The Yield and Diseases-Pest Performance of Breeding Materials for Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Sourced from Different Exotic Sources

A study was conducted with 36 tomato germplasm [PGRC (19), The Netherlands (7), Japan (2), and Bangladesh (9)] with 3 check varieties in the research field of the Olericulture Division of Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during the winter season of 2022-23 to identify promising tomato breeding germplasm. All the germplasm showed differences in most of the parameters studied. Considerable variation was observed for fruit yield per hectare varied from 39 to 144 tons, while the highest fruit yield per hectare was harvested from the germplasm viz., BD 7759B, BD 7757, BD 7751, BD 7301, QM, BD 7759A, BD 7762, QF, BD 7753, BD 8886, BD 10351, NL-1A, SLA-19. The number of locules, total soluble solids (TSS) and plant height at last harvest varied from 2 to 6.6, 2.6 to 5.9%, and 66 to 154cm, respectively. The TYLCV infection (%) and leaf-sucking pest infestation (%) were observed with a 1 to 20% range in the field condition in both cases. So, we can select that germplasm has zero per cent infestation. Considering the plant growth habit, earliness, different yield contributing horticultural traits, virus and pest infestation thirteen germplasm viz., BD 7759B, BD 7757, BD 7751, BD 7301, QM, BD 7759A, BD 7762, QF, BD 7753, BD 8886, BD 10351, NL-1A, SLA-19 were selected as breeding materials for further tomato improvement program.

Microclimate modification using eco-friendly nets and floating row covers improves tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>) yield and quality for small holder farmers in East Africa

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the important vegetables in supplying vitamins, minerals and fiber to human diets worldwide. Its successful production in the tropics is, however, constrained by environmental variations especially under open field conditions. Two trials were conducted at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Kenya to evaluate the effects of agricultural nets (agronets) herein called eco-friendly nets (EFNs) and floating row covers (FRCs) on microclimate modification, yield, and quality of tomato. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. Tomato plants were grown under fine mesh EFN (0.4-mm pore diameter) cover, large mesh EFN (0.9-mm pore diameter) cover or FRC. The EFN and FRC were maintained either permanently closed or opened thrice a week from 9 am to 3 pm. Two open control treatments were used: unsprayed (untreated control) or sprayed with chemicals (treated control). The use of EFN or FRC modified the microclimate with higher temperatures, lower diurnal temperature ranges, and higher volumetric water content recorded compared with the controls. On the other hand, light quantity and photosynthetic active radiation were reduced by the use of EFN and FRC compared with the controls. The use of FRC and EFN resulted in more fruit and higher percent in marketable yield compared with open field production. Fruit quality at harvest was also significantly improved by the use of EFN and FRC. Fruits with higher total soluble solids (TSS), lower titratable acidity (TA), and higher sugar acid ratio were obtained in EFN and FRC treatments compared with the controls. Fruits harvested from EFN and FRC were also firmer compared with control fruits. These findings demonstrate the potential of EFN and FRC in modifying microclimate conditions and improving yields and quality of tomato under tropical field conditions.

The Effect of Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) Compost on Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>) Growth Attributes, Yield Potential and Heavy Metal Levels

The potential of different water hyacinth compost application rates in influencing growth attributes, yield and heavy metal accumulation of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in tomato fruit was studied in Masvingo. Four treatments of water hyacinth compost rates of 0, 37, 55.6 and 74.1 t·ha-1 were each replicated three times and applied in a randomized complete block design set up. Results showed that water hyacinth compost application rates significantly affected plant height, days to maturity and yield but had no influence on the number of tomato fruits per plant. The plant height at application rate of 74.1 t·ha-1 was 25%, 56% and 63% higher than the control at week 6, 9 and 12, respectively. At application rates of 56.6 t·ha-1, plant heights were 11%, 13% and 12% higher than the control whilst marginal plant height differences of -4%, 6% and 4% were recorded between application rate of 34.7 t·ha-1 and the control at week 6, 9 and 12, respectively. Tomato plants under compost rates of 34.7, 56.6 and 74.1 t·ha-1 in comparison to the control delayed maturity by 10, 17 and 20 days, respectively. Yields of 52, 55, 60 and 68 t·ha-1 were realized from hyacinth compost rates of 0, 34.7, 56.6 and 74.1 t·ha-1, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations increased with increase in the water hyacinth compost rate but at all application rates, the average concentrations were 85%, 93% and 86% lower than the Codex Alimentarious Commission permissible levels for Pb, Cu and Zn. Water hyacinth compost at a rate of 74 t·ha-1 therefore can be used for increased tomato yield without exposing consumers to heavy metal toxicity.

Yield and Pest Performance of High-Temperature Tolerant Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Lines for Year-Round Tomato Production in Bangladesh

The study was conducted at Olericulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh during summer season of 2021 to see the performances of yield and yield-related components of twelve heat tolerant tomato hybrids. Significant variation was expressed for days to first harvest (101.0 - 108.0 days), while maximum number of fruits per plant was calculated in F1 2101 and F1 2201 (9.5), followed by F1 203, F1 2001, F1 2303, F1 2401 (9.0). The highest single fruit weight was estimated in F1 2501 (195.5 g), followed by F1 2101 (119.0 g), F1 2201 (113.8 g), while the range was 33.1 - 195.5 g. The range of fruit yield was 7.9 - 38.7 t/ha, while higher-yielding hybrids were viz., F1 203 (27.7 t/ha), F1 2101 (35.5 t/ha), F1 2201 (33.9 t/ha) and F1 2501 (28.7 t/ha). Maximum TSS was produced by F1 2501 (5.9%), followed by BARI Hybrid Tomato-8 (5.1%), F1 1101, F1 1903 (5.0%), with a range of 4.0% - 5.9%, while TYLCV infection and leaf sucking pest infestation varied from 0.0% - 10.0% and 3.3% - 16.7%, respectively. Thus, based on the performances of different yield and yield contributing traits, the hybrids, viz., F1 2101, F1 2201, F1 2501 may be selected to develop heat tolerant tomato hybrid varieties for the farmers of sub-tropical regions.

外源NO与蔗糖对盐胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

选取长至6～8片真叶的健康番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）幼苗,分别进行蔗糖、硝普钠（sodium nitropresside,SNP,作为外源NO供体）及其体积比例组合（1∶1）处理;36h后施以NaCl胁迫,并分别于0h（胁迫前）、24h、48h和72h取样,进行相关生理生化指标测定。具体5个实验处理如下：A.蒸馏水（CK）;B.100 mmol/L NaCl;C.0.1 mmol/L SNP＋100 mmol/L NaCl;D.0.1 mmol/L SNP＋1.0mmol/L蔗糖＋100 mmol/L NaCl;E.1.0 mmol/L蔗糖＋100 mmol/L NaCl。结果表明：与SNP和蔗糖单独处理相比,二者组合处理对缓解盐胁迫下番茄幼苗的氧化损伤存在正协同效应,主要表现在进一步增强了番茄幼苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性;提高了脯氨酸（Pro）的含量,同时膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P〈0.05）。采用聚丙烯酰胺浓度梯度凝胶电泳对盐胁迫24 h和48 h材料的POD同功酶检测表明,当NaCl单独处理时,番茄幼苗叶片POD同功酶第V条带缺失,其它谱带酶量减少,抑制了POD同功酶的表达;SNP和蔗糖单独处理能够保护盐胁迫（24、48h）所导致的POD同功酶条带的完整;而组合处理既保证了POD同功酶条带的完整,又加强了酶量的表达。随着盐胁迫时间的延长,其氧化损伤程度愈烈,SNP和蔗糖组合处理能够更有效地缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗植株造成的氧化损伤。

日光温室番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)群体冠层内光能截获特征及其光环境分析

通过试验设置完全封闭、行间开放、行内开放和完全开放4个不同的遮阴处理,把日光温室番茄冠层内复杂的光环境按方向逐渐分解,对光合有效辐射的采样数据进行统计分析,探究冠层内光能辐射传递在垂直方向和水平方向上的分布构成及空间分布的异质性,对冠层内光截获的主要影响因子进行相关性分析。统计分析表明,行间和行内的光线分量主要对200~800μmol·m-2·s-1冠层内光合有效辐射产生影响。通过比较冠层内的光合有效辐射数据的离散程度及变异特性得出,番茄植株整体的光合有效辐射均值存在很大程度的不均匀性,中下部变异系数CV〉0.50。对冠层内光截获的主要影响因子进行相关性分析得出,冠层内光合有效辐射与冠层高度呈极显著正相关（r=0.976）,与累积叶面积指数呈负相关（r=-0.952）,与光线方向及入射光线时间相关显著（r=0.910,r=0.952）。

Effects on Sucrose Metabolism,Dry Matter Distribution and Fruit Quality of Tomato Under Water Deficit

Four irrigation treatments were designed with 2,4,6 and 8 d intervals to irrigate, respectively. Watering was stopped when the reading of the moisture tension sensor reached zero. The results indicated that glucose and fructose content of tomato's fruit were increased but sucrose content was decreased with fruit growth and development. In different stages, carbohydrate content of tomato fruit in the treatment 3 was the highest, in the treatment 2 was higher, and in the other treatments was the lowest. SS(sucrose synthase)activity was decreased but SPS(sucrose phosphate synthase)activity was increased with development of tomato. SS and SPS activity were increased but acid invertase and neutral invertase activity of ripe stage were decreased under deficit irrigation. Glucose and fructose content were increased in leaves of tomato under water deficit. Soluble sugars, organic acid and the ratio of sugar/acid in tomato fruits were increased and dry matter accumulation of plant was enhanced under water deficit. But the growth of fruits upside the plant and its dry matter accumulation were badly affected under water stress.

Response of Tomato Plants to a New Application Method of Polyolefin-Coated Fertilizer

The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption.

Tomato, a Potential Yin Food, Protects against Stroke

Backgroud: Ischemic stroke is one of the challenge strategies nowadays due to the limitation of therapeutic efficacy. Yin deficiency and oxidative stress have been implicated in the mechanism of brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether tomato, a “Yang food” possessing antioxidant, may ameliorate brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods: Male rats were orally given tomato pomace (contained total phenolic compound 413.07 ± 34.45 mg of gallic acid equivalent/mg) at doses of 2, 19 and 50 mg/kg at a period of 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after the occlusion of right middle cerebral artery. Then, they were determined the brain ischemic volume and neurological score. Moreover, the markers of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde level and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex were also determined. Result: The results showed that tomato pomace could mitigate brain damage and neurological impairment. The neuroprotective mechanism might occur partly via the decreased oxidative stress. Conclusion: Tomato may provide health benefit for those who are risk for stroke. However, further researches are required.

Incorporation of Resistance Gene into Tomato using Binary Vector System

Exoplants of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) leaf were transformed with Ti plasmids using binary vector system.After screening.with selection culture, kanamycin-resistant seedling were obtained from callus. Molecular hybridization proved the integration of Km gene into plant cell genome via A.tumefaciens. Higher activity of Nos-NPTase was demonstrated in the transformed plant,thus confirming the successful expression of the resistance gene in recipient cells.

控释肥联合养分增效剂显著提高番茄产量与品质

采用田间试验,以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种瑞菲为试验材料,通过控释肥联合养分增效剂探究其对番茄生长、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,控释肥联合养分增效剂能显著增加植株茎粗(P<0.05);与常规施肥相比,控释肥和控释肥联合养分增效剂可显著改善番茄品质,番茄果实可溶性固形物含量有增加的趋势,可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量显著提高(P<0.05),番茄果实色泽度和硬度均有所改善;与常规施肥相比,控释肥和控释肥联合养分增效剂能有效提高番茄产量与经济效益,产量分别增加12.7%和29.2%,净利润分别增加3.65万元/hm^(2)和7.72万元/hm^(2)。综上,控释肥联合养分增效剂可实现番茄增产增效,在实现轻简化生产中具有重要的实践价值。

套袋对越冬番茄果实特性及品质的影响

【目的】明确套袋对番茄果实生长发育、果实特性、果实品质及农药残留的影响。【方法】以番茄品种JYK为试材,研究了不同材质果袋处理的生物学效应。【结果】套袋显著降低了番茄果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比,减少了果实Vc、可溶性糖等物质含量,降低了果实的农药残留,加速了果实叶绿素的降解,但增加了果实含水量,促进了果实类胡萝卜素和番茄红素的合成。番茄果实成熟时,硫酸纸袋、无纺布袋及塑料袋处理的果实番茄红素含量分别比不套袋提高了8.2%、60.9%和41.7%,且不套袋和套袋之间番茄红素含量达到了显著差异。此外,套袋还可增加果实的单果重,其中以硫酸纸袋效果最佳,塑料袋和无纺布袋次之,三者分别比不套袋增加了15.34%、13.22%和9.02%,套袋与不套袋之间差异达显著水平。【结论】套袋影响番茄果实的营养品质,但改善了番茄果实外观商品性状。

番茄植株中几种化学成分的化感效应

从番茄植物的几种有机成分中，选出了５种成分进行单一和２种成分混合的生物活性测定试验，它们分别为：Ａ．邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯，Ｂ．邻苯二甲酸二丁酯，Ｃ．水杨酸甲酯，Ｄ．水杨酸，Ｅ．鞣酸选用生菜、白菜和萝卜作为受体结果表明，Ｄ、Ｅ的抑制作用的临界浓度为５×１０４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ的抑制作用的临界浓度为２．５×１０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ；酸与酯之间存在不同程度的协同作用或拮抗作用；混合物的组分。

夜间低温对番茄幼苗光合作用的影响

以15℃夜温为对照,研究了12℃、9℃、6℃夜间低温对番茄(LycopersiconesculentumMill.)光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:夜间低温抑制了植株总干物质的积累;总叶绿素含量、净光合速率下降;光合作用相关因素中气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,气孔限制值(Ls)增大。12℃、9℃夜低温处理10d净光合速率及相关因素可恢复到正常水平;6℃低温处理10d对番茄净光合速率的影响则不可恢复,而对光合作用相关因素的影响是可恢复的,说明在恢复期间6℃夜低温处理净光合速率的降低与Gs、Ci、Tr、Ls无关。所有夜间低温处理对Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR影响较小,低温胁迫解除后很快得到恢复,说明试验所设定的夜间低温及其处理时间未对PSⅡ系统造成伤害。

亏缺灌溉对番茄蔗糖代谢和干物质分配及果实品质的影响

在设施内设置4个灌水处理,分别间隔2(CK)、4(处理1)、6(处理2)和8d(处理3)浇1次水,均以浇水后土壤水分张力计回零为准。结果表明,番茄果实中葡萄糖和果糖的含量随生长发育的进行而逐渐提高,蔗糖含量下降;各时期处理3番茄果肉中糖分含量最高,其次为处理2,其余2处理果实糖分含量最低。蔗糖合成酶活性呈下降趋势,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性逐渐升高,水分亏缺提高了这2种酶的活性,但降低了成熟期酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性。亏缺灌溉提高了番茄叶片中葡萄糖和果糖含量,同时提高了果实中的可溶性糖、有机酸的含量及糖酸比,增加了植株的干物质积累,但严重亏缺灌溉可明显影响植株上部果实的生长和干物质积累。

外源ABA、BR和ETH对番茄果实番茄红素含量的影响

为探索外源激素对番茄果实中番茄红素含量的影响,改进从番茄果实中正己烷、乙醇以及丁烯羟基甲苯BHT的丙酮混合试剂提取番茄红素的方法,确定了番茄红素最佳提取条件,并利用该条件检测分析了外源ABA(脱落酸)、BR(油菜素内酯)和ETH(乙烯)处理番茄果实后番茄红素的含量。结果表明:200mg·L-1的外源ABA、0.001mg·L-1的外源BR和3000mg·L-1的外源ETH对促进番茄果实中番茄红素含量增加的效果较好,番茄红素含量分别达到115.11μg·g-1FW,106.16μg·g-1FW和125.21μg.g-1FW。外源ABA、BR和ETH均能在不同程度上促进番茄果实中番茄红素含量增加。

低温胁迫下不同耐冷性番茄品种幼叶细胞Ca^(2+)分布变化的差异

采用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法 ,研究了低温胁迫与冷锻炼下不同耐冷性番茄品种幼叶细胞Ca2 + 定位分布的变化。结果表明 :正常生长条件下 ,番茄幼叶细胞Ca2 +主要存在于液泡和细胞间隙内 ,细胞质中含量很低 ,且耐冷性不同品种之间无明显差异。经5℃低温处理 2 4h后 ,耐冷品种细胞内Ca2 + 分布变化明显 ,胞内钙库 (即液泡 )释放Ca2 + 进入细胞基质 ,细胞间隙中仍有大量Ca2 + 存在 ;而冷敏感品种无明显变化。当处理 4 8h后 ,耐冷品种细胞Ca2 + 分布趋向于恢复到处理前的状态 ,而冷敏感品种则在细胞内形成较大的钙沉淀颗粒 ,多分布于叶绿体被膜与质膜内侧 ,细胞间隙内Ca2 + 颗粒也集中聚集成团。昼 15℃ /夜 8℃条件下的冷锻炼对不同耐冷性番茄幼叶细胞内Ca2 +

温室番茄长季节栽培生长发育特性的研究

为研究在我国温室条件下番茄的生长发育规律 ,建立适应我国气候条件下的番茄生长模型 ,在山西太谷 (北纬 37°2 5″ ,东经 112°2 5″)山西农业大学设施农业工程研究所的温室内进行了番茄长季节栽培试验 (土壤栽培 ) ,所用品种为从荷兰引进的温室番茄专用品种Counter。结果表明在我国华北地区温室番茄长季节栽培能够成功。在试验条件下 ,番茄生育周期 2 5 2d时 ,茎长达 5 0 8cm ,叶数为 79.9片 ,花穗数是 2 2 .7。第一花穗以上的叶花比是 3.2。节间长 5～ 6cm。观察到的叶片出现率和花穗出现率相吻合 ,在春夏季分别是 0 .3971叶 /d和 0 .12 6 7花穗 /d ,即每 2 .5d长 1片叶 ,平均每 8d出现 1穗花。而在冬季 (11、12月 )是 0 .1138叶 /d和 0 .0 2 77花穗 /d ,即每 8.8d长 1片叶 ,平均每 36d出现 1穗花。

番茄不同部位中糖含量和相关酶活性的研究

试验将番茄光合产物运转途径上叶片(源)、运输系统以及果实(库)区分开,分别测定其糖的组成和含量以及糖代谢相关酶的活性。结果表明:番茄光合产物运转途径上从“源”到“库”各部位糖的组成和含量不同。叶肉中果糖的含量最高,蔗糖的含量最低;中筋中以果糖和葡萄糖为主;叶柄维管束中葡萄糖含量最高,蔗糖含量次之,果糖含量最低。节间和果柄维管束中主要含有蔗糖。果实维管束以及果实内各部位中则主要含有葡萄糖和果糖,且两者含量无显著差异,蔗糖含量很低。萼片中葡萄糖含量最高,蔗糖含量最低;果蒂中3种糖含量均较高且无显著差异。番茄叶肉及光合产物运转组织中转化酶活性很低,而在库器官的非维管组织中转化酶活性较高。果蒂中的蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性最高,其次是叶肉和运转组织,果实内各部位中SS活性较低。在合成蔗糖的器官—叶肉中,有较高的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,运转组织中的SPS活性较叶肉中降低,但果柄维管束和果实维管束中则表现出较高SPS活性,果肉、果胶质胎座及心室隔壁中的SPS活性最低。

四川番茄黄化曲叶病病原分子鉴定及变异分析

【目的】明确引起四川番茄黄化曲叶病(Tomato yellow leaf curl disease,TYLCD)的病原。【方法】对采自四川攀枝花市田间表现矮化、黄化和曲叶症状的番茄植株SC64-67,通过PCR、克隆及测序等技术获得病毒及卫星DNA的全基因组序列,并对序列进行变异分析。【结果】利用双生病毒简并引物PA/PB从4个样品中均扩增得到约500 bp的片段,随机选择SC65进行DNA-A全基因组扩增和序列测定,该DNA分子全长为2 732 nts,系统进化分析表明,其与已报道的中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus,TYLCCNV)来自云南元谋的菜豆分离物(TYLCCNV-Bean-YM)的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为96.0%。检测发现,所有分离物均伴随有卫星DNAβ分子。全序列测定表明SC65 DNAβ全长1 338 nts,与分离自云南楚雄番茄上的TYLCCNV-Y25伴随的卫星DNAβ亲缘关系最近,核苷酸序列相似性为77.5%。【结论】研究表明四川番茄黄化曲叶病样品均受到TYLCCNV/DNAβ病害复合体的侵染,但其病毒DNA-A和卫星DNAβ分子来源于TYLCCNV的不同分离物。