each possible universe can be viewed as a path in a huge but finite graph. By considering very general statistical assumptions, essentially originating from Boltzmann, we make the set of all such paths (the multiverse) into a probability space, and argue that under certain assumptions, the probability for a monotonic behavior of the entropy is enormously much larger then for a behavior with low entropy at both ends. The methods used are just very simple combinatorial ones, but the conclusion suggests that we may live in a multiverse which from a global point of view is completely time-symmetric in the sense that universes with Time’s Arrow directed forwards and backwards are equally probable. However, for an observer confined to just one universe, time will still be asymmetric.
文摘OIL-RICH Libya faces an array of daunting challenges in dealing with the legacies of Muammar Gaddafl＇s 42 years in power, not least the dysfunctional labor sector he left behind. Add to this the damage done to the country＇s economic infrastructure during the revolution that ousted Gaddafi in 2011, and the impact of the civil war that has raged for nearly a year. and the prognosis looks very grim,
文摘One hundred and thirty years after the work of Ludwig Boltzmann on the interpretation of the irreversibility of physical phenomena, and one century after Einstein's formulation of Special Relativity, we are still not sure what we mean when we talk of “time” or “arrow of time”. We shall try to show that one source of this difficulty is our tendency to confuse, at least verbally, time and becoming, i.e. the course of time and the arrow of time, two concepts that the formalisms of modern physics are careful to distinguish. The course of time is represented by a time line that leads us to define time as the producer of duration. It is customary to place on this time line a small arrow that, ironically, must not be confused with the “arrow of time”. This small arrow is only there to indicate that the course of time is oriented, has a well-defined direction, even if this direction is arbitrary. The arrow of time, on the other hand, indicates the possibility for physical systems to experience, over the course of time, changes or transforma-tions that prevent them from returning to their initial state forever. Contrary to what the ex-pression “arrow of time” suggests, it is there-fore not a property of time itself but a property of certain physical phenomena whose dynamic is irreversible. By its very definition, the arrow of time presupposes the existence of a well- established course of time within which – in addition – certain phenomena have their own temporal orientation. We think that it is worth-while to emphasize the difference between sev-eral issues traditionally subsumed under the label “the problem of the direction of time”. If the expressions “course of time”, “direction of time” and “arrow of time” were better defined, systematically distinguished from one another and always used in their strictest sense, the debate about time, irreversibility and becoming in physics would become clearer.
文摘By contrast with Sartre's existentialism,The Time Traveler's Wife depicts another humanistic world.Moreover,such things as meaning,reason,compensation and peace are indispensable in this world.
文摘Links Following recent fatal accident,school bus checks kick off nationwide in China According to Xinhua news, twenty-one people, including 19 preschoolers and two adults, died and 43 others were injured when a nine-seat school bus illegally carrying 64 people collided head-on with a
文摘Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most frequent cause of dementia in the western world. In clinical terms, AD is characterized by progres- sive cognitive decline that usually begins with memory impairment. As the disease progresses, AD inevitably affects all intellectual functions including executive functions, leading to complete dependence for basic activities of daily life and premature death.
文摘There is long history and tradition of acrobatics in the central plains. Puyang Acrobatic Art Troupe was developed through three generations' hard endeavor. Ren Qingran, the grandfather of Ren Xuezhen, is proficient in acrobatic stunt. He organized Ren's goup in 1968 wandering in the streets and villages to perform acrobatic acts to make their livings. Later the local government organized one acrobatic team on the basis of members from Ren's to develop literature and art activities. However, good times ...
文摘THE United Nations celebrates its 70th anniversary this month, making it one of the longest surviving international organizations in the world today. But despite the celebrations, it is a body harboring the fiercest exchanges in international politics.
文摘FOR the first time In its 16-year existence, the Milken Institute Global Conference 2013 in Los Angeles included four panels devoted to discussing African opportunities and challenges. A decade ago, perceptions of Africa were extremely negative. The May 2000 cover of a major international publication described Africa as “The Hopeless Continent.” Fast forward to 2011, and the same magazine ran a more optimistic headline： ＂Africa Rising.＂ There is a media frenzy focused on Africa and the continent＇s gains are tangible.
文摘2007年9月刊《星际Ⅱ歪批第一弹》为大家送上了许多"异想天开"的理念,许多读者也对此表示了极大的兴趣。距离上次Blizzoon的Re-Aplah版,如今已经过了8个月了。在这期间,暴雪也不定期地为大家放出官方的FAQ。万众期待的Zerg虫族也终于在3月10日这天大举入侵地球。中、美、韩三地玩家都先后领略到了新生Zerg的恐怖之处。同时我们也看到了更多更详细的有关星际Ⅱ的资料,这让全世界玩家都兴奋得很。小编自然也坐不住了,我们这个对星际Ⅱ评头论足的栏目也应该继续了,这里仍然会不定期地出现最新的星际Ⅱ消息、评论和不负责任的猜想。Hell,it's about time!
文摘In this paper, an alternative approach to cosmology is discussed. Rather than starting from the field equations of general relativity, one can investigate the probability space of all possible universes and try to decide what kind of universe is the most probable one. Here two quite different models for this probability space are presented: the combinatorial model and the random curvature model. In addition, it is briefly discussed how these models could be applied to explain two fundamental problems of cosmology: Time’s Arrow and the accelerating expansion.
文摘Two elementary particles—a photon and a graviton—responsible for interaction with physical objects of two long-range action fields electromagnetic and gravitational are considered. The similarity and distinction of these quantum particles are investigated. It is shown that these particles essentially differ from each other. First of all, they are in different spaces. The photon is in photon space, and the graviton is in Riemann’s space-time. Interaction of a photon and a mass body cannot be calculated in Euclidian space. Interaction of a graviton and a mass body can be calculated in the Euclidian space. Polarizing properties of a gravitational wave both in plane Minkowski’s space, and in curved Riemann’s space-time are in detail considered. The differential equation of a gravitational quantum oscillator is found and its solution is analyzed. Also, the quantum metrics of Riemann’s space-time in presence of graviton and its quantum numbers are found.
文摘IN traditional Chinese society, having an occupation, as a means of making a living, was the "privilege" of women at lower levels of society. Married and unmarried women who had servants were sneered at if they had an occupation. The work that lower class women did was generally related to production and labor, market exchange, communications
文摘The 18th Asian Games opened amid a spectacular ceremony in Jakarta,capital of Indonesia,on August 18.China sent a strong delegation of 845 athletes—including19 Olympic champions—to the quadrennial sporting event which will run until September 2.The Jakarta Asiad will host 465 events across 40 sports,among which 330
文摘About the CongressThe 18th International Systemic Congress was convened in Tokyo,Japanfrom 29th July to 2nd August 1991.It took place on the ever-green garden-like campus of the International Christian University,with more than onehundred participants from about twenty countries and regions.Among
文摘As more and more people in China attend graduate schools, experts are raising questions about the quality of the education students receive, and some view the outlook as relatively bleak unless major changes are made. At the National Association for the Study of Higher Education's 2005 annual meeting in November at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Xuhui campus), a task force led by Yang Jie,
