Domestication and breeding changed tomato fruit transcriptome

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) stress resistance and fruit total soluble solid(TSS) content have changed dramatically during selective breeding, and transcriptome variation has played a critical role in this rewiring. However, the single tomato reference genome impedes characterization of whole-transcriptome variation during domestication and breeding at the population level. Here, we constructed a pan-transcriptome of orange-stage tomato fruit, and investigated global expression presence/absence variation(e PAV) and differentially expressed genes(DEGs) based on RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) data from 399 tomato accessions. A total of 7 181 genes absent from the reference genome were identified, 6 122 of which were e PAV genes during tomato domestication and breeding including resistance genes such as late blight resistance gene PIM_DN29746_c0_g3_i1 and peroxidase P7-like gene PIM_DN30274_c0_g2_i1. In addition, 3 629 genes were significantly differentially expressed during tomato selection, among which 19 genes were associated with the reduced fruit TSS content of modern tomato cultivars, including LIN5, TIV1, and seven novel sugar transporter genes. Our results indicate that natural and artificial selection greatly shaped the tomato transcriptome, thereby altering the fruit TSS content and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Pre-Breeding Genetic Diversity Assessment of Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)Cultivars Based on Molecular,Morphological and Physicochemical Parameters

Appropriate knowledge of the parental cultivars is a pre-requisite for a successful breeding program.This study characterized fruit yield,quality attributes,and molecular variations of ten tomato cultivars during three consecutive generations under greenhouse conditions.Peto 86,Castle Rock,and Red Star cultivars showed the highest fruit yield(kg/plant),total phenolic compounds(TPC),and sap acidity.Principal component analysis categorized the evaluated fruit yield into three groups based on their quality attributes.A robust positive correlation appeared among traits inside each group.A positive correlation was likewise noticed between the first and the second groups.However,a negative correlation was detected between the first,the second and the third group.Molecular profiling,using seven inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)primers,produced 60 loci,including 49 polymorphic loci.The molecular analysis also pinpointed the highest genetic similarity(0.92)between P73 and Moneymaker,while the lowest genetic similarity(0.46)was observed between Castle Rock and Moneymaker.The cultivars P73 and Moneymaker showed the lowest genetic distance(2.24),while the highest genetic distance(5.92)was observed between Super Marmand and Peto86,on the one hand,and between Castle Rock and Moneymaker,on the other hand.The chemical analysis of fruit sap indicated the highest levels of TPC,total flavonoids,anthocyanin,ascorbic acid and total soluble solids in Peto 86 and Castle Rock cultivars.Phylogeny analysis of tomato cultivars based on morphological and molecular attributes indicated four distinct clades.Peto 86,Castle Rock,and Red star cultivars can be recommended for the tomato hybridization breeding programs in the future,with other tomato cultivars as potentially high-yielding parents.

Development of high yield and tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)resistance using conventional and molecular approaches:A review

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)belonging to the family Solanaceae is the second most consumed and cultivated vegetable globally.Since the ancient time of its domestication,thousands of cultivated tomato varieties have been developed targeting an array of aspects.Among which breeding for yield and yield-related traits are mostly focused.Cultivated tomato is extremely genetically poor and hence it is a victim for several biotic and abiotic stresses.Among the biotic stresses,the impact of viral diseases is critical all over tomato cultivating areas.Improvement of tomato still largely rely on conventional methods worldwide while molecular approaches,particularly Marker Assisted Selection(MAS)has become popular across the globe as a fast,low cost and precise tool which is essential in present day plant breeding.In this review paper,breeding tomato for high yield and viral disease resistance,particularly to tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease(TYLCVD)using conventional and molecular approaches will be discussed.Lining up of this set of information will be useful to those who are interested in tomato variety development with high yielding and TYLCVD resistance.

Molecular Markers Associated with <i>Ph</i>-3 Gene Conferring Late Blight Resistance in Tomato

Late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of tomato. Three major genes Ph-1, Ph-2 and Ph-3 conferring resistance to LB have been identified and mapped to the chromosomes 7, 10 and 9, respectively. However, PCR-based molecular markers associated with these genes are limited. Molecular markers are extremely useful in the screening and selection of tomato lines for the development of LB resistant genotypes. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers associated with Ph-3 gene conferring LB resistance in tomato. Four co-dominant markers were found to be associated with Ph-3, all of which were sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) type. Breeding lines and cultivars were inoculated with a field isolate of Phytophthora infestans to collect phenotypic data on disease resistance. Genotypic data from molecular markers associated with Ph-3 were in close agreement with the phenotypic data for the lines tested. With the verification of genotypic data from novel molecular markers in known genotypes supported by phenotypic data, the novel molecular markers may be useful in screening tomato populations aiming to develop LB resistant genotypes or cloning the LB resistant genes.

Influence of Seedling Age on the Susceptibility of Tomato Plants to <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>during Protray Screening and at Transplanting

The study was undertaken to assess whether seedling age played any role in governing the vulnerability of tomato to the bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, based on the preliminary observations that the extent of mortality during seedling-stage screening was relatively less in older seedlings. Employing the virulent strain ‘NH-Av01’ isolated from tomato, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-week-old seedlings of susceptible ‘Arka Vikas’ raised in organic cocopeat in 98 cavity protrays were inoculated with the pathogen through root-injury inoculation approach. Disease symptoms appeared earlier and with more severity in 2-week-old seedlings followed by 3-, 4- and 5-week-old saplings recording 74%, 68%, 63% and 49% mortality, respectively, after four weeks of inoculation suggesting that older the seedlings, less the susceptibility to the pathogen. The growth characteristics of seedlings (shoot height, shoot and root weights) showed a significant increase with seedling age (0.21, 0.54, 1.14 and 2.09 g gross weight/seedling at 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks, respectively) indicating healthier saplings with delay in inoculation time. In subsequent trials, seedlings of 3, 4, 5 or 6 weeks were transplanted to field-sick soil in protrays or in pots with monitoring for 1 - 4 months which indicated a significant reduction in disease incidence and severity with increase in seedling age. The observations suggested that seedling age should be considered as a major factor influencing the susceptibility of tomato seedlings to R. solanacearum with the chances of variations in the extent of disease incidence or inconsistent results during seedling-stage screening and the possibility of escapes with older seedlings. Two-week seedlings formed the best when the aim is to induce maximum disease incidence, while transplanting at 5 - 6 weeks stage appeared the best when the objective is minimal disease incidence or formulating disease management strategies.

Breeding for Resistance to Tomato Bacterial Diseases in China:Challenges and Prospects

Four bacterial diseases including bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, bacterial spot caused by at least four Xanthomonas species, and bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum are among the most devastating diseases in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) production in China. However, almost no commercial cultivars currently growing in the country are resistant to these four bacterial diseases because little effort has been devoted to breeding for resistance. In addition,the existence of great natural variation in each pathogen and the quantitative inheritance of resistance add to the difficulties of developing cultivars with resistance to these diseases. In the past 20 years, molecular markers tightly linked to genes conferring resistance to these four bacterial diseases have been identified or gene-based markers have been developed, which may circumvent some of the problems associated with phenotypic selection for resistance to multiple bacterial pathogens and races. Here we present a review on current status of studies on these diseases and discuss the promise of new technologies in breeding for resistance to these bacterial diseases in China.

口感番茄新品种“潍科玉玲珑”的选育

“潍科玉玲珑”是潍坊科技学院用自交系WKFQ015作母本、自交系YLL48作父本杂交选育而成的口感番茄新品种。该品种长势旺盛,早熟,果圆形底部略扁,未成熟果实带绿肩,成熟后果实亮深粉色,色泽亮丽,平均单果质量120 g,皮薄且有韧性,肉厚汁多,酸甜适度,风味浓郁,香味独特,维生素C含量22.1 mg·(100g)^(-1),番茄红素含量80.9 mg·kg^(-1),可溶固形物含量7.4%,品质优良。2020年1月通过国家非主要农作物品种登记,适合山东省、河北省等大部分地区早春设施种植。

微生物发酵床养猪垫料研制番茄育苗基质的效果分析

为了实现废弃资源的资源化利用,使用微生物发酵床养猪垫料研制番茄育苗基质,选取使用1年的微生物发酵床养猪垫料,提取其浸提液并稀释成不同浓度,以番茄种子萌发情况为指标,筛选基质中垫料适宜添加量,并通过穴盘育苗试验确定基础基质配方,进一步优化N、P、K用量,最终确定番茄育苗基质配方。结果表明:利用微生物发酵床养猪垫料研制番茄育苗基质的配方为垫料︰椰糠=3︰7(体积比),N用量0.3 kg·m^(−3)、P用量0.2 kg·m^(−3)、K用量0.1 kg·m^(−3);用该基质进行番茄育苗,出苗率达98%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、根长均显著优于市售草炭基质(对照);所繁育的幼苗移栽田间种植,其田间番茄苗的株高和挂果数均显著优于对照。番茄育苗基质的研制可实现微生物发酵床养猪垫料的资源化利用。

口感番茄品种繁育及示范推广

为探索口感番茄繁育方法,进一步推广和种植口感番茄品种,本文总结分析了该作物的品种繁育、高产栽培技术、示范推广策略及产业发展建议。其品种繁育目标是培育出具有优异口感特性的番茄新品种;其高产栽培技术包括水肥管理、熊蜂授粉、合理整枝、盛果期管理和病虫害防治等方面;示范推广策略包括优化品种结构、建立示范种植基地、加强产销联动和加大政策支持力度等。口感番茄产业发展以绿色、有机和可持续为目标,建议不断加强科研创新,推出新品种和新技术,以满足市场需求,推动相关产业高效发展。

不同品种番茄采后品质和挥发性物质差异分析

为明确不同品种番茄采后品质及挥发性物质差异,本文通过气相离子迁移色谱技术(Gas chromatographyion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)分别测定不同品种番茄(‘567’‘普罗旺斯’‘优柿3号’‘勇士808’‘美琪’)挥发性物质成分,并对品质指标进行探讨。‘567’番茄果实呈现高圆形。‘普罗旺斯’番茄为近圆形,可滴定酸含量最高。‘优柿3号’番茄果实为高圆形,可溶性固形物含量最高,果实硬度最大。‘勇士808’番茄为近圆形果实。‘美琪’番茄果实为近圆形,果皮颜色最有光泽,颜色最红,维生素C含量最高。5个品种番茄果实中共检测到57种挥发性物质,其中定性出51种挥发性物质,包括醛类18种、酯类11种、酮类8种、醇类8种、呋喃类2种、萜烯类3种、其他1种。不同品种番茄主要挥发性物质存在差异。5个品种番茄都具有的挥发性物质是丁酸乙酯(苹果味)、反式-2-己烯醛(青香蕉)。正己醇(果味)、丙酸(酸味)、乙酸己脂(果香)是‘美琪’番茄的主要气味物质。罗勒烯(热带柑橘味)、乙酰丙酸乙酯(果味)、异丁酸乙酯(甜味)是‘567’番茄的主要气味物质。2-甲基丁基乙酸酯(甜香蕉味)是‘普罗旺斯’番茄的主要气味物质。此外,(Z)-4-庚烯醛(奶油味)是‘勇士808’番茄的主要气味物质。最后,1-辛烯-3-酮(蘑菇味)是‘优柿3号’番茄的主要气味物质。因此,本实验明确了不同品种番茄果实采后品质的差异,气相离子迁移色谱技术可以有效评价其挥发性物质差异。

红酸汤原料番茄品种的筛选及发酵品质的综合评价

为探究不同番茄原料品种对红酸汤品质特性的影响,该研究对12个品种番茄在发酵过程中的相关品质指标和感官品质进行分析,并运用主成分分析和聚类分析综合评价番茄品种特性与红酸汤品质之间的关系。结果表明,番茄原料对红酸汤品质特性影响显著(P<0.05),通过主成分分析将发酵番茄浆19项品质指标降维为5个主成分,累积方差贡献率达87.769%,并构建出12个品种番茄发酵品质综合评价模型为F=0.403 8F_(1)+0.235 7F_(2)+0.107 8F_(3)+0.073 4F_(4)+0.057 1F_(5),采用聚类分析将12个品种发酵番茄浆划分为三类。综合分析得出‘云南圣女果’、‘釜山88’、‘毛辣果’不仅色泽鲜红明亮,具有典型乳酸发酵香味且还原糖、氨基酸态氮、番茄红素含量较高,有机酸含量丰富,综合发酵品质优良。研究结果可为发酵酸汤产业更好地了解原料特性和控制最终产品品质特性提供理论依据。

粉果双抗番茄新品种宝禄富强的选育

宝禄富强是2019年利用选育的优质母本FT1618F与选育的父本FT1602M配制而成的粉色番茄一代杂种。属无限生长类型,植株高旺盛,中熟,叶片绿,果实圆,4心室,单果重260 g左右,产量高,硬度高,果色艳粉,商品性好,抗番茄TY病毒,极耐番茄褪绿病毒,可溶性固形物含量4.68%。2021-2022年早春在山东寿光、淄博、聊城和菏泽等地大拱棚和日光温室区域试验中平均产量为9878.53 kg·hm^(-2),比对照喜来德高出10.40%;2021年秋季在山东寿光、山东聊城、内蒙古赤峰和宁夏吴忠等地日光温室生产试验中平均产量为10400.83 kg·hm^(-2),比对照喜来德高出10.18%。该品种适宜在华东、华北、西北、东北地区早春温室和大棚早春、秋延栽培。

粉果番茄新品种“宝禄富生”的选育

宝禄富生是以粉果番茄品种FT7327为母本,以FT1602M为父本配制而成的粉果番茄一代杂种。其无限生长型,植株高且生长势旺盛,中熟,叶片绿,单支花居多;果实高圆形,4心室居多,果皮艳粉色;果实商品性好,价值高,硬度高,耐贮运;单果质量约270 g,产量高,平均667 m^(2)产量高达10370.1 kg;抗番茄花叶病毒病(TOMV)、烟草花叶病毒病(TMV)、番茄黄化曲叶病毒病(TYLCV)和镰刀菌根腐病。适宜在山东、河北、内蒙古、辽宁等地进行早春、秋延、越冬茬保护地种植及部分露地种植。

番茄新品种德赛T9的选育与应用

德赛T9是以T109为母本、T567为父本配制的番茄一代杂交种。中早熟,大果型,无限生长类型,植株长势中等,商品果无绿果肩,果实高圆、粉红色,果形指数中,硬度中,单果质量225 g,口感酸甜。可溶性固形物含量6.24%,番茄素含量0.12 mg/g,维生素C含量0.13 mg/g。感枯萎病、根结线虫病,抗TYLCV、CMV、叶霉病、TMV。平均每667 m2产量7781 kg左右,适合全国大部分区域保护地早春、秋延种植。

105份番茄种质资源的抗性基因分子标记检测

以105份番茄种质资源为试材,采用抗性基因分子标记辅助筛选方法,研究了105份种质资源中Mi-1、I-2、Cf-9、Ph-3、Ty-1、Ty-3、Tm-2^(a)、Sw共8个抗性基因的分布情况,以期为开展番茄抗性基因聚合育种提供参考依据。结果表明:含Mi-1的材料28份,含I-2的材料60份,含Cf-9的材料80份,含Ph-3的材料34份,含Ty-1的材料19份,含Ty-3的材料11份,含Tm-2^(a)的材料47份,含Sw的材料7份。105份番茄材料中,不含任何抗病基因的材料有3份;含3个以下抗性基因材料有78份,占材料总数74.3%;含4个抗病基因的材料有9份;含5个抗病基因的材料有11份;含6个抗病基因的材料有6份,分别为XIHJ-21-27、DT-27-43、722-ZT77、722-ZT79、494、495;含7个抗病基因的材料有1份,为XLJ-226-41;未检测到同时含有8个抗性基因的番茄材料。

中熟、高产、高可溶性固形物含量的加工番茄新品种“屯河2606”的选育

屯河2606是以自交系11-301为母本,以自交系11-143为父本配制而成的中熟加工番茄一代杂交种。其从定植到85%成熟需105~110 d,生长势强,植株自封顶生长类型,株幅大,侧枝均匀,垄面覆盖好;坐果率高,无果节,着色均匀,成熟果鲜红色,果实卵圆形,果肉紧实,抗裂,耐压;平均可溶性固形物含量5.35%,平均番茄红素含量134.3 mg/kg;田间耐贮性好,适应性强,成熟期集中,适合机械采收;平均单果质量60~65g,平均667m^(2)产量高达12459.68kg。适合我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古等西北部地区保护地栽培。

水果番茄新品种“珍贵”的选育

番茄“珍贵”是以品质性状优良的自交系FS-90-51为母本,以产量高、长势旺盛的自交系FS-89-50为父本配制而成的杂交一代保护地鲜食番茄新品种。该品种为无限生长类型,果实高圆或扁圆形,成熟果色粉红,有青肩,单果质量130 g左右,番茄味道浓郁,被称为“嘎啦番茄”“水果番茄”。适宜黑龙江地区早春抢早、秋延后茬口塑料大棚种植。2019年通过了国家非主要农作物品种登记。

保护地专用番茄粉果品种杨番1号选育

杨番1号番茄新品种是杨凌职业技术学院以YZ13-003为母本、YZ15-019为父本育成的杂交一代杂种。该品种为无限生长型粉红果品种,具有中早熟、宜鲜食,以及植株直立生长、长势中等、叶量中等特点。第7~9叶着生第1花序,相邻花序间隔3叶。易坐果,果实圆形、收花好、无绿肩、硬度好及大小均匀,单果质量250g左右;果实商品率高、口感风味好;适合保护地春秋两季栽培。

与番茄灰叶斑病抗病基因Sm连锁的CAPS标记开发

利用与番茄灰叶斑病Sm基因连锁的RFLP标记,设计开发了一个CAPS标记,用于抗番茄灰叶斑病育种。以已知抗病基因型的番茄种质为材料,参照与Sm基因紧密连锁的RFLP标记设计特异引物,进行PCR扩增,产物克隆测序分析寻找特异性酶切位点,开发了一个与抗病基因Sm紧密连锁的CAPS标记,命名为T280。利用特异引物T280进行PCR扩增,供试材料均扩增出1条655 bp的特异条带。经限制性内切酶Mme I酶切后,抗病纯合材料仍保留1条655 bp的特异条带,感病纯合材料产生206 bp和449 bp的特异条带,抗病杂合材料产生206 bp、449 bp和655 bp的特异条带。利用不同遗传背景的番茄材料对该标记进行验证,结果发现,能够区分抗病杂合、抗病纯合和感病纯合材料。开发的CAPS标记稳定可靠,是一个比较理想的共显性CAPS标记,可用于Sm基因的分子标记辅助育种。

番茄香气品质改良综述

番茄作为设施栽培的重要经济作物,其挥发物质具有抗癌、抗炎、吸引种子传播者等特性,同时在很大程度上决定了商品等级和消费者的接受度,是衡量果实品质的一个重要指标,故成为改良番茄品质的一个重要发展方向。番茄的香气受到基因型、成熟度、栽培条件和采后贮藏条件等因素的影响。目前番茄脂肪酸衍生物、氨基酸衍生物、苯丙烷类物质和萜类化合物四种类型的挥发物合成途径已被揭示。近年来,由于育种家们对番茄果实农艺性状的不断追求,番茄的风味品质随着驯化育种的进程在不断下降。随着人们生活水平的提高,对番茄果实品质要求也有所提高,利用不同的技术手段提升番茄风味品质是番茄育种工作者的重要目标之一。传统的育种技术过程缓慢、复杂且具有物种间的局限性,而代谢工程学具有准确、直接、高效的特点,可以定向地通过外源基因的引入和调控内源基因对番茄香气进行改良,提高改良效率。番茄香气关键数量性状基因座(QTL)的发掘也为代谢工程学提供理论支持。综述了番茄果实的挥发性成分及影响因素、挥发物合成机制、挥发物代谢合成酶的重要性和代谢工程学香气品质改良措施,并分析了代谢工程学对番茄香气改良的不足,指出了番茄香气改良的未来潜在研究方向,以期为阐明番茄果实香气改良提供理论依据。