In this article, we consider the multiclass network equilibrium problems. A so called strongly valid toll can support any multiclass user equilibrium flow pattern as a system minimum when the system objective function...In this article, we consider the multiclass network equilibrium problems. A so called strongly valid toll can support any multiclass user equilibrium flow pattern as a system minimum when the system objective function is measured by total emission. Using Hoffman lemma and exact penalization method, we provide the existence of strongly valid tolls for multiclass network equilibrium problems.展开更多
This study discusses the optimal link toll,which maximizes social surplus under a user equilibrium condition,with imperfect substitution assumption for route choice in a transportation network with many nodes and link...This study discusses the optimal link toll,which maximizes social surplus under a user equilibrium condition,with imperfect substitution assumption for route choice in a transportation network with many nodes and links,as well as taking into account the welfare cost of funds procurement.In contrast to previous studies,this study formulates optimal link tolls,taking into account the marginal cost of public funds(MCF),which is the marginal welfare loss of taxpayers due to a marginal tax raise.The formula for optimal tolls on links is derived from the following conditions.One is MCF classified into two,not taking into account funding(MCF equal to-1)and pricing for funding(MCF does not equal-1).Another is tolls classified into two,pricing on all links(full link pricing),and pricing on a specific link(partial link pricing).Following the above conditions,this study succeeds in deriving the formula for optimal tolls on a full network with many links and nodes.Furthermore,this study indicates two calculation methods:one is to solve analytically or numerically for when the functional form of link flow demand is known.When the functional form is unknown,such as a perfect substitution case,it is necessary to carry out iteration until convergence:with the traffic assignment given the price level and with a change in price level based on the traffic assignment.展开更多
INTRODUCTION English, like any other languages, is characterized by contain-ing many varieties, such as the variety of conversation, variety ofreligious language, variety of legal documents, variety of newspaperreport...INTRODUCTION English, like any other languages, is characterized by contain-ing many varieties, such as the variety of conversation, variety ofreligious language, variety of legal documents, variety of newspaperreporting, and so on. But the most complicated and the hardest toanalyse among the varieties is that of literature, which may involvemany other varieties and show many mixed linguistic features.展开更多
As war no longer visits us and our economics grow steadily, Corporate Social Compliance has already become a common law in international world.When the enterprises are working hard on more profits and being responsibl...As war no longer visits us and our economics grow steadily, Corporate Social Compliance has already become a common law in international world.When the enterprises are working hard on more profits and being responsible for share holders,they also need to be responsible for the consumers, employees,districts and the environments.The Chinese textile industry is not only a trade that concerns people’s daily life and also a highly internationalized trade.The application of Corporate Social Compliance is the inevitable way for all Chinese textile industry. That’s why many leaders of the trade got together on 17th, April,2007 in the city of Wuxi, taking part in the China Textile Round-Table Forum(CTRT), Corporate Social Compliance: Practice,Experience and Challenge.展开更多
Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered befo...Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered before such schemes are implemented.This paper focuses on the cordon-based pricing with distance tolls,where the tolls are determined by a nonlinear function of a vehicles' travel distance within a cordon,termed as toll charge function.The optimal tolls can give rise to:1) higher total social benefits,2) better levels of equity,and 3) reduced environmental impacts(e.g.,less emission).Firstly,a deterministic equilibrium(DUE) model with elastic demand is presented to evaluate any given toll charge function.The distance tolls are non-additive,thus a modified path-based gradient projection algorithm is developed to solve the DUE model.Then,to quantitatively measure the equity level of each toll charge function,the Gini coefficient is adopted to measure the equity level of the flows in the entire transport network based on equilibrium flows.The total emission level is used to reflect the impacts of distance tolls on the environment.With these two indexes/measurements for the efficiency,equity and environmental issues as well as the DUE model,a multi-objective bi-level programming model is then developed to determine optimal distance tolls.The multi-objective model is converted to a single level model using the goal programming.A genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to determine solutions.Finally,a numerical example is presented to verify the methodology.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC:71071035
文摘In this article, we consider the multiclass network equilibrium problems. A so called strongly valid toll can support any multiclass user equilibrium flow pattern as a system minimum when the system objective function is measured by total emission. Using Hoffman lemma and exact penalization method, we provide the existence of strongly valid tolls for multiclass network equilibrium problems.
文摘This study discusses the optimal link toll,which maximizes social surplus under a user equilibrium condition,with imperfect substitution assumption for route choice in a transportation network with many nodes and links,as well as taking into account the welfare cost of funds procurement.In contrast to previous studies,this study formulates optimal link tolls,taking into account the marginal cost of public funds(MCF),which is the marginal welfare loss of taxpayers due to a marginal tax raise.The formula for optimal tolls on links is derived from the following conditions.One is MCF classified into two,not taking into account funding(MCF equal to-1)and pricing for funding(MCF does not equal-1).Another is tolls classified into two,pricing on all links(full link pricing),and pricing on a specific link(partial link pricing).Following the above conditions,this study succeeds in deriving the formula for optimal tolls on a full network with many links and nodes.Furthermore,this study indicates two calculation methods:one is to solve analytically or numerically for when the functional form of link flow demand is known.When the functional form is unknown,such as a perfect substitution case,it is necessary to carry out iteration until convergence:with the traffic assignment given the price level and with a change in price level based on the traffic assignment.
文摘INTRODUCTION English, like any other languages, is characterized by contain-ing many varieties, such as the variety of conversation, variety ofreligious language, variety of legal documents, variety of newspaperreporting, and so on. But the most complicated and the hardest toanalyse among the varieties is that of literature, which may involvemany other varieties and show many mixed linguistic features.
文摘As war no longer visits us and our economics grow steadily, Corporate Social Compliance has already become a common law in international world.When the enterprises are working hard on more profits and being responsible for share holders,they also need to be responsible for the consumers, employees,districts and the environments.The Chinese textile industry is not only a trade that concerns people’s daily life and also a highly internationalized trade.The application of Corporate Social Compliance is the inevitable way for all Chinese textile industry. That’s why many leaders of the trade got together on 17th, April,2007 in the city of Wuxi, taking part in the China Textile Round-Table Forum(CTRT), Corporate Social Compliance: Practice,Experience and Challenge.
基金Projects (61304198,61374195) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects (2013M530159,2014T70351) supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered before such schemes are implemented.This paper focuses on the cordon-based pricing with distance tolls,where the tolls are determined by a nonlinear function of a vehicles' travel distance within a cordon,termed as toll charge function.The optimal tolls can give rise to:1) higher total social benefits,2) better levels of equity,and 3) reduced environmental impacts(e.g.,less emission).Firstly,a deterministic equilibrium(DUE) model with elastic demand is presented to evaluate any given toll charge function.The distance tolls are non-additive,thus a modified path-based gradient projection algorithm is developed to solve the DUE model.Then,to quantitatively measure the equity level of each toll charge function,the Gini coefficient is adopted to measure the equity level of the flows in the entire transport network based on equilibrium flows.The total emission level is used to reflect the impacts of distance tolls on the environment.With these two indexes/measurements for the efficiency,equity and environmental issues as well as the DUE model,a multi-objective bi-level programming model is then developed to determine optimal distance tolls.The multi-objective model is converted to a single level model using the goal programming.A genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to determine solutions.Finally,a numerical example is presented to verify the methodology.
