Investigation of an electrode-driven hydrogen plasma method for in situ cleaning of tin-based contamination

To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular tin-based contamination consisting of micro-and macroparticles was deposited on silicon via physical vapor deposition(PVD).The electrodedriven hydrogen plasma at different power levels was systematically diagnosed using a Langmuir probe and a retarding field ion energy analyzer(RFEA).Moreover,the magnitude of the self-biasing voltage was measured at different power levels,and the peak ion energy was corrected for the difference between the RFEA measurements and the self-biasing voltage(E_(RFEA)-eV_(self)).XPS analysis of O 1s and Sn 3d peaks demonstrated the chemical reduction process after 1 W cleaning.Analysis of surface and cross-section morphology revealed that holes emerged on the upper part of the macroparticles while its bottom remained smooth.Hills and folds appeared on the upper part of the microparticles,confirming the top-down cleaning mode with hydrogen plasma.This study provides an in situ electrode-driven hydrogen plasma etching process for tin-based contamination and will provide meaningful guidance for understanding the chemical mechanism of reduction and etching.

Chlorofullerene C_(60)Cl_(6) Enables Efficient and Stable Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs)have received great attention due to their eco-friendly properties and high theoretical efficiencies.However,the fast crystallization feature of tin-based perovskites leads to poor film quality and limits the corresponding device performance.Herein,a chlorofullerene,C_(60)Cl_(6),with six chlorine attached to the C_(60)cage,is applied to modulate the crystallization process and passivate grain boundary defects of the perovskite film.The chemical interactions between C_(60)Cl_(6)and perovskite components retard the transforming process of precursors to perovskite crystals and obtain a high-quality tin-based perovskite film.It is also revealed that the C_(60)Cl_(6)located at the surfaces and grain boundaries can not only passivate the defects but also offer a role in suturing grain boundaries to suppress the detrimental effects of water and oxygen on perovskite films,especially the oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+).As a result,the C_(60)Cl_(6)-based device yields a remarkably improved device efficiency from 10.03%to 13.30%with enhanced stability.This work provides a new strategy to regulate the film quality and stability of TPSCs using functional fullerene materials.

Interface microstructure and properties of submerged arc brazing tin-based babbit

The submerged arc brazing method was used to connect the tin-based babbit alloy with the steel matrix.The microstructure of the submerged arc brazed Babbitt interface layer on the surface of Q235 B steel was analyzed by OM,SEM and EDS and the hardness properties of the joint interface layer were tested by MH-5 microhardness tester.the result of research shows that a layer of canine-shaped intermetallic compound with uneven thickness is formed at the interface,and the thickness is 10-20 μm.The interface layer includes two kinds of compound layers,namely the Fe Sn layer near the side of the steel substrate and FeSn layer near the side of the babbit.During the interfacial reaction process,Fe atoms in the steel matrix dissolve into the liquid babbit alloy and form a certain concentration gradient at the interface.The farther from the interface,the lower the Fe atom concentration.The growth of Gibbs free energy of Fe Sn is lower when the temperature is above 780.15 K,and the temperature during the welding process is much higher than 780.15 K,moreover the precipitation temperature of Fe Sn is higher.Therefore,in the subsequent cooling process,Fe Sn is first precipitated from the interface near the side of steel matrix and then FeSn is precipitated from the interface near the side of babbit alloy.Microhardness test showed that the intermetallic compound at the interface layer significantly improved the hardness properties.

Propylamine hydrobromide passivated tin-based perovskites to efficient solar cells

The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells.However because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid,its crystallization rate is extremely fast,resulting in the formation of numerous defects that affect the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells.Herein,propylamine hydrobromide(PABr)was added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive to passivate defects and fabricate more uniform and dense perovskite films.Because propylamine cations are too large to enter the perovskite lattices,they only exist at the grain boundary to passivate surface defects and promote crystal growth in a preferred orientation.The PABr additive raises the average short-circuit current density from 19.45 to 25.47 mA·cm^(-2)by reducing carrier recombination induced by defects.Furthermore,the device’s long-term illumination stability is improved after optimization,and the hysteresis effect is negligible.The addition of PABr results in a power conversion efficiency of 9.35%.

A new Tin-based O3-Na_(0.9)[Ni_(0.45-x/2)Mn_xSn_(0.55-x/2)]O_2 as sodium-ion battery cathode

Recently,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),regarded as promising supplements for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),especially in the large-scale energy storage field,are attracting more and more attention.However,the limited suitable cathode materials hinder the wide commercialization of SIBs.Given this aspect,in this work,a new layered oxide with 4d metal Tin was synthesized and investigated as cathode material for SIBs.Two optimized sodium-deficient O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.45)Sn_(0.55)O_2and O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.1)Sn_(0.5)O_2were selected for comprehensive investigation,both of which exhibited high operating voltage of around 3.45 V with smooth charge/discharge curves.In comparison,O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.1)Sn_(0.5)O_2shows a higher reversible capacity(65 m A h/g,0.1 C),better rate capability and cycling stability than that of O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.45)Sn_(0.55)O_2(50 mA h/g,0.1 C),indicating that a small amount of Mn-substitution can improve the electrochemical performance.This work presents a new possibility of discovering potential cathode candidates by exploring the Tin-based layered oxides.

Interfacial engineering in lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells

Lead(Pb)-free Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been favored by the community due to their low toxicity,preferable bandgaps,and great potential to achieve high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Interfaces engineering plays important roles in developing highly efficient Sn-based PSCs via passivation of trap defects,alignment of energy levels,and incorporation of low-dimensional Sn-based perovskites.In this review,we summarize the development of Pb-free Sn-based perovskites and their applications in devices,especially the strategies of improving the interfaces.We also provide perspectives for future research.Our aim is to help the development of new and advanced approaches to achieving high-performance environment-friendly Pb-free Sn-based PSCs.

Influence of charge transport layer on the crystallinity and charge extraction of pure tin-based halide perovskite film

As one of the most compelling photovoltaic devices, halide perovskite (PVK) solar cells have achieved a new surprising record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.8%in 2021 [1]. This demonstrates the great potential of halide PVK solar cells as a highly competitive substitute to replace silicon-based solar cells in the photovoltaic market [2–6].

Potassium thiocyanate additive for PEDOT:PSS layer to fabricate efficient tin-based perovskite solar cells

The commercialized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is usually used as hole transport layers(HTLs)in tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs).However,the further development has been restricted due to the acidity that could damage the stability of TPSCs.Although the PEDOT:PSS solution can be diluted by water to decrease acidity and reduce the cost of device fabrication,the electrical conductivity will decrease obviously in diluted PEDOT:PSS solution.Herein,potassium thiocyanate(KSCN)is selected to regulate the properties of PEDOT:PSS HTLs from the diluted PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution by water with a volume ratio of 1:1 to prepare efficient TPSCs.The effect of KSCN addition on the structure and photoelectrical properties of PEDOT:PSS HTLs and TPSCs have been systematically studied.At the optimal KSCN concentration,the TPSCs based on KSCN-doped PEDOT:PSS HTLs(KSCN-PSCs)demonstrate the champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 8.39%,while the reference TPSCs only show a champioan PCE of 6.70%.The further analysis demonstrates that the KSCN additive increases the electrical conductivity of HTLs prepared by the diluted PEDOT:PSS solution,improves the microstructure of perovskite film,and inhibits carrier recombination in TPSCs,leading to the reduced hysteresis effect and enhanced PCE in KSCN-PSCs.This work gives a low-cost and practical strategy to develop a high-quality PEDOT:PSS HTLs from diluted PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution for efficient TPSCs.

钢背及合金层厚度对ZChSnSb11-6巴氏合金耐磨性的影响

利用MFT-500多功能摩擦机对ZSnSb11Cu6(11-6)巴氏合金及采用离心铸造方法在40Cr钢钢背上浇铸的厚度为2.0、2.5 mm的ZChSnSb11-6巴氏合金层进行了摩擦磨损试验,研究了钢背及合金层厚度对巴氏合金耐磨性的影响。结果表明:与无钢背巴氏合金相比,有钢背2.5 mm厚巴氏合金的耐磨性提高了26.6%,而2.0 mm厚巴氏合金的耐磨性下降了12.8%。有钢背2.0 mm厚巴氏合金的硬度较高,磨痕和犁沟较浅,但其残余拉应力最大,麻点数量最多、剥落程度最大,耐磨性最差;而2.5 mm厚巴氏合金的麻点数量最少、剥落程度最小,磨痕和犁沟也较浅,耐磨性最好;相较于2.5 mm厚巴氏合金,无钢背巴氏合金的残余拉应力较小,但其硬度最低,磨痕和犁沟最深,麻点数量更多、剥落更严重,耐磨性较差。

ZSnSb11-6巴氏合金与ZQSn10-1锡青铜耐磨性对比研究

采用MFT-5000型摩擦磨损试验机,对比研究了ZSnSb11-6巴氏合金和ZQSn10-1锡青铜在不同载荷下的耐磨性。结果表明:当载荷为20 N时,锡青铜的磨损率较巴氏合金低78.3%,当载荷为140 N时,锡青铜的磨损率较巴氏合金仍低36.3%;ZSnSb11-6巴氏合金由于硬度较低,磨痕和犁沟较深,同时随着载荷的增加,易在硬质相β相(SnSb)处发生剥落;ZQSn10-1锡青铜由于硬度较高,磨痕和犁沟较浅,同时由于(α+δ)硬质相的尺寸较小,无尖锐的棱角,剥落程度轻。因此,在20~140 N载荷下ZQSn10-1锡青铜的耐磨性优于ZSnSb11-6巴氏合金。

分子动力学模拟巴氏合金界面磁性液体润滑行为

磁性液体因其顺磁可控的流变特性,可满足极端工况对滑动轴承润滑油膜稳定性不断提高的要求,在轴承润滑方面具有良好的应用前景。为探究磁性液体微观润滑机制,采用分子动力学模拟方法构建和优化巴氏合金界面磁性液体润滑的微观模型,并根据实际工况进行限制性剪切模拟,研究温度和剪切速度对PAO6基磁性液体在巴氏合金界面润滑行为的影响;通过分析滑动过程中相对浓度分布、温度分布、速度分布、均方位移和界面吸附能等参数的变化,从分子层面揭示磁性液体微观润滑的作用机制。结果表明:PAO6基磁性液体具有良好的扩散性和散热性,可以粘附在巴氏合金摩擦界面起到很好的承载和减磨作用;在高温和高剪切速度下,磁性液体润滑膜仍呈现出良好的稳定性,磁性颗粒具有良好的扩散能力。研究结果有助于完善纳米薄膜润滑理论,对磁性液体的工程应用具有现实指导意义。

建构与误识——《巴比特》中的符号暴力分析

辛克莱·刘易斯的小说《巴比特》描绘了虚构城市泽尼斯中不同形式的符号暴力对人们行为及思想意识的操控。借助法国思想家布尔迪厄的符号暴力理论,分析泽尼斯城中符号消费、男性霸权以及媒介符号三种符号暴力形式的建构与“误识”及其对人们生活状态及精神状态的影响,揭示刘易斯对美国城市化过程中的焦虑与思考。

电厂发电机用密封瓦巴氏合金脱落原因

某核电厂发电机密封瓦表面的巴氏合金在运行期间发生破损及脱落。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法分析了密封瓦巴氏合金脱落的原因。结果表明:密封瓦安装不当使密封瓦与密封座盖之间产生摩擦,导致密封瓦表面磨损;巴氏合金材料的化学成分不合格,β相分布不均匀,导致其承载能力下降,在周期性载荷下,巴氏合金发生疲劳脱落。

“言”与“行”的分途——海德格尔与白璧德对东方“道路”思想的借鉴

海德格尔与白璧德不约而同地借鉴了东方“道路”思想,但有着“言”与“行”的不同向度,“言”“行”之分途所导致的宗教意蕴和最终旨归也有所不同。海德格尔的“道路道说”乃“大道道说”,天地神人四方世界在大道道说中互相通达,人是存在的守护者,以神性度测自身;而白璧德的道路是其二元人性论,“通达”人性始源处的“更高意志”起到上帝恩典的对等物之精神效用,自己是自己的主人,人是自我超越的。海德格尔的“道-道路-道说”体现了道路阴柔的一面,而白璧德的“道路-内在行动”则体现了道路阳刚的另一面。他们对东方道路思想的借鉴,是西方后-上帝时代的“道成肉身”不同方面的现代显现,具有思想史的意义,还分别体现了不同的地域文化特征和不同的生命伦理走向。

动模连续铸造巴氏合金微截面扁坯制备近终尺寸线材装置的设计及应用

巴氏合金用来铸造制作轴瓦减摩材料层,但存在结合强度、材料利用率低、偏析等。随着技术的发展,堆焊逐步替代铸造成为制备减摩层的主要技术,因此堆焊用巴氏合金线材替代铸造用巴氏合金锭,成为轴瓦领域的发展趋势。巴氏合金塑性差,难以用挤压、拉拔的常规工艺制备细线径线材,同时挤压制坯的“裹芯”等缺陷降低了堆焊质量。因此设计了动模连续铸造微截面巴氏合金扁坯装置。该装置可连续铸造截面面积为24.6mm^(2)的扁坯,经轧制与分切、去毛边、辊拉模减径等工序,可获得直径≤φ2.00mm的线材,其无夹杂气泡和裹芯,表面油脂残留少,经济性佳。

白璧德与20世纪早期中国知识分子之文化互鉴研究

通过文化交流和互动,白璧德与20世纪早期中国知识分子相互影响和相互借鉴,都促进了各自的人文思想建构。中国知识分子影响了白璧德,使其新人文主义融入了中国文化要素。与此类似,白璧德也影响了中国知识分子,使其对中国传统儒家思想进行了现代性转换——一种儒学现代化。他们的文化互鉴具有多方面的意义和价值。

电弧喷涂锡基巴氏合金涂层的组织与性能

针对电弧喷涂巴氏合金涂层组织与铸造组织的显著差异,借助于扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射分析涂层的微观组织结构;测试了巴氏合金涂层在钢铁基体上的结合强度,研究了涂层与碳钢及铸铁组成摩擦副时的磨损表现.结果表明,电弧喷涂巴氏合金涂层的组织细小、均匀,SnSb和Cu6Sn5化合物的形态趋于不规则的块状或近于球形;施加过渡底层可以使涂层更可靠地与钢铁基体结合;在润滑条件下,涂层表现出比铸造合金更好的耐摩性能.

滑动轴承材料的研究进展

随着现代科学技术的进步,滑动轴承材料不断得到改进与优化,性能越来越高。介绍了滑动轴承材料的性能特点以及主要滑动轴承材料的研究进展,指出开发适应不同工况条件的滑动轴承材料和轴承材料的无铅化是滑动轴承材料的研究方向。

铸造方法对巴氏合金组织及性能的影响

铸造方法对巴氏合金的力学及磨损性能有显著的影响。通过对合金的金相组织观察、相成分的分析,结合磨损试验以及磨损表面形貌分析,研究铸造方法对合金的组织及性能的影响。分析发现离心浇注能明显的细化晶粒,提高合金的耐磨性与减磨性,与静置浇注的合金相比,其磨损量下降了9.6%。

蠕变对巴氏合金ZChSnSb11-6力学性能和显微组织的影响

针对巴氏合金ZChSnSb11-6工作过程中的蠕变现象，对合金进行蠕变实验。基于蠕变实验所得蠕变曲线，证实ZChSnSb11-6在实际工作条件下会发生明显的蠕变现象，同时利用WDW-E100D试验机，获得ZChSnSb11-6蠕变前后的屈服强度等力学性能。通过分析合金蠕变、力学性能和显微组织之间的关系，得知蠕变明显降低ZChSnSb11-6的强度、塑性及抗弹性变形能力，并得到合金蠕变机理，明确ZChSnSb11-6蠕变变形是应变硬化与再结晶回复长时间交替作用的结果。通过计算合金的应变硬化指数，证实蠕变使合金均匀变形的能力降低，增大合金发生断裂破坏的可能性。同时，基于硬度试验获得合金硬度随温度变化的计算公式，确定ZChSnSb11-6的蠕变临界温度范围为50~60℃。通过观察ZChSnSb11-6蠕变前后的显微组织，发现蠕变使合金组织中SnSb和Cu 6 Sn 5明显减少，导致合金力学性能降低。