The Analytical Potential Energy Function of NH Radical Molecule in External Electric Field

The geometric structures of an Nit radical in different external electric fields are optimized by using the density functional B3P86/cc-PVSZ method, and the bond lengths, dipole moments, vibration frequencies and IR spectrum are obtained. The potential energy curves are gained by the CCSD （T） method with the same basis set. These results indicate that the physical property parameters and potential energy curves may change with the external electric field, especially in the reverse direction electric field. The potential energy function of zero field is fitted by the Morse potential, and the fitting parameters are in good accordance with the experimental data. The potential energy functions of different external electric fields are fitted adopting the constructed potential model. The fitted critical dissociation electric parameters are shown to be consistent with the numerical calculation, and the relative errors are only 0.27% and 6.61%, hence the constructed model is reliable and accurate. The present results provide an important reference for further study of the molecular spectrum, dynamics and molecular cooling with Stark effect.

Nonlinear dynamics and performance analysis of modified snap-through vibration energy harvester with time-varying potential function

Vibration energy harvesting has emerged as a promising method to harvest energy for small-scale applications.Enhancing the performance of a vibration energy harvester(VEH)incorporating nonlinear techniques,for example,the snap-through VEH with geometric non-linearity,has gained attention in recent years.A conventional snap-through VEH is a bi-stable system with a time-invariant potential function,which was investigated extensively in the past.In this work,a modified snap-through VEH with a time-varying potential function subject to harmonic and random base excitations is investigated.Modified snap-through VEHs,such as the one considered in this study,are used in wave energy harvesters.However,the studies on their dynamics and energy harvesting under harmonic and random excitations are limited.The dynamics of the modified snap-through VEH is represented by a system of differential algebraic equations(DAEs),and the numerical schemes are proposed for its solutions.Under a harmonic excitation,the system exhibits periodic and chaotic motions,and the energy harvesting is superior compared with the conventional counterpart.The dynamics under a random excitation is investigated by the moment differential method and the numerical scheme based on the modified Euler-Maruyama method.The Fokker-Planck equation representing the dynamics is derived,and the marginal and joint probability density functions(PDFs)are obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation.The study shows that the modified snap-through oscillator based VEH performs better under both harmonic and random excitations.The dynamics of the system under stochastic resonance(SR)is investigated,and performance enhancement is observed.The results from this study will help in the development of adaptive VEH techniques in the future.

A UNIVERSAL ANALYTIC POTENTIAL-ENERGY FUNCTION BASED ON A PHASE FACTOR

Using a field equation with a phase factor, a universal analytic potential-energy function applied to the interactions between diatoms or molecules is derived, and five kinds of potential curves of common shapes are obtained adjusting the phase factors. The linear thermal expansion coefficients and Young's moduli of eleven kinds of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals - Al, Cu, Ag, etc. are calculated using the potential-energy function; the computational results are quite consistent with experimental values. Moreover, an analytic relation between the linear thermal expansion coefficients and Young's moduli of fcc metals is given using the potential-energy function. Finally, the force constants of fifty-five kinds of diatomic moleculars with low excitation state are computed using this theory, and they are quite consistent with RKR (Rydberg-Klein-Rees) experimental values.

Photon Structure and Wave Function from the Vector Potential Quantization

A photon structure is advanced based on the experimental evidence and the vector potential quantization at a single photon level. It is shown that the photon is neither a point particle nor an infinite wave but behaves rather like a local “wave-corpuscle” extended over a wavelength, occupying a minimum quantization volume and guided by a non-local vector potential real wave function. The quantized vector potential oscillates over a wavelength with circular left or right polarization giving birth to orthogonal magnetic and electric fields whose amplitudes are proportional to the square of the frequency. The energy and momentum are carried by the local wave-corpuscle guided by the non-local vector potential wave function suitably normalized.

Spin Supercurrent in Phenomena of Quantum Non-Locality (Quantum Correlations, Magnetic Vector Potential) and in Near-Field Antenna Effect

It is shown that such phenomena as quantum correlations (interaction of space-separated quantum entities), the action of magnetic vector potential on quantum entities in the absence of magnetic field, and near-field antenna effect (the existence of superluminally propagating electromagnetic fields) may be explained by action of spin supercurrents. In case of quantum correlations between quantum entities, spin supercurrent emerges between virtual particles pairs (virtual photons) created by those quantum entities. The explanation of magnetic vector potential and near-field antenna effect is based on contemporary principle of quantum mechanics: the physical vacuum is not an empty space but the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. Using the properties of the oscillators and spin supercurrent, it is proved that magnetic vector potential is proportional to the moment causing the orientation of spin of QHO along the direction of magnetic field. The near-field antenna effect is supposed to take place as a result of action of spin supercurrent causing secondary electromagnetic oscillations. In this way, the electromagnetic field may spread at the speed of spin supercurrent. As spin supercurrent is an inertia free process, its speed may be greater than that of light, which does not contradict postulates of special relativity that sets limits to the speed of inertial systems only.

Gravity field recovery from GOCE orbits using the energy conservation approach

The sum of the dissipative energy and energy constant of the GOCE satellite is found by a priori gravity field model at first, and the GOCE dissipative energy is obtained by computing the adjacent epoch difference via the differential method. Then, a gravity field model GOCE-ECPO1, which up to the degree and order 80, is recovered by the energy conservation approach from the 103-day precise orbital data of the GOCE satellite collected from November 1, 2009 to January 12, 2010. Finally, the model is compared with existing models EGM96, ITG-CHAMP05S, EIGEN-GRACE2010S, EIGEN-6C and GO CONS GCF 2 DIR_R3. The results show that at the same order and degree, the accuracy of model GOCE-EBPO1 is higher than those of models EGM96 and ITG-CHAMP05S, but lower than those of models EIGEN-GRACE2010S, EIGEN-6C and GO_CONS_GCF 2 DIR_R3, which is mainly caused by the pole gap.

全球重力势能特征及其地质意义——基于Crust1.0模型的分析

重力势能及重力势能差是分析岩石圈内部密度变化所引起的岩石圈平均应力特征的主要方法之一.本文基于全球Crust1.0模型地壳结构,结合常密度、横向变密度和三维变密度三种不同的地幔密度模型,获得了全球尺度更为精细的重力势能及重力势能差分布特征并开展分析.研究结果表明,在北美西部、安第斯山脉、东非、青藏高原等区域表现为重力势能高,呈拉张应力状态;在洋盆、高原周围的盆地等地区表现为重力势能低,呈挤压应力状态.对比分析不同地幔密度模型结果,发现大洋地区洋壳薄,岩石圈地幔密度受构造及热影响变化较大,对重力势能影响大;大陆地区地壳厚度大,对重力势能影响大,地幔密度变化影响相对较小.采用三维变密度地幔模型获得的重力势能差分布和大地水准面异常计算获得的全球重力势能差分布具有相似特征,表明该模型的计算结果更符合全球岩石圈尺度的应力分布特征.三维变密度地幔模型计算的重力势能差显示洋中脊轴部地区趋于零,说明该处岩石圈密度变化对应力影响较小,其拉张应力与洋中脊地区地幔上涌更为相关.

在重力场中的热力学基本方程及应用

通过引入组分B的摩尔重力势能,导出了在重力场中多组分系统的热力学基本方程。定义了重力化学势,据此判断变化的方向和限度。最后列举了重力化学势判据的应用实例:理想气体压力随高度分布公式,溶胶粒子在介质中沉降平衡公式。

复杂静电场问题中电势零点选取的合理性

对一个复杂静电场问题分解为两个甚至多个子问题利用叠加原理进行电势求解时,如何合理地选取各个子问题的电势零点的问题进行了研究和讨论。首先讨论了电势参考点选取的任意性和相对性,然后通过一个实际的静电场问题引出了电势参考点选取的合理性。最后,从做功与能量和唯一性定理两个方面对电势参考点选取的合理性进行了分析与讨论。

基于改进人工势场-PSO算法的农业机器人全区域覆盖研究

为解决智慧无人农业中农业机器人对复杂农田的全区域覆盖作业问题,对农业机器人全区域作业覆盖进行研究,提出了一种基于人工势场改进的粒子群路径优化算法,并将其与回溯法相结合实现对农田的全区域路径覆盖。改进算法将人工势场中的势能场构建以及合力值动态调节方法引入粒子群算法,设置合力值调节因子来更新粒子群的速度更新函数,同时根据每个粒子的搜寻情况实时更新引力源参数值。与传统粒子群算法相比,改进粒子群算法寻找的最短路径减少10.6%,算法收敛速率提升12.8%;与传统算法与回溯法结合相比,改进粒子群算法与回溯法的结合使得全区域覆盖路径重复率减少了12.7%。

Fluid Dynamic Field in BozhongDepression, Bohai Bay Basin

The data from regional geology, boreholes, geophysics and tests are integrated to analyze the fluid dynamic field in the Bozhong depression, Bohai Bay basin. The current geothermal gradient is determined to be about 2.95 /100 m by integrating 266 drill-stem test (DST) measurements and comparing with the global average value. The paleogeothermal gradients are calculated from the homogenization temperatures of saline inclusions, which vary both laterally and vertically. The data from sonic logs, well tests and seismic velocities are used to investigate the pressure variations in the study area. The mudstone compaction is classified as three major types: normal compaction and normal pressure, under-compaction and overpressure, and past-compaction and under-overpressure. The current pressure profile is characterized by normal pressure, sight pressure and intense overpressure from top to bottom The faults, unconformity surfaces and interconnecting pores constitute a complex network of vertical and horizontal fluid flows within the depression. The fluid potential energy profiles present a 'double-deck' structure. The depocenters are the area of fluids supply, whereas the slopes and uplifts are the main areas of fluids charge.

Generalized stress field in granular soils heap with RayleigheRitz method

The stress field in granular soils heap(including piled coal) will have a non-negligible impact on the settlement of the underlying soils. It is usually obtained by measurements and numerical simulations.Because the former method is not reliable as pressure cells instrumented on the interface between piled coal and the underlying soft soil do not work well, results from numerical methods alone are necessary to be doubly checked with one more method before they are extended to more complex cases. The generalized stress field in granular soils heap is analyzed with Rayleighe Ritz method. The problem is divided into two cases: case A without horizontal constraint on the base and case B with horizontal constraint on the base. In both cases, the displacement functions u(x, y) and v(x, y) are assumed to be cubic polynomials with 12 undetermined parameters, which will satisfy the Cauchy’s partial differential equations, generalized Hooke’s law and boundary equations. A function is built with the Rayleighe Ritz method according to the principle of minimum potential energy, and the problem is converted into solving two undetermined parameters through the variation of the function, while the other parameters are expressed in terms of these two parameters. By comparison of results from the Rayleighe Ritz method and numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the Rayleighe Ritz method is feasible to study the generalized stress field in granular soils heap. Solutions from numerical methods are verified before being extended to more complicated cases.

On the energy conversion in electrokinetic transports

Energy conversion in micro/nano-systems is a subject of current research,among which the electrokinetic energy conversion has attracted extensive attention.However,there exist two different definitions on the electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency in literature.A few researchers defined the efficiency using the pure pressure-driven flow rate,while other groups defined the efficiency based on the flow rate with the inclusion of the effect of the streaming potential field.In this work,both definitions are investigated for different fluid types under the periodic electrokinetic flow condition.For Newtonian fluids,the two definitions give similar results.However,for viscoelastic fluids,these two definitions lead to significant difference.The efficiency defined by the pure pressure-driven flow rate even exceeds 100%in a certain range of the parameters.The result shows that in the case of viscoelastic flow,it is incorrect to define the energy conversion efficiency by pure pressure-driven flow rate.At the same time,the reason for this problem is clarified through comprehensive analysis.

Electrokinetic energy conversion of electro-magneto-hydro-dynamic nanofluids through a microannulus under the time-periodic excitation

In this work,the effects of externally applied axial pressure gradients and transverse magnetic fields on the electrokinetic energy conversion(EKEC)efficiency and the streaming potential of nanofluids through a microannulus are studied.The analytical solution for electro-magneto-hydro-dynamic(EMHD)flow is obtained under the condition of the Debye-Huuckel linearization.Especially,Green’s function method is used to obtain the analytical solutions of the velocity field.The result shows that the velocity distribution is characterized by the dimensionless frequency?,the Hartmann number Ha,the volume fraction of the nanoparticlesφ,the geometric radius ratio a,and the wallζpotential ratio b.Moreover,the effects of three kinds of periodic excitations are compared and discussed.The results also show that the periodic excitation of the square waveform is more effective in increasing the streaming potential and the EKEC efficiency.It is worth noting that adjusting the wallζpotential ratio and the geometric radius ratio can affect the streaming potential and the EKEC efficiency.

基于双层协调体系的多圆碟形AUG路径规划

为研究海流干扰和水下碍航物影响下欠驱动圆碟形水下滑翔机集群的三维路径规划问题。本文根据圆碟形水下滑翔机的设备配置和工作特点,建立了相应的能量消耗模型。提出了一种基于全局与局部双层协调的三维路径规划体系,采用最小一致偏差法完成了能耗最优目标下多圆碟形水下滑翔机的全局路径规划。根据避碰原则预测出全局路径中存在的航行危险碰撞区域,基于人工势场法进行局部路径规划,避免了滑翔机与碍航物以及不同优先级的滑翔机之间发生碰撞。仿真结果验证了所提基于双层协调体系的多圆碟形水下滑翔机三维路径规划方法的有效性。

外电场下二溴一氯甲烷分子的光谱特征和解离特性

在Semi-empirical方法AM1基组下研究了外电场(0~0.040 arb.units)作用下二溴一氯甲烷分子的光谱特征和解离特性:外电场对分子键长、偶极矩、总能量、能级分布规律、红外光谱等的影响;通过计算得到解离势能曲线。结果表明,沿着y轴方向加外电场,强度从0 arb.units增加到0.040 arb.units时:二溴一氯甲烷分子键长明显拉长,分子偶极矩增大;总能量先增大后减小;能隙随着电场的增大而减小;红外光谱随外电场的增强出现红移或蓝移现象。此外,随着外加电场的增强,势垒降低,解离需要的能量逐渐减小,当外电场达到0.040 arb.units时,分子发生解离。计算结果说明分子1C-3Cl键在外电场下容易断裂,这为二溴一氯甲烷的降解提供了理论依据。

关于静电场相关能量的分析

对静电学中的电势能、相互作用能、自能、静电能、电场能等各种能量概念进行分析讨论,指出它们之间的区别与联系,并通过实例说明如何应用相关能量公式计算带电体的静电能.

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷流体动力场特征

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷的地下流体动力场特征表明该区古地温梯度大于今地温梯度，泥岩压实可划分为正常压实－常压型、单段欠压实－弱超压型和双段欠压实－强超压型３大类；现今剖面压力系统由浅部正常压力。中部弱超压和深部强超压３部分组成，断裂系统、不整合面和相互连通的孔隙系统及底辟构造组成了凹陷内流体纵、横向输导的复杂网络系统；古压力场演化经历超压原始积累和释放２大阶段，断层对压力的演化与分布起重要的控制作用；流体势在剖面上呈“双层”式结构，洼陷为供流区，斜坡带为主要泄流场所。

大型反射面天线电磁场与位移场场耦合模型及其在65m口径天线设计中的应用

针对大型反射面天线设计机电分离的现状,基于电磁场与结构位移场的场耦合理论模型,建立以天线电性能为目标,结构拓扑形式为设计变量,同时满足自重、强度等约束条件的优化设计模型。详细讨论场耦合分析模型的分析方法,并指出将拓扑变量引入机电综合优化模型时带来的基结构规模过于庞大的问题。利用虚实单元的当前受力状态和潜在受力状态来判断杆件是否应加入到基结构中去,并以此降低了优化模型的求解规模,使得所提方法更加适宜在工程中应用。考虑到天线副面调整的对电性能的补偿效果,在优化模型中加入副面调整设计变量。提出求解策略和方法,进行大量的数值计算。进而应用于深空探测65 m口径反射面天线的工程设计中,取得了满意的结果。