Experimental Study on Low Intensity Ultrasound and Tissue Engineering to Repair Segmental Bone Defects

In order to evaluate the efficacy of low intensity ultrasound and tissue engineering technique to repair segmental bone defects, the rabbit models of 1.5-cm long rabbit radial segmental osteoperiosteum defects were established and randomly divided into 2 groups. All defects were implanted with the composite of calcium phosphate cement and bone mesenchymal stem cells, and ad- ditionally those in experimental group were subjected to low intensity ultrasound exposure, while those in control group to sham exposure. The animals were killed on the postoperative week 4, 8 and 12 respectively, and specimens were harvested. By using radiography and the methods of biomechanics, histomorphology and bone density detection, new bone formation and material degradation were observed. The results showed that with the prolongation of time after operation, serum alkaline phosphatase （AKP） levels in both groups were gradually increased, especially in experimental group, reached the peak at 6th week （experimental group： 1,26 mmol/L; control group： 0.58 mmol/L）, suggesting the new bone formation in both two group, but the amount of new bone formation was greater and bone repairing capacity stronger in experimental group than in control group. On the 4th week in experimental group, chondrocytes differentiated into woven bone, and on the 12th week, remodeling of new lamellar bone and absorption of the composite material were observed. The mechanical strength of composite material and new born density in experimental group were significantly higher than in control group, indicating that low intensity ultrasound could not only effectively increase the formation of new bone, but also accelerate the calcification of new bone. It was concluded that low intensity ultrasound could evidently accelerate the healing of bone defects repaired by bone tissue engineering.

Repair of sciatic nerve defects using tissue engineered nerves

In this study, we constructed tissue-engineered nerves with acellular nerve allografts in Sprague-Dawley rats, which were prepared using chemical detergents-enzymatic digestion and mechanical methods, in combination with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of Wistar rats cultured in vitro, to repair 15 mm sciatic bone defects in Wistar rats. At postoperative 12 weeks, electrophysiological detection results showed that the conduction velocity of regenerated nerve after repair with tissue-engineered nerves was similar to that after autologous nerve grafting, and was higher than that after repair with acellular nerve allografts. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that motor endplates with acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers were orderly arranged in the middle and superior parts of the gastrocnemius muscle; regenerated nerve tracts and sprouted branches were connected with motor endplates, as shown by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry combined with silver staining. The wet weight ratio of the tibialis anterior muscle at the affected contralateral hind limb was similar to the sciatic nerve after repair with autologous nerve grafts, and higher than that after repair with acellular nerve allografts. The hind limb motor function at the affected side was significantly improved, indicating that acellular nerve allografts combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell bridging could promote functional recovery of rats with sciatic nerve defects.

Oxysterols as promising small molecules for bone tissue engineering: Systematic review

BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering is an area of continued interest within orthopaedic surgery,as it promises to create implantable bone substitute materials that obviate the need for autologous bone graft.Recently,oxysterols–oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol-have been proposed as a novel class of osteoinductive small molecules for bone tissue engineering.Here,we present the first systematic review of the in vivo evidence describing the potential therapeutic utility of oxysterols for bone tissue engineering.AIM To systematically review the available literature examining the effect of oxysterols on in vivo bone formation.METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature following PRISMA guidelines.Using the PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase,and Web of Science databases,we queried all publications in the English-language literature investigating the effect of oxysterols on in vivo bone formation.Articles were screened for eligibility using PICOS criteria and assessed for potential bias using an expanded version of the SYRCLE Risk of Bias assessment tool.All full-text articles examining the effect of oxysterols on in vivo bone formation were included.Extracted data included:Animal species,surgical/defect model,description of therapeutic and control treatments,and method for assessing bone growth.Primary outcome was fusion rate for spinal fusion models and percent bone regeneration for critical-sized defect models.Data were tabulated and described by both surgical/defect model and oxysterol employed.Additionally,data from all included studies were aggregated to posit the mechanism by which oxysterols may mediate in vivo bone formation.RESULTS Our search identified 267 unique articles,of which 27 underwent full-text review.Thirteen studies(all preclinical)met our inclusion/exclusion criteria.Of the 13 included studies,5 employed spinal fusion models,2 employed critical-sized alveolar defect models,and 6 employed critical-sized calvarial defect models.Based upon SYRCLE criteria,the included studies were found to possess an overall“unclear risk of bias”;54%of studies reported treatment randomization and 38%reported blinding at any level.Overall,seven unique oxysterols were evaluated:20(S)-hydroxycholesterol,22(R)-hydroxycholesterol,22(S)-hydroxycholesterol,Oxy4/Oxy34,Oxy18,Oxy21/Oxy133,and Oxy49.All had statistically significant in vivo osteoinductive properties,with Oxy4/Oxy34,Oxy21/Oxy133,and Oxy49 showing a dose-dependent effect in some cases.In the eight studies that directly compared oxysterols to rhBMP-2-treated animals,similar rates of bone growth occurred in the two groups.Biochemical investigation of these effects suggests that they may be primarily mediated by direct activation of Smoothened in the Hedgehog signaling pathway.CONCLUSION Present preclinical evidence suggests oxysterols significantly augment in vivo bone formation.However,clinical trials are necessary to determine which have the greatest therapeutic potential for orthopaedic surgery patients.

Bone tissue engineering scaffold materials: Fundamentals, advances, and challenges

Bone damage caused by trauma and tumors is a serious problem for human health, therefore, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding materials that stimulate and promote the regeneration of broken bone tissues have become the focus of current research in the field of bone damage repair.To this regard, a preferential combination of materials and preparation techniques is considered crucial for the preparation of advanced bone tissue engineering scaffolds to better facilitate the regeneration of broken bone.In this review, current research advances and challenges in bone tissue engineering scaffolds are discussed and analyzed in detail.First, we elucidated the structure and self-healing mechanism of bone tissue.Subsequently, the main applications of different materials, including inorganic and organic materials, in bone tissue engineering scaffolds are summarized.Moreover, we overview the latest research progress of the mainstream preparation strategies of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, and provide an in-depth analysis of the different advantages of each method.Finally, promising future directions and challenges of bone tissue engineering scaffolds are systematically discussed.

Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuronal cells on fetal bovine acellular dermal matrix as a tissue engineered nerve scaffold

The purpose of this study was to assess fetal bovine acellular dermal matrix as a scaffold for supporting the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neural cells fol-lowing induction with neural differentiation medium. We performed long-term, continuous observation of cell morphology, growth, differentiation, and neuronal development using several microscopy techniques in conjunction with immunohistochemistry. We examined speciifc neu-ronal proteins and Nissl bodies involved in the differentiation process in order to determine the neuronal differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The results show that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate on fetal bovine acellular dermal matrix display neuronal morphology with unipolar and bi/multipolar neurite elongations that express neuro-nal-speciifc proteins, includingβIII tubulin. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells grown on fetal bovine acellular dermal matrix and induced for long periods of time with neural differen-tiation medium differentiated into a multilayered neural network-like structure with long nerve ifbers that was composed of several parallel microifbers and neuronal cells, forming a complete neural circuit with dendrite-dendrite to axon-dendrite to dendrite-axon synapses. In addition, growth cones with filopodia were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Paraffin sec-tioning showed differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with the typical features of neuronal phenotype, such as a large, round nucleus and a cytoplasm full of Nissl bodies. The data suggest that the biological scaffold fetal bovine acellular dermal matrix is capable of supporting human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into functional neurons and the subsequent formation of tissue engineered nerve.

Repair of Sheep Metatarsus Defects by Using Tissue-engineering Technique

Tissue-engineering bone with porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramic and autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) was constructed and the effect of this composite on healing of segmental bone defects was investigated. 10-15 ml bone marrow aspirates were harvested from the iliac crest of sheep, and enriched for MSC by density gradient centrifugation over a Percoll cushion (1.073 g/ml). After cultured and proliferated, tissue-engineering bones were constructed with these cells seeded onto porous β-TCP, and then the constructs were implanted in 8 sheep left metatarsus defect (25 mm in length) as experimental group. Porous β-TCP only were implanted to bridge same size and position defects in 8 sheep as control group, and 25 mm segmental bone defects of left metatarsus were left empty in 4 sheep as blank group. Sheep were sacrificed on the 6th, 12th, and 24th week postoperatively and the implants samples were examined by radiograph, histology, and biomechanical test. The 4 sheep in blank group were sacrificed on the 24th week postoperatively. The results showed that new bone tissues were observed either radiographic or histologically at the defects of experimental group as early as 6th week postoperatively, but not in control group, and osteoid tissue, woven bone and lamellar bone occurred earlier than in control group in which the bone defects were repaired in “creep substitution” way, because of the new bone formed in direct manner without progression through a cartilaginous intermediate. At the 24th week, radiographs and biomechanical test revealed an almost complete repair of the defect of experimental group, only partly in control group. The bone defects in blank group were non-healing at the 24th week. It was concluded that engineering bones constructed with porous β-TCP and autologous MSC were capable of repairing segmental bone defects in sheep metatarsus beyond “creep substitution” way and making it healed earlier. Porous β-TCP being constituted with autologous MSC may be a good option in healing critical segmental bone defects in clinical practice and provide insight for future clinical repair of segmental defect.

Experimental study on advanced bone regeneration by BMP-7 derived-peptide chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite collagen biomimetic composite

Objective:To investigate the effect of BMP-7 derived-peptide chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite biomimetic collagen composite on repairing rat critical-sized cranial defects.Methods:The chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite collagen composite was prepared and the microcosmic appearance of the composite was observed by scanning electron microscope.The BMP-7 derived-peptide was introduced into the composite by vacuum adsorption.The released peptide content from the scaffold was detected using high performance liquid chromatography at different set times.Critical-sized cranial defects were created on both sides of the parietal bone in 24 adult Sprague-Dawley rats.The BMP-7 derived-peptide chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite biomimetic collagen composites were implanted on the right side as experimental group and the left side was implanted with chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite biomimetic collagen composites alone as control group.The rats of both groups were killed in batch respectively after 6 and 12 weeks.Macroscopic observation,three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography(CT)and histological observation were performed on these samples.Results:The results of scanning electron microscope showed that the surface of the scaffold was porous.The releasing character of BMP-7 derived-peptide belonged to slow release.The result of animal experiment showed that the BMP-7 derived-peptide chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite biomimetic collagen composite could more effectively promote the repair of cranial bone defects comparing with the chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite biomimetic collagen composite alone.The difference was statistically significant(p<.05).Conclusions:The BMP-7 derived-peptide chitosan nanometer hydroxyapatite collagen biomimetic composite can effectively promote bone regeneration of bone defects.The composite is a kind of ideal scaffold material for bone tissue engineering.

光固化水凝胶负载骨髓间充质干细胞修复大鼠颅骨缺损

目的探讨新型甲基丙烯酸酐化明胶(gelatin methacryloyl,GelMA)/骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)复合水凝胶应用于大鼠颅骨缺损区的成骨性能,为骨再生生物材料的应用提供实验依据。方法本研究经南京大学动物伦理委员会批准。通过组合光引发剂苯基(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基)磷酸锂[lthium phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate,LAP]、GelMA、BMSCs构建光固化复合生物水凝胶GelMA/BMSCs,扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(energy disper-sive X-ray spectroscopy,EDX)检测GelMA凝胶表面微观形态及元素构成,电子万能试验机测试凝胶压缩强度。将GelMA/BMSCs水凝胶在体外培养1、2、5 d后,通过CCK-8检测水凝胶包封的BMSCs细胞增殖活性,利用共聚焦显微成像技术观察其存活情况和细胞形态;在大鼠颅骨制备5 mm临界骨缺模型,经复合水凝胶治疗的为GelMA/BMSCs组,不做任何处理的为对照组。分别于术后第4、8周拍摄Micro-CT测算骨缺损面积和新生骨指标,第8周处死大鼠取缺损区颅骨样本进行H&E染色、Van Gieson染色和Goldner染色评价新生骨的质量。结果SEM观察到固化的GelMA内部呈现3D海绵状大孔凝胶网络,大孔形貌均匀,孔隙率为73.41%,孔径为(28.75±7.13)μm;EDX结果显示C和O均匀分布在水凝胶的网状大孔结构上;水凝胶压缩强度为152 kPa,GelMA/BMSCs培养第5天,镜下细胞形态铺展,从卵圆形变为梭形,CCK-8检测结果显示细胞增殖159.4%。术后第4周,Micro-CT三维重建图像显示对照组的骨缺损范围未见明显缩小,GelMA/BMSCs组骨缺损内部可见大量新骨生成;术后第8周,对照组骨缺损仍无明显变化,仅可见少量新生骨,GelMA/BMSCs组颅骨缺损基本愈合;第4周与第8周的定量分析发现,GelMA/BMSCs组大鼠颅骨缺损处新生骨量(new bone vol-ume,BV)、骨体积分数(new bone volume/total bone volume,BV/TV)、骨表面积(bone surface,BS)、骨表面积组织体积比(bone surface/total bone volume,BS/TV)均优于对照组(P<0.05)。第8周组织学染色结果显示GelMA/BMSCs组骨缺损处形成连续且致密的骨组织,而对照组仅在缺损边缘可见少量不连续新骨生成,缺损处主要为纤维结缔组织。结论光固化水凝胶的干细胞疗法具有良好生物安全性,在诱导大鼠颅骨缺损区新骨形成的同时促进骨成熟,具有潜在的临床转化前景。

Transfect bone marrow stromal cells with pcDNA3.1-VEGF to construct tissue engineered bone in defect repair

Background We previously showed that nano-hydroxyapatite/carboxymethyl chitosan （n-Ha/CMCS） displayed excellent mechanical properties, good degradation rates and exceptional biocompatibility, with negligible toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the same composite with vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）transfected bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） in a rabbit radial defect model.

生物支架材料及打印技术修复骨缺损

背景:近年来随着生物支架材料和生物打印技术的发展,组织工程骨成为了骨缺损修复的研究热点。目的:简述当前骨缺损的治疗方式,总结制备组织工程骨支架的生物材料及生物打印技术,探讨生物材料和打印技术在组织工程中的应用及目前面临的挑战。方法:以“bone defect,tissue engineering,biomaterials,3D printing technology,4D printing technology,bioprinting,biological scaffold,bone repair”或“骨缺损,组织工程,生物材料,3D打印技术,4D打印技术,生物打印,生物支架,骨修复”等作为检索词,应用计算机在中国知网、PubMed、Web of Science数据库检索2009-01-01/2022-12-01发表的相关文献,最后经第一作者筛除并追加收录优质参考文献,共纳入93篇文章进行综述。结果与结论:骨缺损的治疗方式主要有骨移植、膜引导再生技术、基因治疗、骨组织工程技术等,最佳的治疗方式仍没有定论。骨组织工程技术是治疗骨缺损的新兴技术,通过构建能促进成骨细胞增殖分化及增强骨形成能力的三维结构,成为当前研究的重点热点技术。生物支架材料多种多样,各具特点,有利有弊,单一的生物材料无法满足组织工程骨对支架的需求,通常将多种材料复合互补使支架在满足力学性能需求的同时兼顾生物性能。生物打印技术能对支架的孔隙进行调节、构建复杂的空间结构,更利于细胞的黏附增殖和分化。新兴的4D打印技术引入“时间”作为第四维度,使制备的支架具有动态性,随着智能材料的同步发展,4D打印技术为未来骨缺损高效修复提供了可能。

中药诱导干细胞在骨组织工程学中应用的研究概况

随着组织工程学的飞速发展以及科研人员的不断深入研究发现,用中药诱导干细胞在组织工程学中修复骨缺损具有一定的优势。骨组织工程学因具有良好的组织相容性、生物降解材料降解性而成为了研究的热点。近年来,骨组织工程技术的不断发展为修复骨缺损带来了希望,而干细胞移植是组织工程学中非常重要的环节之一,因其具有能够在特定条件下分化为不同类型细胞的能力,所以对于组织器官的损伤修复具有重要意义。而单纯利用干细胞治疗骨缺损疾病则存在治疗周期延长、靶向性不高等缺陷。中药参与治疗可促进干细胞增殖、诱导干细胞定向分化、促进移植后的干细胞定向迁移,从而缩短治疗周期并增强靶向性,可大大提高临床治疗效果。基于此,文章以中药诱导干细胞在骨组织工程学中应用的最新研究进展为契入点进行综述,探讨中药诱导干细胞在骨组织工程学中发挥的重要作用。

Tissue-engineered calcium phosphate cement in rabbit femoral condylar bone defects

Background Calcium phosphate cement （CPC） is a favorable bone-graft substitute, with excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, its reduced osteoinductive ability may limit the utility of CPC. To increase its osteoinductive potential, this study aimed to prepare tissue-engineered CPC and evaluate its use in the repair of bone defects. The fate of transplanted seed cells in vivo was observed at the same time. Methods Tissue-engineered CPC was prepared by seeding CPC with encapsulated bone mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） expressing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 （rhBMP-2） and green fluorescent protein （GFP）. Tissue-engineered CPC and pure CPC were implanted into rabbit femoral condyle bone defects respectively. Twelve weeks later, radiographs, morphological observations, histomorphometrical evaluations, and in vivo tracing were performed. Results The radiographs revealed better absorption and faster new bone formation for tissue-engineered CPC than pure CPC. Morphological and histomorphometrical evaluations indicated that tissue-engineered CPC separated into numerous small blocks, with active absorption and reconstruction noted, whereas the residual CPC area was larger in the group treated with pure CPC. In the tissue-engineered CPC group, in vivo tracing revealed numerous cells expressing both GFP and rhBMP-2 that were distributed in the medullar cavity and on the surface of bony trabeculae. Conclusion Tissue-engineered CPC can effectively repair bone defects, with allogenic seeded cells able to grow and differentiate in vivo after transplantation.

静电纺丝聚偏氟乙烯压电仿生骨膜的细胞相容性

背景:聚偏氟乙烯具有压电性能、良好的生物相容性和无毒性,使其成为骨膜修复合适的候选材料。目的:评价掺锌镁离子静电纺丝聚偏氟乙烯压电仿生骨膜的体外细胞毒性。方法:采用静电纺丝技术分别制备纯聚偏氟乙烯、掺锌离子聚偏氟乙烯、掺镁离子聚偏氟乙烯、掺锌镁离子聚偏氟乙烯压电仿生骨膜,依次命名为PVDF、PVDF-Zn、PVDF-Mg和PVDF-Zn-Mg,其中锌、镁离子的质量分数均为1%。将成骨细胞、血管内皮细胞分别与4组仿生骨膜共培养,通过碱性磷酸酶染色、CD31免疫荧光染色、扫描电镜观察与CCK-8法检测仿生骨膜的细胞相容性。结果与结论:①成骨细胞:培养7 d的碱性磷酸酶染色显示,PVDF-Zn组碱性磷酸酶分泌多于其他3组。扫描电镜下可见,培养1 d时,细胞在PVDF-Mg和PVDF-Zn-Mg仿生骨膜表面得到了一定的铺展,伪足向四周伸展;到3 d时,各组细胞边缘向材料伸出伪足;到第5,7天时,细胞铺展充分、生长形态良好且牢牢地覆盖在纤维表面,细胞伪足向四周及纤维空隙中伸展。CCK-8检测显示,随着时间的推移,各组仿生骨膜上的细胞增殖呈上升趋势,培养1,3,5,7 d的细胞相对增殖率均≥75%,细胞毒性≤1级。②血管内皮细胞:培养3 d的CD31免疫荧光染色显示,细胞在各组仿生骨膜上良好地黏附和铺展,彼此连接,其中PVDF-Zn-Mg组细胞数量多于其他3组。扫描电镜下可见,培养1,3 d时,细胞开始黏附在各组纤维表面;到5 d时,细胞在纤维表面均铺展良好并伸出明显的伪足;到7 d时,PVDF-Mg、PVDF-Zn-Mg仿生骨膜上的细胞呈复层生长,并伸展伪足至纤维空隙内。CCK-8检测显示,随着时间推移,各组仿生骨膜上的细胞增殖呈下降趋势,培养1,3,5,7 d的细胞相对增殖率均≥125%,细胞毒性为0级。③结果表明:掺锌镁离子静电纺丝聚偏氟乙烯压电仿生骨膜具有良好的细胞相容性。

Three-dimensional printed tissue engineered bone for canine mandibular defects

Background:Three-dimensional(3D)printed tissue engineered bone was used to repair the bone tissue defects in the oral and maxillofacial(OMF)region of experimental dogs.Material and methods:Canine bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs)were obtained from 9 male Beagle dogs and in vitro cultured for osteogenic differentiation.The OMF region was scanned for 3D printed surgical guide plate and mold by ProJet1200 high-precision printer using implant materials followed sintering at 1250℃.The tissue engineered bones was co-cultured with BASCs for 2 or 8 d.The cell scaffold composite was placed in the defects and fixed in 9 dogs in 3 groups.Postoperative CT and/or micro-CT scans were performed to observe the osteogenesis and material degradation.Results:BMSCs were cultured with osteogenic differentiation in the second generation(P2).The nanoporous hydroxyapatite implant was made using the 3D printing mold with the white porous structure and the hard texture.BMSCs with osteogenic induction were densely covered with the surface of the material after co-culture and ECM was secreted to form calcium-like crystal nodules.The effect of the tissue engineered bone on the in vivo osteogenesis ability was no significant difference between 2 d and 8 d of the compositing time.Conclusions:The tissue-engineered bone was constructed by 3D printing mold and hightemperature sintering to produce nanoporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds,which repair in situ bone defects in experimental dogs.The time of compositing for tissue engineered bone was reduced from 8 d to 2 d without the in vivo effect.

物理因子促进干细胞的成骨分化

背景:针对骨缺损传统修复方法的局限性,干细胞广泛应用于再生医学的研究。化学性因子是当前的研究热点,但是近年来的研究证实,国内外应用物理因素调控干细胞分化的研究不断深入,物理因子联合生物支架在骨组织工程中为解决骨缺损修复难题提供了一种新的思路和方法,具有良好的发展前景。目的:就物理因子如电磁场、超声等对干细胞成骨分化的分子机制以及信号通路的调控、在骨组织工程中应用的可行性等方面做一总结。方法:应用计算机检索中国知网和PubMed数据库中近20年的相关文献,在标题和摘要中以“干细胞,骨缺损,成骨分化,电磁场,超声,冲击波,低强度激光,机械力,骨组织工程”或“stem cell,osteoporosis,osteogenic differentiation,Electromagnetic Fields,Ultrasound,Bone Tissue Engineering”为检索词进行检索,对相关文章94篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)物理因子作为一种无创、非接触的辅助疗法对骨组织工程有着显著影响,在调控干细胞的成骨分化、促进细胞的增殖以及在骨工程支架内的生存能力方面有着积极作用。(2)除了激活信号通路和成骨基因转录外,物理因子还可以改善血管化、增加支架中形成的骨的体积、面积和厚度,可以促进骨整合,提高骨支架再生健康骨组织的成功率。(3)然而,将物理因子用于骨组织工程的研究均采用不同的实验条件,如支架类型、细胞类型及干预条件等,无法直接进行比较以确定最佳参数设置,在临床应用中,这些不同干预对促进骨折愈合的有效性研究结果也缺乏一致性,因此未来还需要进一步确定物理因子用于骨组织工程的最佳参数。(4)总体而言,物理因子作为一种理想的辅助疗法,在与各种生物材料结合并应用于骨组织工程方面具有巨大的潜力。

可降解新型聚乳酸膜在引导骨组织再生中的应用

目的探索一种可降解新型聚乳酸膜(PDLLA/PLLA)在引导骨组织再生中的应用效果。方法新西兰大白兔24只,体重2.5~3.0 kg,在动物一侧下颌骨体部近下颌骨下缘处制备10 mm×5 mm×3 mm箱状骨缺损,然后将动物随机分为实验组、对照组和空白组,每组8只。实验组动物骨缺损处填Bio-oss骨粉后将PDLLA/PLLA覆盖于缺损表面,对照组动物骨缺损处填Bio-oss骨粉后将Guidor聚乳酸可吸收膜覆盖于缺损表面,空白组动物不作处理。术后8、12周采集缺损处标本,进行大体观察、Micro-CT检查和组织病理学观察。结果实验期间各组实验动物均未发生炎症和排异反应,各组创口愈合良好,成骨活跃。大体观察显示,术后8周实验组动物成骨量较多,材料降解较少,对照组动物成骨量较实验组少,材料降解完全;术后12周实验组动物和对照组动物成骨量相当,实验组材料进一步降解,空白组动物成骨量少于实验组和对照组。术后8、12周,Micro-CT可以观察到实验组和对照组缺损区域新生骨明显多于空白组。术后8、12周,实验组动物和对照组动物新生骨相对骨体积分数(BV/TV)、骨密度(BMD)和骨小梁数量(Tb.N)均显著高于空白组动物(P<0.05),且术后8周实验组动物新生骨BV/TV高于对照组(P<0.05);但在术后12周时实验组与对照组新生骨BV/TV、BMD和Tb.N比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。组织切片观察显示,术后8周实验组动物新生骨小梁周边细胞生长活跃,并可见少量成骨细胞及破骨细胞;术后12周实验组动物骨小梁周围可见大量成骨细胞及破骨细胞,骨缺损部位骨组织密度接近周边正常骨组织。结论与对照组和空白组相比,PDLLA/PLLA呈现出了良好的生物相容性和骨传导性,可以明显促进缺损处愈合。

甲基丙烯酰明胶水凝胶作为细胞三维培养支架在骨组织工程中的应用

背景:骨缺损的治疗一直是临床医生亟待解决的临床难题,用甲基丙烯酰明胶进行细胞体外3D培养,可以为大面积骨缺损的治疗提供新的方向。目的:文章综述了甲基丙烯酰明胶作为3D细胞培养支架在骨组织工程中的研究进展,以期为临床骨缺损修复提供进一步的参考。方法:应用计算机检索中国知网及PubMed数据库1986年1月至2023年8月收录的文献,中英文检索词分别为“骨缺损,骨组织工程,生物支架材料,水凝胶,光交联水凝胶,甲基丙烯酰明胶,三维培养,细胞培养”和“Bone defect,Bone tissue engineering,Biomaterial scaffold,Hydrogel,Methylacrylyl photocrosslinked hydrogel,Three-dimensional culture;Cell culture”,最终纳入68篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①同二维培养相比,3D培养可以在无菌条件下,构建立体三维空间,更好地模拟体内环境,为细胞提供合适的温度、酸碱度及足够的营养,使细胞能够在体外正常生长增殖并保持其正常结构与功能,具有独特优势。②在骨组织工程生物支架材料的选择中,水凝胶因其良好的生物相容性、可降解性及具有立体三维网络结构等优点,已被广泛应用于骨再生的研究。③甲基丙烯酰明胶的物理及生物性能受到浓度、光照时间及光引发剂种类以及反应体系等因素的影响,而这些性能均能对细胞的黏附、生长及增殖,甚至细胞形态及功能产生一定的影响。④甲基丙烯酰明胶因具有良好的生物相容性、物理可调节性、可注射性及光敏性能,已被广泛应用于3D细胞封装、3D生物打印及基于数字光处理的立体光刻技术等细胞3D培养体系中。⑤应用各类复合甲基丙烯酰明胶进行细胞的3D培养,可以更好地促进血管形成及骨再生,为临床骨缺损的治疗提供更多可能。⑥目前甲基丙烯酰明胶的来源、合成的方法以及安全性尚没有健全的标准,需要进一步加强研究,对甲基丙烯酰明胶在3D细胞培养领域的应用进行更深入的完善。

早期短暂M1巨噬细胞在骨组织工程中的作用及应用

背景:早期短暂存在的M1巨噬细胞在骨组织工程材料植入后可以发挥有益作用,调控M1巨噬细胞产生早期适度炎症反应的策略研究逐渐广泛,在骨组织工程材料的设计中取得了许多研究进展。目的:综述早期短暂存在的M1巨噬细胞在骨组织工程中的作用,以及近年诱导激活早期短暂M1巨噬细胞策略在骨组织工程领域的应用研究进展。方法:检索收录在PubMed、万方数据库、CNKI中国期刊全文数据库2012年1月至2022年10月的相关文献,以“M1,巨噬细胞,骨免疫学,骨免疫调节,骨缺损,骨再生,炎症反应,血管生成,组织工程,生物材料”为中文检索词,以“M1,macrophage,bone,osteogenesis,osteoimmunology,angiogenesis”等为英文检索词,筛选排除与研究目的无关与重复的文献,最终选取符合标准的63篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:早期短暂存在的M1巨噬细胞在骨组织工程中具有促进血管形成、促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化以及促进M2表型转化的重要作用。诱导激活早期短暂M1巨噬细胞策略能够以符合早期自然骨愈合规律的方式调控局部免疫微环境进而促进骨缺损修复,策略包括通过改变骨组织工程材料的理化性质促进M1巨噬细胞产生适当炎症反应,递送细胞因子、微小RNA或生物活性离子实现M1向M2巨噬细胞顺序极化,控释抗炎物质实现M1巨噬细胞介导的早期炎症反应的保持。

3D打印含镁聚己内酯支架修复大鼠颅骨缺损

目的 评价3D打印含镁(Mg)聚己内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)支架在大鼠颅骨缺损模型中的骨修复效果。方法 通过3D打印技术制备掺杂Mg微粒的PCL支架,以纯PCL支架为对照组,用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察两种支架的表面形貌,用能谱分析仪(energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)分析表面元素成分,并通过接触角仪和电子万能试验机对其材料学性能进行表征。此外,将PCL-Mg支架浸入磷酸盐缓冲液中,连续28 d检测镁离子的释放行为。本研究已通过单位伦理委员会审查批准。建立SD大鼠颅骨临界尺寸缺损模型,根据植入支架材料不同,15只SD大鼠分为3组:PCL组、PCL-Mg组和对照组(未作处理),每组5只。术后4周和8周进行micro-CT扫描检测分析,并在8周后获取颅骨缺损区样本及大鼠主要脏器进行组织学染色。结果 通过3D打印技术制备掺杂Mg微粒的PCL支架孔径为(480±25)μm,纤维直径为(300±25)μm,孔隙率约为66%。PCL-Mg支架含Mg 1.0 At%,表明Mg微粒的成功掺杂。PCL-Mg支架的接触角为68.97°±1.39°,压缩模量为(57.37±8.33)MPa,相较PCL支架显示出更好的润湿性和机械强度。在术后4~8周的观察期内,与对照组及PCL组相比,在PCL-Mg组大鼠颅骨缺损区观察到最佳的新生骨形成,其骨再生指标新生骨体积、骨体积分数、骨表面积、骨表面积组织体积比、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁数和骨矿物密度均显著优于对照组、PCL组。另外,H&E染色、Glodner染色和VG染色结果显示PCL-Mg组诱导较多的矿化新生骨形成,同时主要脏器H&E染色提示良好的生物安全性。结论 PCL-Mg支架能够促进骨缺损的修复,为颌面部骨缺损修复提供了新的支架材料选择,具有潜在的临床应用前景。