Analysis of Distribution of Public Toilets within Walking Range around Communities of the Elderly under the Model of Community Home-based Care for the Elderly: A Case Study of Changxindian, Fengtai District, Beijing

In recent years,under the influence of multiple factors such as traditional ideas and living economic conditions,the aging population in China continues to increase.Most of the elderly are more inclined to aged at home,and the first places for elderly activities are communities and the surrounding environment,which greatly affects the convenience of life and happiness of the elderly.In this paper,Changxindian area in Fengtai District of Beijing was as the research object,and detailed calculation and analysis were carried out by using POI data and arcGIS software.The relative location of residential areas and surrounding public toilets was explored,and the best location of public toilets in the daily walking area under the model of community home-based care for the elderly was further studied.

Villagers'Satisfaction Evaluation of Rural"Toilet Revolution"in Qinghai Province:A Case Study of Huzhu Tu Autonomous County

With the effect of rural toilet improvement and villagers’satisfaction as the evaluation targets,the evaluation index system was constructed by mastering the actual situation of rural toilet improvement in Huzhu County,including villagers’acceptability of rural toilets,construction of toilets after improvement,treatment methods and effects of fecal sewage,management of toilet equipment after toilet improvement.The indexes were assigned with weights by expert scoring,and the evaluation model of the effect of rural toilet improvement in Huzhu County was established by entropy weight method and fuzzy evaluation analysis method.The result is of great significance to the follow-up management and protection of rural toilets.

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen （inorganic-N） from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor （AEC-MBR） was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/（m^3·d） helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen （DO） on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BODs/ammonia nitrogen （NH4＋-N） at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m^3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m^3 at the flux of 8 L/（m^2-h）.

Aural Toileting and Dressing—Important Intervention Measures in the Management of Acute Suppurative Otitis Media

Background: Otitis media is one of the most common childhood infections, the leading cause of doctor’s visit by children in ENT clinic. The acute form if not recognized early is commonly characterized by suppuration from the middle ear following perforation of the tympanic membrane otherwise referred to as acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM). If not adequately treated, it progresses to chronic suppurative otitis media with attendant challenges in management. Ceasation of ear discharge is an indication of resolution of disease. The objective of this study is to appraise the value of local ear suction toileting and dressing in the ceasation of ear discharge in acute suppurative otitis media. Materials and Method: Consecutive new cases of acute suppurative otitis media seen at the Ear, Nose and Throat clinic of a tertiary health centre in north western Nigeria were assessed for efficacy of aural toileting and dressing with antibioctic impregnated guaze in the treatment of acute suppurative otitis media and compared with patients with similar disease without aural toileting and dressing or dressing with normal saline soaked guaze in addition to systemic antibiotic and antihistamine medications. Ear toileting was done by suctioning the discharge with suction machine, and cleaning the external auditory canal with hydrogen peroxide and methylated spirit. They were then dressed with gauze impregnated with antibiotic ear drops daily until there was no more ear discharge. The period of ceasation of ear discharge in each group was assessed. Results: There were 39 patients with acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM). Eighteen were females (46.2%) while 21 were males (53.8%), giving M:F ratio 1:2.1. Their ages ranged between 1 month and 45 years. About 36 (92.3%) were children and out of this, 28 (77.8%) were less than 5 years old. The average period of ceasation of discharge was 24 - 48 hours with those undergoing ear toileting and dressing but varied between 7 and 10 days with those without ear dressing or dressing with normal saline soaked guaze. This finding compelled us to stop the study on ethical grounds when this was carried out in the first 5 patients on each side of the study groups necessitating reversals of other groups to aural toileting and dressing with antibiotic impregnated guaze. Conclusion: Local ear toileting and dressing appear to show significant contribution to the early ceasation of ear discharge and are highly recommended not only for acute suppurative otitis media but also for all suppurative ear diseases.

Physical Accessibility for Disabled People: Analysis of Toilet Facilities in Primary Health Care Units

Background: Accessibility enables the effective participation of disabled persons in public and private areas and the use of urban equipment and street furniture. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the physical accessibility of toilet facilities in urban and rural primary health care units. Methods: It was a quantitative descriptive study conducted in 157 Primary Health Care Units of 16 municipalities in the Baturité Massif region, Ceará, Brazil. The study took place from August 2014 to May 2015, with a checklist type form, designed from the Technical Standard 9050 of the Brazilian National Standards Organization, specifying the ideal access conditions established by law to allow mobility of persons with physical disabilities. Data were processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software and organized into tables. Results: Toilets designed for physically disabled people were accessible as the location and signs (59.9%), identified with symbols for males and females (57.3%);however, the doorway width was smaller than needed to accommodate a wheelchair (77.7%). Inside the bathroom, only the forward approach was possible (59.9%). Grab bars positioned on the side and rear walls were inadequate or nonexistent (67.6%);toilet seats (91.1%) and toilet paper dispensers (96.2%) were mostly in inaccessible heights;flush controls in appropriate height (59.2%) and activated by light pressure (58%). Sinks without pedestal (51%), but higher than recommended (80.3%) and without single handle faucets (95.6%). It was verified that the toilets of basic health units located in urban areas had better accessibility conditions compared to those in rural areas. Conclusion: Results showed that the analyzed units presented physical inaccessibility in some toilet facilities, making it difficult or even impossible the accessibility for the disabled. The inclusion of accessibility features in health services for this clientele provides equal opportunities and social inclusion.

Satisfying Toilet Needs in Pre-School —Experiences of 5 - 6 Years Old

Background: It is known that, for reasons of hygiene and/or anxiety, some first year primary school children actively choose to avoid going to the toilet whilst at school, while at the same time many young children’s primary care visits are due to urinary tract and bowel problems. By this age most children can recognise the bodily signals indicating the need for a toilet visit, and can independently perform the associated routines. Aim of this study was to describe the experience of healthy 5 to 6 years old when needing and using toilets whilst at pre-school. Methods: A qualitative descriptive method was used. Seventeen children aged 5 to 6 years were interviewed. Results: Nearly all used the toilet when the need arose, but there were times during the day when their freedom to use the toilet was restricted. Most children experienced periods of waiting outside the toilet and a long wait could result in a decision to not use it. On those occasions when help was needed, it was usually necessary to shout once or more in order to attract the teacher’s attention. Some children found the toilets clean and fresh while others found them dirty and smelly. Privacy during toilet visits was desirable among the children but queue outside the toilet was a cause of worry. Conclusion: The children were mostly able to use the toilet whilst at preschool, despite the challenges to their senses and integrity and occasionally issues with the teacher’s rules. The need for privacy often had to yield to the teacher’s need to control the children or even because toilet doors and/or locks were not adapted to the children’s requirements.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Surfaces of Public Toilets

The infection control in surfaces of public toilets environment is a matter of great concern and a major challenge, especially during mass gatherings. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles coating on environmental surfaces of public toilets during Hajj time. A pilot study has been designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the surfaces of public toilets. The results showed a significant reduction in colony-count of the test samples. Maximum average reduction count of test microbes of the seats and walls reached (99.7%) while that of the doors reached (99.1%) which was statistically significant (P value = 0.001). It was concluded that there was a marked effect of a mixed TiO2 coating on reducing the microbial count at the surfaces of public toilets environments. Further research on efficacy against specific organisms, intestinal parasites, fungi, viruses and bacteriophage is recommended.

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Pathologies: Comparative Study of the Microbial Flora of the Sanitary Surfaces of the Toilets of Students and Staff of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny University

Pathologies transmissible by hand such as gastrointestinal pathologies constitute a real public health problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where hygienic conditions are precarious. This study took place at Félix Houphouët-Boigny University from April to August 2018. The samples were taken from toilet surfaces such as doorknobs, tap heads, flush push buttons and seats WC. A total of three hundred and sixty-eight (368) samples were obtained, including 170 from the staff toilets and 198 from the student toilets. The results revealed the presence of total coliforms, Escherichia spp and Salmonella spp. The surfaces of student toilets were the most contaminated surfaces. The presence of entero-bacteria on the contact surfaces of the toilets of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny university represents a health risk for the university population.

A New Mobile Sliding Door for Rural Elderly-friendly Suspended Bathroom and Toilet in the Context of Rural Population Aging

Taking the rural left-behind elderly as the research object,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the living needs of the rural"empty-nest elderly".Combined with the current market development situation of the elderly-friendly bathroom sliding door in China,it proposed the design scheme and industrial development strategy of the suspended bathroom sliding door,to provide a certain reference for the elderly-friendly development of home decoration basic materials for elderly homes in rural areas.

Urban Public Toilets Management in Tanzania:Understanding Cost-effective Approaches

Cost recovery and user satisfaction are among the core objectives of any public or quas-public good provision.Public toilet service provision has been the domain of local government until when liberalisation policies struck the developing south.With stringent condition to reduce the fiscal burden,local government authorities have sought to offload some of its core functions including the management of public toilets to contracted firms.Based on regression and comparative quadrant analysis,this study evaluates cost recovery and user satisfaction in relation to public toilet condition based on a total of 729 user responses and 31 public toilet operators.The observations point to misguided decision to place public toilet management under contracted firms instead of placing then under Public Private Partnership(PPP).The decision to place public toilets management under private contract or individual contract is only secondary to PPP if the focus is to achieve both cost recovery and user satisfaction.However,if the focus was to achieve only cost recovery regardless of the need to protect users,then the decision would have been well founded but can be conspired inappropriate in as long as public toilets remain the domain of public good.

趣谈toilet

乍看toilet soap(香皂)一词似乎不好理解。“厕所”加上“肥皂”,怎么会是“香皂”呢?这是对 toilet 一词的词义没有全面了解的缘故。 toilet一词的词根是toil。toil源于拉丁语tela(网),在现代英语里仍是“网、圈套”等意思。toil加上表示缩小的名词后缀—et,含义是放衣服和梳妆打扮的小块地方。那么 toilet 一词作为名词就有了“梳妆打扮,服饰,浴室,盥洗室,厕所,抽水马桶。

Research on Input Power Testing Technology of Smart Toilet

Input power is an important indicator for the safety testing of electrical and electronic products.Smart toilets have been frequently detected that the actual input power is inconsistent with the nominal power.Research and analysis show that the accuracy of the input power measurement results of the smart toilet mainly depends on the temperature control principle and power test method of the product.This article mainly discusses the characteristics of product temperature control,the testing method of mean and peak power and its characteristics,which will provide reference for the input power test of the smart toilet,and will improve the accuracy of power measurement.

Toilet habits in kindergarten children in a kindergarten in Hanoi

Objective: Describe children’s toilet habits in a kindergarten setting. Subjects: Forty-one children aged 4-5 years, parents and six teachers participated. Method: Open-ended interviews and observations. Results: In school children avoided going to toilet, this could cause incontinence. Related Factors: Inadequate toilet standards and differing cleaning routines as at home. Children were uncomfortable and shy using the toilet, and some children seemed to prefer playing and school work instead of going to the toilet during breaks. Conclusion: Children of 4-5 years of age are sometimes not able to control their bladder and bowel habits in an environment differing to home.

Nursing Staff’s Experiences of Providing Toilet Assistance to Elderly Nursing Home Residents with Urinary Incontinence

Introduction: Urinary incontinence is a common condition among elderly. It affects their daily life and quality of life. Toilet assistance may decrease urinary incontinence episodes among elderly. Many nursing home residents do not receive the available evidence-based toilet assistance they need. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe nursing staff members’ experiences of providing toilet assistance to elderly nursing home residents with urinary incontinence. Design: A descriptive design with a qualitative content analysis method was used. Method: Four nurses and seven auxiliary nurses were interviewed in three homogenous focus groups. Data were collected during spring 2015. Results: The most essential opportunity factor for good toilet assistance was the nursing staff’s attitude and behavior regarding the elderly’s need to visit the lavatory. This resulted in individual toilet assistance in which the elderly’s integrity and needs were cared for. Functioning routines and sufficient staff availability were crucial in determining whether the elderly could visit the lavatory. Other enabling factors for good toilet assistance were information and education of staff. The main obstructing factors for good toilet assistance were the elderly’s decreased cognitive ability, negative attitudes toward receiving toilet assistance and lack of communication and co-operation between professionals with regard to prescribing and fastening individual incontinence aids. Conclusion: Providing toilet assistance is a considerable nursing intervention for elderly to help them regain continence or contain incontinence, whenever possible. Person-centered incontinence care is important for developing and adjusting toilet assistance based on each older person’s individual needs.

Especially at ＄650 a toilet seat!

A father worked as an accountant for the Air National Guard.Despite a regular adequate income hehad a “poor” mindset,always unhappy about money matters and very veal about it.One year at an air show,in a crowd of many close-by people,his daughter looked up at him andsaid,“Dad,what do you do out here?”