Crystallization Regulation and Morphological Evolution for HTM-free Tin-Lead (1.28eV) Alloyed Perovskite Solar Cells

There have been huge achievements of all-perovskite tandem solar cells,which recently realized the highest power conversion efficiency of 24.8%.However,the complex device structure and complicated manufacture processes severely restrict the further development of all-perovskite tandem solar cells.In this work,we successfully fabricated high-efficiency hole transport material-free(HTM-free)Sn−Pb alloyed narrow bandgap perovskite solar cells(PSCs)by introducing guanidinium thiocyanate(GASCN)and hydroiodic acid(HI)into the perovskite precursor solution.GASCN and HI play a positive synergy effect during perovskite crystallization process resulting in larger grain size,fewer surface defects,and lower trap density to suppress the Sn^(2+)oxidation degradation.Furthermore,they could effectively adjust the energy level of perovskite materials,reduce the energy level difference between perovskite and ITO resulting in more efficiently transport of free hole charge carriers.As a result,with adding GASCN and HI,the achieved highest power conversion efficiency of HTM-free devices increased from 12.58%to 17.85%,which is one of the highest PCEs among all values reported to date for the HTM-free narrow-bandgap(1.2-1.4 eV)Sn−Pb binary PSCs.Moreover,the optimized device shows improved environmental stability.Our additive strategy manifests a remarkable step towards the facile,cost-efficient fabrication of HTM-free perovskite-based tandem solar cells with both high efficiency and simple fabrication process.

Solder joint geometry of tin-lead alloy and its application in electronic packaging

By employing the minimum energy theorem, the Potential energy controlling equation, which consists of surface energy and gravitational energy for molten meniscus, was investigated. The soder joint geometry of molten tin-lead soder alloy for chip component and thin quad flat package were simulated with finite element method. The simulation results 0f solder joint geometry are coincident well with the experimental results. The solder joint geometry was applied to study the solder joint reliability for chip component RC3216.The thermal cycling tests revealed that the solder joint geometry plays an important ro1e in solder joint reliability.

On conversion of plastic work to heat during plastic deformation of tin-lead alloy and mild steel

The temperature rise caused by plastic deformation during the quick upsetting of tin-lead alloy and mild steel was investigated via experiments and numerical simulations aiming at a better understanding of the heat generation mechanism in friction welding. The results show that the compression amount and deformation temperature influence significantly the temperature rise during the upsetting of tin-lead alloy. The temperature rise increases with increasing the compression but decreases with increasing the deformation temperature. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental inspection for Sn63A alloy. The simulation results of mild steel present a similar tendency with tin-lead alloy. Moreover, the temperature rise of mild steel at elevated temperatures is comparable to that of tin-lead alloy at low temperatures.

Morphology and microstructure of rapidly solidified tin-lead alloy powders

Sn60Pb40 alloy powders were fabricated using the planar flow casting(PFC) atomization process. By using OM, SEM and EPMA, the characteristics of the morphologies and microstructures of the powders have been investigated. It is observed that the environment of ambient gas in the atomization box has great effects on the morphology of the alloy powders. The microstructures of Sn60Pb40 alloy powders produced by the PFC atomization process are completely composed of eutectic, which is made up of both oversaturated α solid solution and β solid solution. The microstructures of small size powders are extraordinarily undeveloped dendritic eutectic, in which the large majority of the α phase appears nearly spherical, evidently since the cooling rate is higher and the under-cooling is larger. As for the large size powders, since the cooling rate and undercooling are relatively low, lamellar α phase apparently increases in the eutectic microstructures of these powders, and there is even typical lamellar eutectic structure clearly observed in some micro-areas. After remelting tests by DTA, the microstructures of small size powders are transformed, which become composed of large crumby α phase and eutectic(α+β), while those of large size powders change into classical tin-lead structures of primary α phase plus lamellar eutectic(α+β). By studying the microstructures of tin-lead alloy powders, a model has been proposed to predict the microstructure formation of Sn60Pb40 alloy powders.

Influence of Rare Earths on the Directional Solidification Microstructure of Tin-Lead Eutectic Alloy

The research on the influence of RE on the directional solidified microstructure of tin lead alloy reveals that the addition of RE can cause chopping and irregular lamellar and smaller lamellar spacing. When RE content increases, the microstructure changes to peritectic structure. Moreover, the eutectic point of Sn Pb alloy deviates because the affinity of RE for Sn, which results in the existence of primary Pb rich phases contained hypocutectic grown layers. Sn RE intermetallic compound has no effect on the solidification of Sn Pb alloy.

Two-dimensional perovskite capping layer for stable and efficient tin-lead perovskite solar cells

Mixed tin-lead iodide perovskites exhibit the characteristics of low toxicity and improved light harvesting ability up to nearinfrared(NIR) spectral region, making them as an attractive alternative for traditional lead based perovskites. However, the performance of lead-based perovskites solar cells is still far inferior to their lead analogues owing to the unavoidable oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+). Here we introduced two-dimensional(2D) perovskite on the top of three dimensional(3D) perovskite film as a capping layer to reduce the self-oxidation, and thus improved the device stability. 2D capping layer was then confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis. The existence of the 2D protecting thin layer significantly reduce the spontaneous Sn^(2+)oxidation, thus improve the device performance and reduce the hysteresis. The phenomena could be ascribed to the improved charge extraction efficiency causing by prohibited nonradiative recombination. On top of this, the photovoltaic devices based on conventional-structure configuration were fabricated. Taking advantage of the 2D capping layer, 2D/3D hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices achieve a open-circuit voltage(Voc) of 0.77 V with short circuit current density(Jsc) of 26.60 mA cm^(-2), delivering the best-performing power conversion efficiency of 15.5%. Moreover, the 2D/3D perovskite devices maintained 60% its initial efficiency after 40 h exposed in air(humidity around 30%, temperature 22 °C),while 3D perovskite-based devices completely failed.

锡铅铋铸态光谱内控标准样品的研制

由于锡铅铋系列的电子焊料在工业中应用广泛,而焊料成分的快速准确检测主要依靠火花直读光谱仪,要保证光谱仪的准确检验需依靠标准样品。为节约公司检验成本,自行研制标准样品,通过工艺流程设计、成分设计、样品制备、偏析检验、均匀性检验、金相组织分析、定值、稳定性试验步骤,研制的内控标准样品均匀性好、稳定性好,组织致密、无气孔缺陷,可应用于火花直读光谱仪的校准。

含银铸造锡铅合金光谱标准样品的研制

对含银铸造锡铅合金光谱标准样品的工艺流程、均匀性检验及定值分析及结果进行研究。以锡锭、纯铅锭和外购的纯银锭、纯铋锭,中间合金是单位自制的SnSb11.5、SnCu10为原料,利用熔化炉熔炼加入杂质元素,制备标准样品,研制的标准样品均匀性和稳定性良好,组织致密、无气孔缺陷,定值可靠,可满足本单位生产、科研的使用要求。

反射炉粗铅中锡分离的工业研究

铅冶炼采用反射炉熔炼处理铜浮渣时,锡主要进入反射炉粗铅及铜锍,继而分别进入铅电解、铜电解系统,不仅对电解产品质量及电解阳极泥中稀贵金属分离率存在影响,同时造成有价金属锡的流失。针对该情况,本文根据金属对氧元素亲和力的大小,在铜浮渣氧化造渣的基础上,对反射炉粗铅中锡的分离回收进行工艺研究,通过理论性研究及工业实践,可有效的在铜浮渣氧化造渣过程中将金属锡富集于渣相中,实现金属锡的富集分离,富锡渣既可以直接外售,也可以通过进一步的熔炼、真空蒸馏、电解等生产精锡,实现有价元素综合利用,提高企业效益。

Optimization of Tin-Doped Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskites are a category of materials with a unique crystal structure that allows them to absorb sunlight efficiently. This efficiency is particularly high in the case of CH3NH3Pb1-xSnxI3 mixed perovskites. The combination of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) in this matrix provides a broad spectrum of sunlight absorption, enabling the generation of a larger voltage and, subsequently, increased power. The primary objective in solar cell development is to maximize the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Mixed perovskites like CH3NH3Pb1-xSnxI3 have demonstrated significant potential in this regard. Their tunable bandgap, courtesy of varying the Pb: Sn ratio, allows for the optimization of sunlight absorption. The result is solar cells that surpass many conventional counterparts in terms of energy efficiency. Another significant advantage of these mixed perovskite solar cells is their cost-effectiveness. They can be manufactured using solution-based processes, which are less expensive than the high-vacuum methods required for traditional silicon solar cells. While the prospects for mixed perovskite solar cells are undeniably promising, there are concerns about the toxicity of lead, a key component of these cells. Lead is known to have harmful effects on the environment and health. The aim of our work is to reduce or eliminate lead toxicity in the perovskite cell while maintaining its efficiency. Thus, in a theoretical and experimental approach, we obtained following efficiencies of samples: CH3NH3PbI3 (22.49%) CH3NH3Pb0.75Sn0.25I3 (22.72%), CH3NH3Pb0.5Sn0.5I3 (23.00%) CH3NH3Pb0.25Sn0.75I3 (22.61%), CH3NH3SnI3 (22.38%). Doping with 50% tin gives the highest result (23.00%). By replacing a fraction of the lead with tin, the research aims to reduce the environmental footprint of the cells while maintaining their high performance. However, the challenge is to achieve a balance that does not compromise performance while reducing toxicity. .

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锡矿中7种元素的研究

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测方法对锡矿中锌、铜、铁、铅、砷、锑、铋元素进行分析。锡矿样品以盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸为消解液,经微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定消解液中锌、铜、铁、铅、砷、锑、铋元素含量。在选定的测定条件下,锌、铜、砷、锑、铋元素在浓度0~5 mg/L范围内,铁、铅元素在浓度0~20 mg/L范围内,线性关系良好,方法的检出限在0.0008%~0.0016%。该方法简便快速,稳定性好,结果准确可靠,适用于锡矿中常规元素含量的分析。

碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定湖南香花岭矿区锡铅锌矿床中的锡铅锌

湖南香花岭矿区是南岭地区东西向构造-岩浆-成矿带的重要组成部分,矿区内成矿地质条件非常优越,以矿床类型多、矿产种类复杂而著称,其中锡铅锌矿床是该矿区南岭成矿带非常重要的多金属矿床,赋存的矿石类型主要以锡石-硫化物型锡矿石、锡铅锌矿石、硫化物型铅锌矿石为主,为了进一步研究区域成矿条件、矿床地质特征、元素赋存状态及有色金属矿产综合利用,准确测定锡、铅、锌有色金属元素的含量非常必要。湖南香花岭矿区锡铅锌矿床中锡、铅、锌元素的平均品位都为百分含量,且锡本身是一种难分解元素,因此,常规的酸溶很难将高含量的锡、铅、锌元素分解完全。针对香花岭矿区锡铅锌矿床样品的特殊性,本文建立了碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱同时测定湖南香花岭矿区锡铅锌矿床中锡铅锌的分析方法:(1)优化了碱熔试剂选择、试剂用量、碱熔温度、碱熔时间等实验前处理及等离子体激发条件、元素谱线、扣背景位置等仪器测定条件,在比较氢氧化钠、无水碳酸钠和过氧化钠3种熔剂对分析结果影响的基础上,选择以4.0g过氧化钠作为熔剂,在750℃下恒温熔融试样20min,约30mL沸水浸提后加入20mL浓盐酸酸化,保证样品分解完全;(2)以空白碱熔酸化溶液为介质配制校准系列,使得校准系列与试样基体匹配,消除了基体干扰影响。(3)采用国家一级地球化学标准物质进行方法质量评估,结果表明标准物质测定值与标准值的对数差值的绝对值(Δlgw)<0.04,锡、铅、锌的方法检出限分别为13.60、36.45、53.83μg/g,方法精密度(RSD)均优于8%,校准曲线测定范围为0~100μg/mL。由于采用碱熔方法和以空白碱熔酸化溶液作为标准配制介质,使得该方法适用于锡石-硫化物型锡矿石、锡铅锌矿石、硫化物型铅锌矿石中高含量锡铅锌测定。

铅合金中高锡含量的测定方法研究

采用盐酸溶解铅合金样品,酒石酸掩蔽Sb、Bi,以定量的浓硝酸将Sn^(2+)氧化为Sn^(4+),加入过量的EDTA溶液络合溶液中的金属离子,标准溶液ZnCl_(2)滴定剩余的EDTA溶液,利用氟化铵溶液选择性的将Sn-EDTA中EDTA置换反应释放出来,通过释放出来的EDTA与标准溶液ZnCl_(2)进行络合滴定,间接滴定法算出铅合金中Sn含量。对该方法的精密度和正确度进行了试验验证,结果表明:该方法RSD在0.14%~0.30%,加标回收率达到94.0%~104.0%,该方法简便、快速、准确,消除了仪器测定过程中杂质元素带来的基体效应,保证了结果的准确、可靠。

锡铅混合钙钛矿太阳能电池垂直组分梯度的溶剂工程调控

带隙1.1~1.4 eV的锡铅混合卤化物钙钛矿是单结太阳能电池光电转换效率(PCE)接近Shockley-Queisser(S-Q)理论效率极限值的理想材料。钙钛矿薄膜垂直方向上的化学组分梯度会通过影响能带结构影响载流子的传输和分离,因此对锡铅混合钙钛矿薄膜的结晶过程进行控制十分重要。本研究发现使用不同剂量的反溶剂制备锡铅混合钙钛矿会形成不同的垂直组分梯度,并且随反溶剂用量增大薄膜表面铅含量增加。调整溶剂组分可以控制锡铅混合钙钛矿的垂直组分梯度,增大溶剂中V(DMSO):V(DMF)可以形成底部富铅而表面富锡的垂直组分梯度。当铅基前驱液溶剂中V(DMSO):V(DMF)最优化为1:2时,相比于1:4的对照组,器件在标准光照条件下的开路电压从0.725 V提高到0.769 V,短路电流密度从30.95 mA·cm^(-2)提高到31.65 mA·cm^(-2),PCE从16.22%提升到接近18%。利用SCAPS软件数值模拟进一步证明了垂直组分梯度的必要性,当钙钛矿薄膜底部富铅、顶部富锡时,载流子在空穴传输层界面区域的复合有所减少,因而电池性能得到提升。

湖南省桂阳县雷坪钨锡铅锌多金属矿成矿条件分析及成矿模式研究

湖南省桂阳县雷坪钨锡铅锌多金属矿是湖南省国土空间调查监测所(合并前为湖南省有色地勘局二四七队)2009年勘查发现的钨锡铅锌多金属矿床。本文系统分析研究了矿区成矿地质特征及成矿条件,结合湘南地区浅源重熔岩浆岩成矿系列,建立了区内成矿模式,对今后该地区的找矿工作具有一定指导意义。

镀锡层抗高温性能与工艺研究

针对铜基引线框架镀锡层高温易缩锡变色及常温不耐盐水腐蚀等问题,采用了不同电镀工艺,分析了镀层显微形貌、物相结构、抗电化学腐蚀性能与力学性能。结果表明:镀锡前,对铜表面进行充分去氧化及粗化,可极大提高镀锡层结合力,有效防止高温缩锡现象;镀锡后,镀层浸泡抗高温氧化剂,可有效防止高温发黄以及提高耐盐水腐蚀性能。

铜阳极泥分银渣综合利用新工艺

铜阳极泥分银渣是阳极泥提取贵金属的尾渣,产率约为阳极泥的50%,含有铅、锡、钡、锑、铋以及金银铂钯等有价金属,具有较大回收价值。传统的处理方法倾向于单一元素或者金银等贵金属的提取,从分银渣中回收钡等有价金属的方法较少。本文以铅、钡和锡含量高的铜阳极泥分银渣为原料,采用碳酸转铅-盐酸浸铅-碳酸转钡-盐酸浸钡-金银提取处理工艺分步直接提取铅和钡,考察了铅、锡、钡、金和银在工艺中的分离与富集,及其分布情况。结果表明:铜阳极泥分银渣中的铅、钡、锡的直收率分别为76.69%、93.16%和99.91%;铅、钡、锡分别以硫酸铅、硫酸钡、锡精矿的形式得到回收,品位分别达97.5%、95%和45.84%,金、银在分钡渣中富集率分别达98.74%,95.14%;锡精矿的产出率为23.44%。本工艺实现了铅、钡、锡、金、银的高效分离与综合回收,而且铅、钡的浸出体系循环使用,试剂消耗少、工艺条件温和,可为同类企业处理铜阳极泥提供参考。

ICP-AES法检测铅冶炼中间产物锡渣中的Sn

为建立碱熔酸浸-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铅冶炼锡渣中锡的检测方法,选择过氧化钠在高温炉内700℃溶解样品,仪器波长谱线为189.991 nm,添加空白溶液去除共存元素干扰,该实验条件下,铅冶炼锡渣中锡测定结果相对标准偏差在0.31%~1.18%之间(n=5),样品加标回收率为96.4%~102%。该方法结果准确、检测周期短、适合批量检测,可满足快速检测的分析要求。

硫氰酸钾—自动电位滴定法测定锡铋银系列无铅焊料产品中银含量

文章对硫氰酸钾-自动电位滴定法,测定锡铋含银系列无铅焊料产品中银量的各项操作条件进行了试验,研究了锡铋含银产品的分解、主要共存元素对测定银的干扰试验。对方法的准确度和精密度进行了考察,结果稳定,重现性好,适合于锡铋含银产品中0.3%~2.0%银的测定。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定铅烟灰中铋、铟、锑、锡

研究了准确快速测定铅烟灰中铋、铟、锑、锡的分析方法,分析了仪器观察高度、研究内标引入方式、定容体积、主量基体元素对测定结果的影响。最终确定了径向最佳观察高度为10 mm、采用过氧化钠高温熔融试样、提前引入内标、无需准确定容的方式,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法同时测定铅烟灰中铋、铟、锑、锡的方法。铋、铟、锑、锡的方法检出限分别为0.0039%、0.0062%、0.0097%、0.0060%,加标回收率在96.0%~104.0%,相对标准偏差(n=11)<2%。方法缩短了检测周期,提高了多元素检测的效率。