Experimental Study of Assessment on Ventricular Activation Origin and Contraction Sequence by Doppler Tissue Imaging

To evaluate the possibility and accuracy of Doppler tissue image (DTI) on assessment of normal and abnormal ventricular activation and contraction sequence, 9 open chest canine hearts were analyzed by acceleration mode, M mode, and spectrum mode DTI. Our results showed that: (1) Acceleration mode DTI could show the origin of activation and conduction sequence on line; (2) M mode DTI revealed that the activation in mid interventricular septum was earlier than that in mid left ventricular posterior wall at sinus activation; (3) Spectrum DTI showed the ventricular endocardium was activated earlier than the ventricular epicardium in all segments at sinus rhythm. The earliest site of activation of the normal ventricular wall was at middle interventricular septum; the latest site was at basal posterior wall; the contraction sequence was different at the different walls; (4) During abnormal ventricular activation, mid left ventricular posterior wall was activated earliest in accordance with the pacing sites. Abnormal ventricular activation was slower than sinus activation, and the contraction sequence varied at different sites of ventricular wall. It is concluded that DTI can be used to localize the origin of normal or abnormal myocardial activation and to assess the contraction sequence conveniently, accurately and non invasively.

Evaluation of Normal Fetal Left Cardiac Function by Tissue Doppler Imaging

To explore the feasibility of using tissue Doppler imaging technique for the evaluation of fetus＇s left ventrieular diastolic function, and to confirm its reliability by comparing it with traditional methods, this study examined 61 pregnant women in whom satisfactory images were obtained of fetal eehoeardiography. The peak velocity of blood stream were measured, including E, A and E/A at mitral valve orifice on the four chamber view with pulse wave. And then tissue Doppler imaging mode was employed to measure the velocity of mitral valve annulus including Ea, Aa, Sa and Ea / Aa. Correlation analysis was conducted between the velocity of orifice and that of annulus in terms of gestation age. And then correlation analysis was performed between above data and gestation ages. A positive correlation was found between the velocity of orifice and that of annulus, and the velocity increased with the gestation age. The change was the most significant between the 28th and the 34th week of gestation age. Our study showed that it is feasible to evaluate the fetus＇s left ven trieular diastole function by tissue Doppler imaging. Its stability can avoid the influence of fetal heart rates and preload.

ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS BY PUSLED WAVE DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING

Objective To examine the clinical application of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging(DTI)for regional left ventricular function assessment in normal subjects. Methods We examined 50 healthy subjects(range 12-42 years,mean age 28.3 ± 6.9 years)using pulsed Doppler tissue imaging to characterize the diastolic and systolic velocity profiles of mitral annulus. Recordings were made along the long axis in the apical 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and long apical views of 6 sites(posterior-septum, lateral, anterior, inferior, anterior-septum, posterior)at the mitral annulus. Myocardial velocities were determined with use of variance F statistical analysis. Correlation analysis was employed to test the relationship between age and mitral annular velocities. Results Both early diastolic and systolic velocities at the septum were lower than other sites. There were no differences in mitral annulus late diastolic velocities. Mean early diastolic and systolic velocities was negatively correlated with age. Conclusions Doppler tissue imaging can directly reflect regional left ventricular function.

ASSESSMENT OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY BY DOPPLER TISSUE IMAGING

To determine the clinical application of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging in assessing the left ventricular diasto-lic function and in discriminating between normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with various stages of diastolic dysfunction. Methods We measured the peak diastolic velocities of mitral annulus in 81 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with various stages of diastolic dysfunction and 50 normal volunteers by Doppler tissue imaging using the apical window at 2-ch-amber and long apical views, respectively. The myocardial velocities were determined with use of variance F statistical analysis. Results Early diastolic myocardial velocities of mitral annulus were higher in normal subjects than in patients with hy-pertrophic cardiomyopathy with either delayed relaxation, pseudonormal filling, or restrictive filling. However, peak myocar-dial velocities of mitral annulus during atrial contraction were similar in normal subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Conclusion Doppler tissue imaging can directly reflect upon left diastolic ventricular function. Early phase of diastole was the best discriminator between control subjects and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Value of Low Dose Dobutamine Doppler Tissue Imaging for Detecting Hibernating Myocardium

Summary: In order to assess the value of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) in detecting viable hibernating myocardium, 20 patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular dysfunction underwent low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography and low dose dobutamine stress DTI. The results showed that among the 100 asynergic segments, 35 segments showed improvement after dobutamine infusion (group H) and no changes were observed in the remaining 65 segments (group N). The left ventricular echocardiographic score index decreased from 1.60±0. 35 to 1.44±0.36 ( n =20, P <0.01). During low dose dobutamine stress DTI, there was no difference in the values of velosity of S wave (V s) before dobutamine infusion between two groups. However, after dobutamine infusion, the values of V s and VR in group H were significantly higher than those in group N (V s:10.1±3.0 cm/s vs 7.3±2.2 cm/s, P <0.01; VR: 60 %±41 % vs 25 %±32 %, P <0.001). 95.7 % asynergic myocardial segments with VR≤0 had no viability while 86 % asynergic segments with VR>80 % were viable myocardium. It is concluded that the different reactions to dobutamine stress between hibernating and necrosis myocardium could be showed by DTI and it is more clinically significant when VR≤0 and VR>80 %.

Value of Pulsed Tissue Doppler Imaging in Predicting the Presence of Significant Coronary Artery Insufficiency

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a paramount cause of death. Global and regional left ventricular (LV) systolic function is an important non-invasive marker of CAD. We can use tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to measure the low velocities generated by myocardium which are: S'-wave, E'-wave, and A'-wave. We aimed to examine the value of the S'-wave dispersion of TDI across mitral valve annular velocities to predict angiographically significant coronary artery obstruction. Patients and Methods: We included 100 patients with symptoms suggesting CAD. All patients had undergone full history taken and clinical examination;ECG, echocardiographic with assessment of LV function, and Doppler derived mitral valve velocities;TDI with measuring of S'-wave and coronary angiography. Lesions with ≥70% or more stenosis in major epicardial artery or ≥50% stenosis in the left main coronary artery were considered significant. Patients were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of significant coronary stenosis. Results: Clinical and conventional echocardiographic and Tissue Doppler measures were comparable between the two groups;there was statisticallysignificant difference between Group I and Group II (P value;patients with significant coronary arteries lesions have higher S' wave dispersion as compared with patients with normal or mild significant coronary lesions. Conclusion: S'-wave dispersion may consider a good predictor of angiographically significant coronary artery disease.

Diagnostic value of dobutamine stress Doppler tissue imaging in diabetic patients with suspected coronary artery disease

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is often silent in diabetic patients, and it is typically in ad-vanced stages of development by the time it manifests. Various forms of stress testing have been investigated to detect obstructive CAD in diabetes mellitus. Ob-jectives: To assess the diagnostic value of dobutamine stress pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) compared with standard wall motion analysis in de-tection of myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients with suspected CAD. Methods: The study comprised 46 diabetic patients with suspected CAD underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) with DTI within 4 weeks before coronary angiography(CA). Dobutamine infusion started at 5 μ/kg/min and in-creased up to 40 μ/kg/min with additional atropine during submaximal heart rate responses. In addition to wall-motion score index (WMSI) analysis, pulsed- wave DTI examination of basal and mid segments of posteroseptal, lateral, anterior, inferior and antero- septal walls was performed. Myocardial velocities were measured at rest in the apical 4, 3 and 2-cham- ber views. The measurements were repeated at low dose (10 - 15 μ/kg/min) and at peak stress (40 μ/kg/min). DTI measurements included peak systolic velocity (S), peak early diastolic velocity (E) and peak late diastolic velocity (A) and the results were com-pared to WMSI analysis. Patients were classified into two groups according to CA results;group (I) di-abetics with positive CA (n = 27) and group (II) di-abetics with negative CA (n = 19). Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in duration of diabetes, global WMSI at rest or the ? changes (stress-rest/rest) of WMSI (P > 0.05). Global S and global E were significantly lower in group I compared to group II at peak stress (11.3 ± 3.7 cm/sec vs. 14.5 ± 2.2 cm/sec, p < 0.01) and (11.3 ± 1.6 cm/sec vs. 13.1 ± 2.1 cm/sec, p < 0.01) respectively. The cutoff points for global S and global E to detect obstructive CAD in diabetics were 11.3 cm/s and 11.2 cm/s re-spectively with 75.7%, 73.4% sensitivity and 94.7%, 89.47% specificity respectively. An increment (? changes) less than 0.56 in S or 0.26 in E from rest to peak stress identified CAD with 78.8 %, 89.3% sensi-tivity and 94.7%, 90.7% specificity respectively. The accuracy of DTI parameters during peak stress was higher than WMSI analysis (sensitivity 74.1% vs. 59.3% and specificity 90% vs. 79%, P < 0.01 for each). In multivariate regression analysis, only ?S and ?E were independent predictors of obstructive CAD in diabetics (odd ratio: 36.16, 95% CI, 1.34- 532.01 and 63.77, 95% CI, 3.19-721.47) respectively. Conclusion: Quantitative analysis, using DTI during DSE, adds new dimension in diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. It is more sensitive, specific, accurate and reproducible compared with standard wall motion analysis for recognition of significant CAD in diabetic patients.

Doppler Tissue Imaging Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Dyssynchrony in Severe Heart Failure Patients With a Normal QRS Duration

Objectives To assess the prevalence of systolic dyssynchrony of the left ventricular （LV） walls in patients of heart failure（HF） with a normal QRS duration by Doppler tissue imaging （DTI）. Methods 20 patients of HF with a normal QRS duration and 20 healthy individuals were investigated with DTI to quantitatively analyze their pulsed-wave Doppler spectrum of basal and middle segments in six walls of left ventricle. The time between the onset of the QRS complex of the surface ECG and the onset of the systolic wave of pulsed-wave Doppler spectrum was measured （TS）. LV systolic synchronization was assessed by the maximal difference （MD） in time of TS, the standard deviation （SD） and the coefficient of variation （CV） of TS in the all 12 LV segments. Results When a TS-MD of TS〉 53.08 ms, a TS-SD of TS 〉18.08 ms and a TS-CV of TS 〉 0.91 （＋1.65 SD of normal controls） was used to define significant systolic dyssynchrony, the prevalence of systolic dyssynchrony was 55.0 %, 55.0 % and 55.0 %, respectively, in the HF patients group, significantly higher than those in the normal control and the locations of delayed contraction of these patients were different. Conclusions LV systolic dyssynchrony could be commonly demonstrated by DTI in HF patients with a normal QRS duration. This finding will support the view about the possibility that more HF patients could benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia and its investigation by ultrasonic integrated backscatter and Doppler tissue imaging

Objective: To construct an animal model of chronic ischemic myocardium, and evaluate it by ultrasonic integrated backscatter (IBS) and Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). Methods: An Ameroid constrictor was placed around the porcine left circumflex coronary artery (LCX). The calibrated average image intensity (%AII), cyclic variation of IBS (CVIB), transmural gradient index (TGI) of CVIB in lateral-posterior wall (LPW), and DTI spectrum of LPW in left ventricular papillary muscle level short axis view (LVPM-SAM) and apical four chamber view (AP-4CV) at normal state, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks postoperatively were measured. Results: Normal %AII, CVIB and TGI were 2.29±0.32, 9.69±2.22dB and 0.22±0.08, respectively. The %AII increased gradually postoperatively. The CVIB decreased also gradually, and the decrease was higher in subepicardium than in subendocardium. Most of TGI decrease occurred from 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively and became zero at 8 weeks (P<0.01); Normal V S (peak systolic velocity) of AP-4CV was higher than that of LVPM-SAM (P<0.01). V E (peak early diastolic velocity) of AP-4CV was lower than that of LVPM-SAM (P<0.05). V S and V E were all decreased after operation (P<0.01). The decrease of V S in AP-4CV was greater than that in LVPM-SAM. Conclusion: The pathological changes of the myocardium in human ischemic heart disease (IHD) are similar to that of Ameriod model. IBS and DTI can detect echo changes and ventricular wall motion in chronic ischemic myocardium, and provide more information for clinical investigation and treatment of IHD.

Pulsed Doppler Tissue Imaging for Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Synchronicity in Normal Subjects

Objectives To quantitatively analyze the longitudinal myocardial systolic and diastolic velocities and time intervals of the left ventricle in normal subjects, and to explore the value of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging （DTI） for the assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic synchronicity. Methods Twenty and six healthy subjects were studied by pulsed DTI. The septal and lateral, anterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle were displayed respectively, and basal and middle segments of each wall were selected for myocardial motion spectrum sampling. DTI parameters were： peak systolic myocardial velocity （s）, regional pre-ejection period （PEP）, time to the peak of s wave （Ts）, regional ejection time （ET） ; peak early diastolic velocity （e）, peak late diastolic velocity （a）, e/a ratio, time to the beginning of e wave （QE）, time to the peak of e wave （Te） and regional isovolumic relaxation time （IVRT）. Results The e and e/a were significantly different among basal segments, and s and e/a were significantly different among middle segments, with the highest value in lateral segments and the lowest value in septal segments. The s, e and a were all significantly higher in basal segments than middle segments. None of the systolic time intervals （PEP, Ts and ET） and diastolic time intervals （QE, Te and IVRT） were significantly different among basal segments and middle segments, neither were they when basal segment was compared with middle segment. Conclusions In normal subjects, the longitudinal myocardial systolic and diastolic velocities of the left ventricle are not homogeneous, but the contraction and relaxation are highly synchronized. Pulsed DTI can be used to quantitatively analyze the systolic and diastolic synchronicity of the heart.

In Vitro Validation of Tissue Doppler Left Ventricular Regional Wall Velocities by Using a Novel Balloon Phantom

To investigate the validity and accuracy of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) using a novel balloon phantom, validation of TDI myocardial velocity measurements has been carried out indirectly from conventional M mode images. However it is not a true and independent gold standard. We described a new TDI validation method by using a specially developed left ventricular balloon model mounted in a water bath and constructed using two pear shaped balloons. It was connected to a pulsatile flow pump at 8 stroke volumes (50-85 ml/beat). The displacement and velocity of the balloon walls were recorded simultaneously by video imaging and TDI on a GE Vingmed System Five with a 5 MHz phased array probe at the highest frame rates available. Conventional M mode and 2 D imaging verified that our balloon model mimicked the shape and wall motion of left ventricle. There was a good correlation and agreement between the maximum video excursion of the anterior and posterior walls of the phantom and the results of the temporal integration of digital distance data by TDI (Anterior wall: r =0.97, SEE=0.24 mm, ±s =0.04±0.24 mm; Posterior wall: r =0.95, SEE=0.22 mm, ±s =0.03±0.24 mm). Analysis of the velocity profile by the TDI method showed that the velocity at each measured point was correlated well with the velocity obtained from the video images (Anterior wall: r =0.97, SEE=0.30 mm, ±s =-0.04±0.28 mm; Posterior wall: r =0.97, SEE=0.30 mm, ±s =0.04±0.28 mm). Our balloon model provided a new independent method for the validation of TDI data. This study demonstrated that the present TDI system is reliable for measuring wall motion distance and velocity.

Autostrain RV技术联合TDI-Tei指数对肺心病患者右心室收缩功能的评估价值

目的 探讨右心室自动应变定量技术(Autostrain RV)联合组织多普勒(TDI)-Tei指数对慢性肺源性心脏病(CPHD)患者右心室收缩功能的评估价值。方法 根据肺动脉收缩压(PASP)将111例CPHD伴三尖瓣反流患者分为3组:A组(35~49 mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)40例,B组(50~69 mmHg)36例,C组(≥70 mmHg)35例,纳入同期40名健康体检者作为对照组,测量4组常规超声参数及TDI-Tei指数,应用Autostrain RV技术获取右心室整体长轴应变(RV4CSL)、右心室游离壁纵向应变(RVFWSL)、游离壁基底部纵向应变(B-RVFWSL)、中部纵向应变(M-RVFWSL)及心尖部纵向应变(A-RVFWSL)数据,比较各组间差异。结果 与对照组相比,A、B、C组RV4CSL、RVFWSL、B-RVFWSL、M-RVFWSL、A-RVFWSL绝对值及三尖瓣环收缩期平面位移(TAPSE)均减小(P<0.05),且随着PASP升高依次降低,TDI-Tei指数升高(P<0.05),且随着PASP升高依次升高,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相关分析显示TDI-Tei指数与RVFWSL相关性较高(r=0.553,P<0.001)。ROC曲线显示Autostrain RV技术、TDI-Tei指数单独及联合评估右心室收缩功能的AUC均大于0.70,联合评估价值更高。结论 Autostrain RV技术能够敏感、准确地评价CPHD患者早期心肌功能障碍,联合TDI-Tei指数可进一步提高评估效能,为临床及时干预提供客观依据。

Tissue Doppler Study before and after PCI in Patients with Chronic Stable Angina and Apparent Normal Ventricular Function for Evaluation of Myocardial Function

Background: This study aimed to determine the impact of the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on myocardial function assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography. Methods: Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography and Myocardial tissue peak velocities were recorded at the lateral, ant.septal, post.septal, posterior, ant. and inferior angles of the mitral annulus as well as at the lateral tricuspid annulus by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography before PCI, as well as 1 day and 6 weeks after intervention. Results: Fifty consecutive patients with chronic stable angina and preserved systolic left ventricular function (mean age, 58.3 ± 6.594 years;32 men) undergoing PCI were studied. Conventional echocardiographic revealed no statistically significant difference between pre- and post-PCI (1 day after PCI and 6 weeks after PCI) as regarding trans-mitral and trans-tricuspid flow velocities except as regarding LVEDD, LVESD and LVEF which showed a significant improvement post-PCI. Compared with pre-interventional values, systolic peak velocity and early diastolic velocities improved at all sites (P ≤ 0.05 for each). The most pronounced improvement occurred in the septal area. Similarly, late diastolic velocities improved at all sites (P ≤ 0.05 for each) except at post Wall A’. Also, there was a significant improvement of E’DT & E’/A’ ratio after PCI (P value is significant <0.05 for each) but there was insignificant difference between pre & post PCI for E/E’ (P-value = 0.154). There was a significant improvement in tissue Doppler measures of early, late diastolic function and E’/A’ at the lateral tricuspid annulus after PCI compared with baseline values (P value is significant <0.05) but there was an insignificant change in tissue Doppler measures at the lateral tricuspid annulus of E’DT & E/E’ after PCI (repeated measures ANOVA P-value is >0.05 for each). There were significant reductions in IVRT, IVCT & MPI after PCI (P value is significant <0.05 for each) but there was insignificant change in ET after PCI (P-value = 0.09) at the septal angle of the mitral annulus and the lateral angle of the tricuspid annulus. Conclusions: Tissue Doppler parameters of diastolic and systolic function improve early after successful PCI, and this effect persists to 6 weeks after the intervention that emphasizes its value in the improvement of regional and global LV functions and myocardial contractility.

2D-STI技术联合TDI技术对不同左心室构型原发性高血压患者左室舒张功能评价的研究

目的 研究二维斑点追踪成像(two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, 2D-STI)技术联合组织多普勒成像(tissue doppler imaging, TDI)技术对不同左心室构型原发性高血压患者左室舒张功能的诊断价值。方法 回顾性选取2020年12月~2021年12月齐齐哈尔市第一医院收治的123例原发性高血压患者,根据Ganau分型法分为左心室构型正常组(LVN组)34例和左心室重构组(LVR组)89例。其中LVR组又可分为离心性心肌肥厚组(ECH组)12例,与向心性重构组(CCR组)25例、向心性肥厚组(CCH组)52例。所有患者均行常规经胸超声心动图检查、TDI和2D-STI技术检查完成左室舒张功能评价。分析比较各组间的常规经胸超声心动图参数、左室舒张功能不全评价参数、左心房容积指数(LAVI)、E波(舒张早期)/运动速度峰值(e′)(E/e′)之间的关系。结果 由单因素和logistic回归分析可得,平均收缩压、平均舒张压、左心房容积指数LAVI、E/e′为原发性高血压患者左心室构型是否正常的重要影响因素(P<0.05)。采用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验得χ^(2)=3.537,P=0.901,拟合度好;ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.934,95%CI为0.891~0.977(P<0.05),灵敏度为85.4%,特异度为88.2%。E/e′、LAVI和三尖瓣反流速度(TR)从LVN~ECH组逐渐升高,EH组显著高于其他各组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他各组间差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);LAVI除LVN与CCR外,其余各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);TR除CCR组与ECH组外,其他各组间差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。LASr、LAScd和LASct从LVN~ECH组逐渐降低。LASr除CCR组与CCH外,其余各组间均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);LAScd在组间对比均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);LASct除CCR组与CCH外,其余各组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。左心房储备期应变(LASr)、左心房管道期应变(LAScd)及助力泵阶段应变(LASct)与LAVI及E/e′均呈负相关(r=-0.283、-0.346、-0.357,-0.524、-0.345、-0.267,P<0.05)。结论 2D-STI技术联合TDI技术能够准确检测到不同左心室构型原发性高血压患者左室舒张功能异常的指标,LAVI、E/e′及血压水平高低是左心室异常构型的重要影响因素。

RT-3DE、TDI及2D-STI超声技术对乳腺癌蒽环类化疗患者亚临床心脏毒性的预测价值

目的探讨实时三维心脏超声(RT-3DE)、组织多普勒成像(TDI)及二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)超声技术对乳腺癌蒽环类化疗患者亚临床心脏毒性的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2021年8月至2022年10月陕西省人民医院收治的30例选择蒽环类药物化疗的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,所有患者均于化疗前、化疗3周期后及化疗6周期后进行RT-3DE、TDI及2D-STI检查,比较患者不同时间点的左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末容积(LVESV)、三维左室射血分数(3D-LVEF)、二尖瓣环口舒张早期流速(E)与二尖瓣环舒张早期组织舒张速度平均值之比(E/e’)、2D整体纵向应变(2D-GLS)指标的变化,统计化疗6个周期后乳腺癌患者的亚临床心脏毒性发生率,并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析RT-3DE、TDI及2D-STI参数诊断亚临床心脏毒性的效能。结果化疗3个周期及6个周期后,患者的LVEDV、LVESV、E/e’分别为(94.72±11.26)m L、(38.25±4.58)m L、(7.03±1.65)和(94.59±10.03)mL、(39.01±5.07)mL、(7.12±1.70),与化疗前的(96.46±12.04)m L、(39.20±5.14)mL、(6.89±1.76)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);化疗3个周期及6个周期后,3D-LVEF、2D-GLS分别为(61.58±3.09)%、(-18.17±2.06)%和(58.61±2.60)%、(17.31±1.97)%,明显低于化疗前的(64.01±3.61)%、(20.79±2.58)%,且化疗6周期后,患者的3D-LVEF明显低于化疗3周期后,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);化疗6周期后,30例乳腺癌化疗患者中,4例出现亚临床心脏毒性,占比13.33%;经ROC分析结果显示,3D-LVEF、2D-GLS、3D-LVEF+2D-GLS诊断亚临床心脏毒性的曲线下面积(AUC)值分别为0.784、0.752、0.815,其中3D-LVEF+2D-GLS诊断效能最高,其次为3D-LVEF、2D-GLS。结论RT-3DE能够在早期识别出乳腺癌蒽环类化疗患者亚临床心脏毒性,且有较高的诊断效能,但是于部分患者中其价值在一定程度上受到了限制,针对此类患者需结合2D-STI进行诊断。

Tissue Doppler imaging study of right ventricular myocardial systolic activation in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background Tissue Doppler imaging （TDI） has provided an objective means to quantify global and regional left ventricular （LV） and right ventricular （RV） function with improved accuracy and greater reproducibility than conventional echocardiography. This study was conducted to assess RV myocardial systolic activation by TDI in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension （PAH）. Methods A total of 30 patients with PAH and 30 healthy volunteers, all comparable in age and sex, underwent standard Doppler echo and TDI. Using pulsed Doppler echocardiography combined with TDI, the following regional parameters were evaluated in three different myocardial segments （RV basal lateral wall, basal septal, and LV basal lateral） on apical 4-chamber view： systolic （Sm）, early- and late-diastolic （Em and Am） peak velocities. RV myocardial systolic activation delay was defined as the difference in time to peak TDI systolic velocities between the RV basal lateral wall and basal septal. In addition, RV end-diastolic and end-systolic areas were measured to calculate RV fractional area change from the same apical 4-chamber view. Results Compared with the control group, patients with PAH showed increased RA and RV end-diastolic diameter （RA： （4.5±1.2）cm vs （3.0±0.8）cm, P〈0.05 and RV： （4.8±1.9）cm vs （3.4±0.5）cm, P〈0.05） and reduced RV fractional area change; （35±14）% vs （56±9）%, P〈0.05. These PAH patients showed lower myocardial peak velocities and a significant activation delay compared with controls （P〈0.05）. Moreover, a strong correlation between RV myocardial systolic activation delay and RV fractional area change was shown in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension （r = -0.82）. Conclusions In PAH, RV myocardial systolic activation was markedly delayed, which was directly related to the RV fractional area change. RV myocardial systolic activation delay assessed by TDI could offer a unique approach to predict RV dysfunction.

Effect of Shenmai Injection(参麦注射液)on Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure:An Assessment by Tissue Doppler Imaging

Objective：To assess the effect of Shenmai Injection（参麦注射液,SMI） on left ventricular diastolic function（LVDF） in patients with chronic heart failure（CHF） by tissue Doppler imaging（TDI）.Methods：Sixty-four CHF patients were randomly assigned to two groups,the observation group and the control group.Basic treatment including polarized liquid therapy was given to all the patients.In addition,SMI was given to patients of the observation group.The treatment duration was 14 days.TDI was performed in all the patients 3 days prior to the initiation of the treatment and one week after the medication to measure the average movement velocity of the mitral ring of the left ventricle at the early systolic stage and late diastolic stage（Ea and Aa）;the outcomes were compared with the corresponding parameters obtained from blood flow Doppler echocardiography, namely,the velocity of the E-wave（E） and A-wave（A）.Results：After treatment,Ea and Ea/Aa increased and Aa decreased significantly in the observation group（P〈0.05）.In the control group,although some improvement was seen,there was no statistically significant change（P〉0.05）.No statistical significance was shown between groups in these parameters after treatment.Conclusion：TDI assessment shows that SMI could effectively improve the LVDF in CHF patients.

Early Changes in Atrial Electromechanical Coupling in Patients with Hypertension： Assessment by Tissue Doppler Imaging

Background： Hypertension （HT） is associated with atrial electrophysiological abnormalities. Echocardiographic pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging （TDI） is one of the noninvasive methods for evaluation of atrial electromechanical properties. The aims of our study were to investigate the early changes in atrial electromechanical conduction in patients with HT and to assess the parameters that affect atrial electromechanical conduction. Methods： Seventy-six patients with HT （41 males, mean age 52.6 i 9.0 years） and 41 controls （22 males, mean age 49.8 ± 7.9 years） were included in the study. Atrial electromechanical coupling at the right （PRA）, left （PLA）, interatrial septum （PIS） were measured with TDI. Intra- （right： PIS-PRA, left： PLA-PIS） and inter-atrial （PLA-PRA） electromechanical delays were calculated. Maximum P-wave duration （Pmax） was calculated from 12-lead electrocardiogram. Results： Atrial electromechanical coupling at PLA （76.6 ± 14.1 ms vs. 82.9 ±15.8 ms, P - 0.036）, left intra-atrial （10.9 ±5.0 ms vs. 14.0 ± 9.7 ms, P = 0.023）, right intra-atrial （10.6 ± 7.8 ms vs. 14.5 ± 10.1 ms, P= 0.035）, and interatrial electromechanical （21.4± 9.8 ms vs. 28.3 ± 12.7 ms, P = 0.003） delays were significantly longer in patients with HT. The linear regression analysis showed that left ventricular （LV） mass index and Pmax were significantly associated with PLA （P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively）, and the LV mass index was the only related factor for interatrial delay （1~ = 0.001）. Conclusions： Intra- and interatrial electromechanical delay, PLA were significantly prolonged in hypertensive patients. LV mass index and Pmax were significantly associated with PLA, and the LV mass index was the only related factor for interatrial delay. The atrial TDI can be a valuable method to assess the early changes of atrial electromechanical conduction properties in those patients.

ICK和TDI技术定量评价心力衰竭患者右室舒张功能的可行性

目的探讨智能彩色室壁运动图(ICK)和组织多普勒成像(TDI)定量评价心力衰竭患者右室舒张功能的临床价值。方法用ICK和TDI技术对20例心力衰竭患者和30例年龄匹配的正常人进行右室舒张期检测,定量CK舒张期指标(CK-DI值)及TDI值,对结果比较分析。结果与对照组相比,心力衰竭患者舒张期右室游离壁及室间隔各节段CK-DI值明显降低(P<0.01,P<0.05);TDI值均降低(P<0.05)。两组CK-DI值与TDI值具有相关性。结论ICK和TDI技术可定量心力衰竭患者的右室舒张功能,对评价病情、估测预后提供有价值的指标。