Microstructure,properties and first principles calculation of titanium alloy/steel by Nd: YAG laser self-fluxing welding

The experiment of Nd： YAG pulsed laser self-fluxing welding for 304 stainless steel/Ti6Al4V titanium alloy dissimilar metal was carried out. The microstructure properties of welded joint were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XRD. The equilibrium lattice constants, enthalpies of formation, cohesive energies, mechanical properties, Debye temperatures and valence electron structures of Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds （IMCs） were calculated by the first principle pseudopotential plane wave method based on density functional theory （DFT）. According to the thermodynamic data of Ti-Fe-Cr compounds, the Gibbs free energy per mole of compound at different temperatures was calculated and their thermal stability was compared. The results show that there are no macroscopic cracks in the welded joints, and the IMCs distributed evenly along the welding interface exhibits 3 distinct layers of microstructure with different colors. The welds interface generates IMCs of TiFe, TiFe 2 and a small amount of Ti 5Cr 7Fe 17 IMCs. Ti-Fe IMCs with high thermodynamic stability and easy alloying formation. The results of Gibbs free energies show that the sequence of precipitates in the interface is Ti 5Cr 7Fe 17 , TiFe 2 and TiFe in high temperature during the metallurgical reaction. The G/B values of Ti-Fe IMCs are greater than the critical value of 0.5, indicating that it is an intrinsic brittleness.

Interfacial microstructure and property of resistance spot welding joints of titanium to stainless steel

Commercially pure titanium and stainless steel sheets were welded using the technique of resistance spot welding with an aluminum alloy insert. The interfacial microstructure of the joint was observed and analyzed using electron microscopy; the tensile shear strength was investigated. An approximate 160 nm thick layer of Al solid solution supersaturated with Ti was observed at the interface between titanium and aluminum alloy. The solid solution layer contained the precipitates TiAla. And an approximate 1. 5 μm thick serrate reaction layer was observed at the interface between stainless steel and aluminum alloy. The maximum tensile shear load of 5.38 kN was obtained from the joint welded at the welding current of 10 kA. The results reveal that the property of the joint between titanium and stainless steel can be improved by using an aluminum alloy insert.

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.

Microstructures and Plane Energy Spectra of X80 Pipeline Steel Welded Joints by Submerged Arc Automatic Welding

X80 pipeline steel was welded with submerged arc automatic welding, the microstructures, cavity sizes, fusion depths and plane scanning of chemical elements in the welded zone, fusion zone, heat affected zone and base steel were observed with OM（optical microscope） and SEM（scanning electron microscope）, respectively. The experimental results show that there is main acicular ferrite in the base steel and welded zone, the microscopic structure of fusion zone is a blocked bainite, and the heat affected zone is composed of multilateral ferrite and pearlite. M-A unit of the welded zone is the main factor to strengthen the welded zone, composed of acicular ferrites. The percentage of cavities in the welded joint is less than that in the base steel, which is beneficial to increasing its mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. The fusion depth in the fusion zone and welded zone is 101.13 μm and 115.85 μm, respectively, and the distribution of chemical elements in the welded zone is uniform, no enrichment phenomena.

Microstructure in the Weld Metal of Austenitic-Pearlitic Dissimilar Steels and Diffusion of Element in the Fusion Zone

Microstructure and alloy element distribution in the welded joint between austenitic stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti) and pearlitic heat-resistant steel (lCr5Mo) were researched by means of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Microstructure, divisions of the fusion zone and elemental diffusion distributions in the welded joints were investigated. Furthermore, solidification microstructure and &-ferrite distribution in the weld metal of these steels are also discussed.

Effect of Laser Beam Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel

The present study is concerned with laser beam welding and its effect on size and microstructure of fusion zone then, on mechanical and corrosion properties of duplex stainless steel welded joints. In this regard, influence of different laser welding parameters was clarified. Both bead-on-plate and autogenously butt welded joints were made using carbon dioxide laser with a maximum output of 9 kW in the continuous wave mode. Welded joints were subjected to visual, dye penetrant and radiography tests before sectioning it for different destructive tests. Accelerated corrosion test was carried out based on tafel plot technique. The results achieved in this investigation disclosed that welding parameters play an important role in obtaining satisfactory properties of welded joint. High laser power and/or high welding speed together with adjusting laser focused spot at specimen surface have produced welded joints with a remarkable decrease in fusion zone size and an acceptable weld profile with higher weld depth/width ratio. Besides, acceptable mechanical and corrosion properties were obtained. Using nitrogen as a shielding gas has resulted in improving mechanical and corrosion properties of welded joints in comparison with argon shielding. This is related to maintaining proper ferrite/austenite balance in both weld metal and HAZ in case of nitrogen shielding. As a conclusion, laser power, welding speed, defocusing distance and type of shielding gas combination have to be optimized for obtaining welded joints with acceptable profile as well as mechanical and corrosion properties.

In-situ evaluation for corrosion process at fusion boundary of stainless steel strip overlay joints in H2S containing solution

The present work studied the corrosion properties around the fusion boundaries of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with stainless steel strip overlay joints under as welded condition and after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) in H2 S containing solution (NACE TM-01-77 standard) with different time. An in-situ observation method was introduced for evaluating corrosive progress in the fusion boundary in H2 S containing solution, that is, the samples were marked firstly at the boundary and then treated in the solution for variant time. Each time after the corrosion treatment, the observations were kept to focus at the same marked area by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the corrosion progress. The results reveal that the fusion boundary is the worst region for corrosion resistance when comparing with other boundaries, and a broad fusion boundary has a stronger resistance for "hydrogen induced disbonding" than a narrow one.

Effect of adding Nb foil on joint properties of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy

It is difficult to gain effective Ti-Al fusion welding joints due to their differences in thermal properties and the appearance of brittle Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds(IMCs).The experiments of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy were carried out,temperature field and ductility/brittleness,as well as chemical potential of elements,were calculated,and the effect of adding Nb foil on mechanical properties of the weld was also investigated.The results suggested that Nb atoms tend to diffuse toward Al side,which is conducive to the participation of Nb in the metallurgical reaction and contributes to forming the Ti-Nb-Al IMC layer at the interface.As the thickness of Nb foil increases,the tensile-shear force of joint climbs first but then declines,and reaches the highest value of 1663 N with 0.10 mm-thickness Nb foil,representing 58.38%enhancement compared with the non-added one.Adding Nb foil slows down the heat transfer as a blocker,and thus both the melting amount of Al and the mixing area of Ti and Al decrease.In addition,Nb alloying reduces the brittleness of the Ti-Al compound.Hence,the joint properties of titanium/aluminum are improved with the addition of Nb foil.

钛/钢异种金属连接技术研究现状

钛材有着多种优异的性能,在多个领域得到了广泛应用。但由于钛与钢之间物理化学性能的差异,两种金属焊接时会出现大量脆性间隙相,导致焊接接头失效。为解决因金属间隙相导致的接头失效,需尽量避免钛与钢的熔焊,采用合理的中间层是避免生成金属间隙相的有效途径,适当的连接方式及工艺是提高接头使用性能的有效手段。文章从压力焊、高能密度焊、钎焊、塞焊等几个角度对钛/钢异种金属连接的研究现状进行探讨,并展望了未来钛/钢异种金属连接的研究和发展方向。

面向9%Ni钢大型储罐的旋转电弧窄间隙立焊装备

提出一种面向9%钢大型LNG储罐的旋转电弧窄间隙立焊装备,旨在解决LNG储罐立缝位置的焊接难题。采用窄间隙TIG旋转电弧焊接新工艺,将钨极打磨成非轴对称的尖端,通过电机控制钨极旋转,使电弧周期性加热窄间隙坡口两侧,有效解决了侧壁熔合问题。为配合该工艺,设计了新型窄间隙TIG旋转电弧焊枪,具备无线回转导电、自动送丝和双路气保护功能。同时,提出了一套适用于LNG储罐立缝位置的自动焊接设备,包括真空吸附的挂壁小车和焊接小车。在实验室搭建了全套试验装备,包括焊接小车、全自动送丝机、焊接电源等,控制焊枪立缝位置的焊接行走,防止9%Ni钢磁化,同时保证焊接过程的稳定。对24 mm厚9%Ni钢进行单层单道的焊接试验和窄间隙坡口对接试验,验证了新工艺能够解决厚板窄间隙焊接中侧壁熔合的问题,并且由于电弧循环旋转,对熔池具有搅拌作用,焊缝表面成形平滑美观。该研究为LNG储罐立缝的自动高效焊接提供了技术和装备支持。

钛与钢异种材料焊接技术的研究进展

钛与钢两种材料在石油化工领域有着广泛的应用。由于它们在物理性能和化学性能方面存在显著差异,焊接时难以获得优异的焊接接头,因此针对钛与钢焊接过程中存在的问题进行分析,从钎焊、熔焊和压力焊三方面对其研究现状进行探讨,并对钛与钢异种材料焊接的发展前景进行展望。

含钛焊丝钢水口结瘤原因分析及改进

针对含钛焊丝钢SJ-60连铸过程中水口结瘤问题,通过XRF、XRD和SEM等手段,分析水口结瘤物的元素含量、物相组成及界面反应。结果发现,水口内壁因脱碳反应而变得粗糙多孔,导致高熔点物相易于侵入;此外,精炼过程喂钙处理和耐材侵蚀,会使钢液生成大量CaTiO_(3)和MgAl_(2)O_(4),二者在水口内壁沉积是导致水口结瘤的主要原因。实践表明,采用低钛低铝硅铁替代普通硅铁,将钢中w[Al]由0.0080%~0.0095%降低至0.0050%~0.0065%,有利于减少钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物含量;取消精炼钙处理,将钢中w[Ca]由>0.0014%降低至<0.0005%,有利于减少钢中CaTiO_(3)夹杂物含量;将萤石用量由0.8~1.0kg/t降低至0.3~0.5kg/t,减轻耐材侵蚀,渣中w(MgO)由>10%降低至<5%,有利于减少钢中MgAl_(2)O_(4)夹杂物含量。通过以上措施,有效解决了CaTiO_(3)和MgAl_(2)O_(4)引起的水口结瘤问题,连浇炉数由4~5炉提高至12炉以上。

高钛低铝特种焊接用钢浇铸稳定性研究

高钛低铝特种焊接用钢生产难度大,生产过程不稳定。通过对连铸生产过程中出现的结鱼及结瘤物检验及理论分析,查明影响浇铸稳定性的原因主要为钢中氧氮与钛结合形成的钛类夹杂物。通过采取纯化合金、降低精炼渣中SiO_(2)活度、调整钛合金化时间等措施,提高了钢水纯净度,钢中氮质量分数由39×10^(-6)降低至28×10^(-6)、氧质量分数由29×10^(-6)降低至21×10^(-6)、钛回收率由62.5%提高到65.3%,连铸浇铸过程稳定,解决了连铸坯表面夹渣和盘条表面结疤问题。

钛钢复合板在模拟海水中的表面耐蚀性能研究

采用极化曲线和交流阻抗测试方法,对比分析了爆炸钛钢复合板、增材制造钛钢复合板和去应力增材制造钛钢复合板在模拟海水的3.5%NaCl溶液中的表面耐蚀性能。研究结果表明,钛钢复合板表面钛覆层在3.5%的NaCl溶液中会发生电化学腐蚀,在电化学腐蚀过程中钛覆层表面生成1层稳定的氧化膜,提高其耐蚀性;增材制造复合板和去应力增材制造复合板的腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀速率均低于爆炸复合板,耐蚀性能更优;去应力退火能消除复合板内应力,提高增材制造复合板的耐蚀性能。

高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G冶炼工艺优化实践

高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G研发时经常出现水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”、铸坯夹渣等问题,尤其是铸坯夹渣导致轧制后盘条表面出现连续性锯齿状结疤缺陷,严重影响盘条表面质量。引起水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”的主要原因是存在TiO_(x)、TiN等高熔点非金属夹杂物。通过控制钢水中氧氮含量、使用纯净合金、降低渣中SiO_(2)活度、调整钛合金化时机及温度等手段,解决了水口结瘤、结晶器“结鱼”、铸坯夹渣等问题,将高钛焊丝钢ER70S-G连浇炉数提高至10炉,盘条成材率提高至97%,优化效果显著。

不锈钢与钛合金电子束熔覆增材焊接工艺分析

不锈钢与钛合金的双金属结构已在化工、航天、航空等领域得到了广泛的应用。基于对异种金属构件焊接技术的研究,分析了异种金属焊接在熔点、膨胀系数、热导率、比热容等方面的性能特点。基于电子束异种金属的焊接工艺及特点,进一步讨论了不锈钢-钛合金电子束熔覆增材焊接技术。采用电子束熔覆增材焊接技术对不锈钢和钛合金进行焊接时,需要考虑过渡层的设置、焊接的强度与耐腐蚀性工艺、气体环境保护等重要的环节。

铌合金与不锈钢异种金属焊接技术研究进展

铌与不锈钢作为重要的结构材料,在航空航天领域得到广泛应用。然而,二者焊接时容易生成脆性金属间化合物且接头内部焊接残余应力大,容易引发接头开裂。本文针对铌合金与不锈钢焊接的研究现状,综述了目前铌与不锈钢主要连接方式:爆炸焊、钎焊和熔焊等。爆炸焊和钎焊虽然能够抑制焊接裂纹,但爆炸焊接复杂的焊接工艺和钎焊较低的接头强度难以满足铌/不锈钢复合结构的应用需求。熔化焊接接头残余应力大,焊缝内部存在较多脆性Nb-Fe金属间化合物,导致接头力学性能较低。针对上述问题对铌合金与不锈钢熔化焊接进行了展望:开展有限元模拟工作指导焊接工艺优化,向焊缝中引入第3组元改善铌与不锈钢的焊接性并探索合理的热处理工艺提高接头强度。

钛/低碳钢的自冲铆-电阻点焊复合连接工艺研究

以钛为上板、低碳钢为下板,分别采用自冲铆、自冲铆-电阻点焊复合工艺对其进行连接,对比分析了两类接头的主要几何特征参量和抗剪性能。结果表明:自冲铆+电阻点焊复合连接接头的残余底厚和钉脚张开度比自冲铆接头的大,尤其在采用较大电流的焊接情况下。与钛/低碳钢自冲铆接头相比,焊接电流为6~10 kA获得的自冲铆+电阻点焊复合连接接头的抗剪载荷较大,最大值达到6.71 kN,提高了约56%。

含钛焊丝钢中TiN析出的热力学分析

对含钛焊丝钢中TiN析出进行了热力学计算与分析。结果表明:钢中氮含量在0.0080%以下,钛含量在0.050%~0.100%范围内,液相线1517.3℃以上不会析出TiN;该钢种目标钛含量0.070%~0.080%范围内,在其固相线1456.6℃以下弥散析出细小TiN,须满足钛、氮浓度积小于3.7203×10^(-4),此时钢中氮含量控制在小于0.0050%的水平为宜。

基于改进核相关算法的钢管塔焊缝特征跟踪研究

针对输电钢管塔纵向焊缝焊接过程中因弧光、飞溅等干扰导致焊缝偏差识别不准确的现状,提出一种基于改进核相关算法的钢管塔焊缝特征跟踪方法。通过图像处理技术得到初始帧焊缝特征点,将最小值图像融合和核相关算法相结合,并采用自适应更新策略,解决了长时间强噪声下核相关滤波模型漂移问题。试验数据表明:该方法能够在强弧光、飞溅干扰下稳定、准确地识别焊缝点,识别焊缝误差均在0.15 mm之内,满足焊接生产实际要求,提高了钢管塔焊接的效率和质量。