PMF+双门限Tong检测的北斗B1I信号捕获算法

针对传统Tong检测算法检测时间长、漏警概率大的问题,提出将PMF+双门限Tong检测算法应用于北斗B1I信号的捕获中。首先,将射频前端模块处理得到的中频信号下变频至基带,对基带信号进行降速等预处理;然后,利用部分匹配滤波(PMF)算法计算相关值,通过PMF算法将数据信号分成几个均等片段,对每一段信号都分别计算相关值,会出现三组具有同相位的相关结果;最后,利用双门限Tong检测算法对PMF算法计算得到的相关结果检测,达到捕获B1I信号的目的。仿真结果表明,利用该算法捕获北斗B1I信号,有效提高了捕获时的检测概率并缩短了检测时间,提高了捕获B1I信号的速度。

Tong检测算法性能分析及参数设置

Tong检测算法是常用的信号检测算法,但在其统计性能以及算法参数设置等方面仍缺少全面的结论.针对这些问题,运用统计和递推分析方法对信号搜索单元滞留次数的均值及方差进行了较为详细的理论分析,给出了相应表达式,根据3西格玛原则,提出了一种最大滞留次数限定方法.分析了检测概率、噪声搜索单元和信号搜索单元平均滞留次数与算法中计数器初值和最大值以及预检测信噪比之间的关系.分析结果表明Tong检测算法参数的设置需依据信号强弱和搜索方式,并折衷考虑对检测概率与噪声搜索单元或信号搜索单元平均滞留次数的影响.

高动态条件下Tong检测技术应用研究

针对Tong检测技术对高动态条件下的检测性能进行了分析。基于高动态大多普勒条件下的应用,进行了Tong检测技术改进研究,提出了改进后检测搜索策略,详细论述了策略改进依据。对搜索单元检测次数及检测概率进行了仿真,从仿真结果可以看出,对有信号搜索单元的驻留检测次数明显减少,总检测时间随之变小,有信号单元的总检测概率得到提高,满足高动态条件下的检测要求。

敦煌吐蕃文书中的“色通(Se tong)”考

敦煌吐蕃文文书中出现地名色通(se tong),应该是敦煌汉文文书中的西同,即今甘肃省阿克塞哈萨克族自治县境内的苏干湖及其附近地区。吐蕃统治时期在该地设有敦煌通颊色通巴(tmhong kyab se tong phavi)军事部落,由吐蕃、吐谷浑、党项、汉等部族成员组成,西同(se tong)亦即敦煌吐鲁番文书中记载的墨离川、墨离海地区。

Analysis on the Origin and Phylogenetic Status of Tong Sheep Using 12 Blood Protein and Nonprotein Markers

This study is based on the Tong sheep obtained by the random sampling method of typical colonies in the central area of Baishui County in Shaanxi Province, China. An investigation was undertaken to clarify the gene constitution of blood protein and nonprotein types of Tong sheep. Twelve genetic markers were examined by starch-gel electrophoresis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Polymorphism in Tong sheep was found at the following 10 loci, transferrin （Tf）, alkaline phosphatase （Alp）, leucine aminopeptidase （Lap）, arylesterase （Ary-Es）, hemoglobin-β （Hb-β）, X-protein （X-p）, carbonic anhydrase （CA）, catalase （Cat）, malate dehydrogenase （MDH）, and lysine （Ly）, whereas, albumin （A1） and postalbumin （Po） loci were monomorphic. Genetic approach degree method and phylogenetic relationship clustering method were used to judge the origin and phylogenetic status of Tong sheep. Results from both methods maintained that Tong sheep belonged to the ＂Mongolia group＂, and Mongolia sheep was the origin of Tong sheep. This was also supported by the history of Tong sheep breeding. Compared to the phylogenetic relationship clustering method, the genetic approach degree method was more reliable for the extraction from East and South of Central Asia, and was more effective in reflecting the breeding course of Tong sheep.

温肾通督方促进小鼠脊髓损伤的修复

背景:前期研究证实,温肾通督方可通过抑制脾脏B细胞焦亡、促进微血管内皮细胞吞噬髓鞘碎片、影响小胶质细胞迁移和浸润、促进受损神经元恢复、降低脊髓损伤后神经元凋亡等促进脊髓损伤恢复,但其机制尚不明确。目的:探讨温肾通督方对脊髓损伤小鼠髓系细胞触发受体2(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2,TREM2)及PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响。方法:取36只C57BL/6小鼠,采用随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组、温肾通督方组,每组12只。模型组与温肾通督方组采用改良Allen’s法制备小鼠T10脊髓损伤模型,造模后第1天,温肾通督方组灌胃给予温肾通督方,假手术组、模型组灌胃给予生理盐水,每天1次,连续给药28 d。给药期间,通过BMS评分和斜板实验评价各组小鼠运动功能;造模后第7,28天,采用苏木精-伊红染色观察各组小鼠脊髓组织病理变化,免疫荧光染色双标法检测脊髓组织离子化钙结合适配分子1(ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1,IBA1)、TREM2蛋白表达,Western blot检测脊髓组织TREM2、PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、Bcl2、Bax、Caspase3蛋白表达。结果与结论:①BMS评分和斜板实验结果表明,脊髓损伤造模后小鼠后肢运动功能下降,而经过温肾通督方治疗后,脊髓损伤小鼠后肢运动功能明显提升。②苏木精-伊红染色结果显示,与模型组比较,温肾通督方小鼠脊髓组织病理结构明显改善,表现为背侧白质和神经元萎缩程度、细胞质空泡化降低及炎性细胞浸润减少等。③免疫荧光染色结果显示,造模后第7天,模型组IBA1、TREM2蛋白表达均低于假手术组(P<0.05),温肾通督方组IBA1、TREM2蛋白表达均高于模型组(P<0.05);造模后第28天,模型组TREM2蛋白表达低于假手术组(P<0.05),温肾通督方组小鼠脊髓组织中的TREM2蛋白表达高于模型组(P<0.05)。④Western blot检测结果表明,造模后第7天,与假手术组相比,模型组TREM2、Akt蛋白表达及Bcl2/Bax比值降低(P<0.05),p-Akt、Bax蛋白表达及p-Akt/Akt比值升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,温肾通督方组TREM2、PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、Bcl2蛋白表达及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Ak、Bcl2/Bax比值升高(P<0.05),Bax、Caspase3蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。造模后第28天,与假手术组相比,模型组TREM2、PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、Bcl2蛋白表达及Bcl2/Bax比值降低(P<0.05),Bax蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,温肾通督方组TREM2、PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、Bcl2蛋白表达及Bcl2/Bax比值升高(P<0.05),Bax蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。⑤结果表明,温肾通督方可能通过上调小胶质细胞TREM2激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制神经元凋亡发挥神经保护作用,进而促进脊髓损伤的修复。

Introduction to "Ma Shi Wen Tong"

As the first works of Chinese grammar, "Ma Shi Wen Tong" has epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese grammar. It marks that Chinese grammar study has become an independent science. This research intends to generalize "Wen Tong".

Experimental study of“Tong Xia”purgative method in ameliorating lung injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM To investigate the role of tumor necrosisfactor(TNF)in lung injury during acutenecrotizing pancreatitis(ANP),and thetherapeutic effect of'Tong Xia'purgativemethod in minimizing the severity of lung injury.METHODS Fourteen canines were randomlydivided into 3 groups:the'Tong Xia'treatmentgroup(n = 5)using Dachengqitang;salinecontrol group(n = 5),and the sham operationgroup(n = 4).TNF activity in serum and inbronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF),the serumendotoxin levels were measured,and theseverity of lung injury evaluated.RESULTS Elevation of TNF activity was moreprominent in BALF than in serum.TNF activity inserum at 6 and 12 hours and in BALI:wassignificantly decreased in the'Tong Xia'treatment group than in the saline control one(q=21.11,q=12.07,q=9.03,respectively,P【0.01)and the lung injury was significantlyalleviated at 12 hours as compared with that inthe saline group,manifested as amelioration otthe lung wet/ dry weight ratio,decrease inprotein concentration and neutrophils count inBALF,and improvement of pulmonaryinflammatory changes.A positive correlationwas demonstrated between serum TNF activity and endotoxin level.CONCLUSION Hypersecretion of TNF is shownto be one of the major causes of lung injuryduring ANP;'Tong Xia'purgative method couldalleviate the degree of lung injury mediated byTNF.

Tong xie yao fang relieves irritable bowel syndrome in rats via mechanisms involving regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P

AIM: To investigate whether the Chinese medicine Tong Xie Yao Fang(TXYF) improves dysfunction in an irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) rat model. METHODS: Thirty baby rats for IBS modeling were separated from mother rats(1 h per day) from days 8 to 21, and the rectum was expanded by angioplasty from days 8 to 12. Ten normal rats were used as normal controls. We examined the effects of TXYF on defection frequency, colonic transit function and smooth muscle contraction, and the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and substance P(SP) in colonic and hypothalamus tissues by Western blot and RT-PCT techniques in both normal rats and IBS model rats with characterized visceral hypersensitivity.in normal rats and 4.5 ± 1.58 in IBS model rats(P < 0.001). However, the defecation frequency was significantly decreased(3.0 ± 1.25 vs 4.5 ± 1.58, P < 0.05), while the time(in seconds) of colon transit function was significantly increased(256.88 ± 20.32 vs 93.36 ± 17.28, P < 0.001) in IBS + TXYF group rats than in IBS group rats. Increased colonic smooth muscle tension and contract frequency in IBS model rats were significantly decreased by administration of TXYF. Exogenous agonist stimulants increased spontaneous activity and elicited contractions of colon smooth muscle in IBS model rats, and all of these actions were significantly reduced by TXYF involving 5-HT and SP down-regulation. CONCLUSION: TXYF can modulate the activity of the enteric nervous system and alter 5-HT and SP activities, which may contribute to the symptoms of IBS.

Effect of Tong Xie Yao Fang on endogenous metabolites in urine of irritable bowel syndrome model rats

BACKGROUND Tong Xie Yao Fang is a representative traditional Chinese prescription for the treatment of liver and spleen deficiency,abdominal pain and diarrhea.It has a unique function in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction including irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),is a common functional bowel disease.Its main symptoms are recurrent abdominal pain,diarrhea,constipation or alternations between diarrhea and constipation.There are obvious differences in metabolites between TCM syndromes.By comparing the body fluid metabolism maps of model animals,metabolomics can discover disease biomarkers,analyze the differences in metabolic pathways and understand the pathological process and the metabolic pathways of substances in the body.Thus,the evaluation of animal models tends to be comprehensive and objective.This may provide further understanding between the interaction between Tong Xie Yao Fang and the IBS model.AIM To evaluate the effect of Tong Xie Yao Fang on IBS rats by using metabolomics method.METHODS Wistar rats were used to establish IBS models,and then randomly divided into four groups:A model control group and three Tong Xie Yao Fang treatment groups(high,medium and low doses).A normal,non-IBS group was established.The rats were treated for 2 wk.On days 0 and 14 of the experimental model,urine was collected for 12 h and was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Nine potential biomarkers were identified,and six major metabolic pathways were found to be related to IBS.RESULTS In the study of metabonomics,nine potential biomarkers including L-serine,4-methylgallic acid,L-threonine,succinylacetone,prolyl-hydroxyproline,valylserine,acetyl citrate,marmesin rutinoside and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan were identified in urine,which were assigned to amino acids,organic acids,succinyl and glycosides.Furthermore,the metabolic pathway of L-serine,L-threonine and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan was found in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,which mainly involved the metabolism of cysteine and methionine,vitamin B6 metabolism,serotonin synapse,tryptophan metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism,digestion,absorption of protein and amino acid metabolism.These pathways are related to intestinal dysfunction,inflammatory syndrome,nervous system dysfunction and other diseases.CONCLUSION Tong Xie Yao Fang has pharmacological effects on IBS,and its mechanism may be related to the metabolism of the nine potential biomarkers identified above in urine.

EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN TONG HYBRID PLATE ELEMENT WITH CONSTANT MOMENTS AND NONCONFORMING MORLEY PLATE ELEMENT

在这篇论文中我们证明了董平常力矩杂交板元与非协调Ｍｏｒｌｅｙ板元具有相同的单元刚度矩阵，因此这两个板元是等价的。

Comparison of Meiofaunal Abundance in Two Mangrove Wetlands in Tong'an Bay, Xiamen, China

To compare meiofaunal community in the two mangrove wetlands in Tong＇an Bay, Xiamen, China, and probe the response of meiofauna to high organic matter, sampling was carried out in Fenglin and Xiang＇an mangrove wetlands in the bay. The results showed that the Ne/Co ratio （nematode to benthic copepod） and organic matter in Fenglin mangrove wetland were higher than those in Xiang＇an mangrove wetland. The meiofaunal abundance in Fenglin mangrove was all lower than that in Xiang＇an mangrove wetland in summer, autumn and spring, while the meiofaunal abundance in Fenglin mangrove was higher than that in Xiang＇an mangrove wetland in winter. Two-way ANOVA results showed that the meiofaunal abundance and nematode abundance were significantly different between regions, seasons and regionxseason. With all the results in the present study, we confirmed that the positive response of meiofaunal and nematode abundance were only detected for medium organic matter contents according to the Xiang＇an wetland＇s level, and that the distribution of meiofaunal abundance would be influenced by sand content. Higher copepod abundance and lower N/C value usually suggest better environmental quality.

Modified Tong Xie Yao Fang relieves solitary rectal ulcer syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome(SRUS)is a rare rectal disorder characterized by bloody mucus in the stool,difficulty in defecation,pain,and anal swelling.To date,the etiology of this syndrome remains not well understood and the diagnosis is frequently confused with other disorders,making treatment a clinical challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 50-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a 40-d history of bloody mucus in the stool and anal swelling.SRUS was suspected.Rectoscopy revealed a large,severe ulcerous lesion.Histologically,the lesion was characterized as chronic ulcer without clear tumor cells,and the final diagnosis of SRUS was made.The patient was treated with Chinese medicine therapy,with administration of Tong Xie Yao Fang.After 3 wk of treatment,the symptoms improved significantly.At 2-mo follow-up,rectoscopy in a local hospital showed healed ulcer scars without obvious protrusion 3 cm from the anal verge.CONCLUSION Chinese medicine therapy represents a potential treatment of SRUS with predominant rectal bleeding,mucinous discharge,and anal swelling pain.

Secondary Production of Macrobenthos in Mangrove Area of Tong'an Bay,China

Studies on secondary production lead to a better understanding of the functions of the macrobenthic ecosystem.Basedon the macrobenthic data obtained at 6 sampling stations from April 2006 to January 2007,Brey's(1990)empirical formula wasapplied to calculate the secondary production of macrobenthos in the mangrove area of Tong'an Bay.The results showed that themean annual secondary production of macrobenthos was 13.24 gAFDWm-2-a-1.The mean secondary production in the mangrovehabitat was 12.22 gAFDWm-2-a-1,lower than that in the non-mangrove habitat,which was 15.29 gAFDWm-2-a-1.Two possible rea-sons existed for this difference.First,mollusk and crustacean,which contribute more to the secondary production,probably benefitfrom longer inundation period in the non-mangrove habitat.Second,the higher organic matter in the mangrove habitat results in hy-poxia in the bottom sediment,which may decrease the secondary production.The annual mean production-to-biomass(P/B)ratio inTong'an Bay was 1.17,with a ratio of 1.27 in the mangrove habitat and 0.96 in the non-mangrove habitat,which was coincident withthe much higher density of Limnodriloides sp.and Corophium sp.in the mangrove habitat than in the non-mangrove habitat.Themaximum secondary production and P/B ratio of macrobenthos both appeared at sampling station FL2 in April,2006(namelyApril-FL2)with values of 31.38 gAFDWm-2-a-1and 2.20,respectively.The macrobenthic secondary production in Tong'an Bay islower than those in other intertidal studies except that in Haitan Strait,the reason being the different sediment properties.The P/Bratio in Tong'an Bay was the lowest due to the high proportion of crustaceans in the macrobenthic community.

Chinese herbal formula Tongluo Jiunao injection protects against cerebral ischemia by activating neurotrophin 3/tropomyosin-related kinase C pathway

The Chinese herbal formula Tongluo fiunao, containing the active components Panax notogin- seng and Gardenia jasminoides, has recently been patented and is in use clinically. It is known to be neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia, but the underlying pathway remains poorly understood. In the present study, we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, and administered Tongluo Jiunao, a positive control （Xuesai Tong, containing Panax notoginseng） or saline intraperitoneally to investigate the pathway involved in the action of TongIuo fiunao injection. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining showed that the cerebral infarct area was significantly smaller in model rats that received Tongluo fiunao than in those that received saline. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed significantly greater expression of neurotrophin 3 and growth-associated protein 43 in ischemic cerebral tissue, and serum levels of neurotrophin 3, in the Tongluo Jiunao group than in the saline group. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining showed that after treatment with Tongluo fiunao or Xuesai Tong, tropomyosin-related kinase C gene expression and immunoreactivity were significantly elevated compared with saline, with the greatest expression observed after Tongluo Jiunao treatment. These findings suggest that Tongluo Jiunao injection exerts a neuroprotective effect in rats with cerebral ischemia by activating the neurotrophin 3/ tropomyosin-related kinase C pathway.

Effects of Zhuang Gu Zhi Tong Formula on Wnt/β-catenin Osteoporosis Pathway Antagonist SOST in Osteoporosis

Objective To observe the effects of Zhuang Gu Zhi Tong Formula (ZGZTF) on antagonist SOST in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in osteoporosis. Methods We analyzed the differential genes of patients with osteoporosis and normal subjects from the GEO database and then found SOST with specific expression. We analyzed SOST as an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Then we studied the effect of ZGZTF on SOST in Wnt signaling pathway. Osteoporosis model was induced by ovariectomy (OVX) in 8-week-old female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. After 12 weeks of treatment with ZGZTF by intragastric administration, the rats were put to death in batch. The changes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone gla protein (BGP) and estradiol (E2) in serum were determined, and bone mineral density (BMD) and histomorphology of right femur were observed. Biomechanics of lumbar vertebra were measured, and the expression of SOST, Wnt3a,β-catenin, LRP5, Runx2, Osx and their mRNA involving the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were detected by Western blot, RT-PCR and Immunohistochemical analysis. All data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0. Results Twelve weeks of treatment with ZGZTF could significantly decrease the level of ALP and BGP in serum, increase the BMD of femurs, and improve the biomechanical capability of vertebral body in maximum loading and elastic modulus. Concerning histomorphology, we found ordered arrangement of trabeculae, slightly thinning of trabeculae and none obvious slight fractures in femurs after 12 weeks of treatment with ZGZTF. The expression of LRP5,β-catenin, Runx2 and Osx involved in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was significantly up-regulated in the presence of ZGZTF,and the expression of SOST in this pathway was down-regulated. Conclusions These results suggest that ZGZTF may be antiosteoporosis by down-regulating SOST protein to promote Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Network Pharmacology-based Analysis on the Molecular Biological Mechanisms of Xin Hui Tong Formula in Coronary Heart Disease Treatment

Objective To investigate the potential molecular mechanism of Xin Hui Tong Formula (XHTF) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) by using network pharmacology and bioinformatics. Methods The targets network of CHD was constructed through Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD) and Drugbank database;The XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-targets network and the XHTF pharmacodynamic molecule-CHD targets network were explored by the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). And the multi-targets mechanism and molecular regulation network of XHTF in the treatment of CHD were explored from multiple perspectives by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathway enrichment analysis. Results A total of 88 CHD targets were screened out through the Therapeutic Targets and the Drugbank database. 393 compounds and corresponding 205 drug targets of XHTF were retrieved from TCMSP. A total of 13 known targets directly related to the development of CHD were retrieved from the disease-related databases: TP53, MAPK14, NFKB1, HSPA5, PLG, PTGS2, ADRB1, NOS2, CYP3A4, GRIA2, CYP2A6, GRIA1, PTGS1. XHTF also contained 118 drug targets that directly interact with CHD targets. GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes of 13 direct targets proteins were found to be mainly enriched in response to drug, cellular response to biotic stimulus, long-chain fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process and regulation of blood pressure. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that XHTF participated in the CHD pathological process mainly through retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, cAMP signaling pathway, chemical carcinogenesis and other pathways. Conclusions XHTF plays a role in the treatment of CHD through multiple targets and multiple pathways, and provides a scientific basis for the theory of "virtual standard" in the treatment of CHD.

Ability of Tong Luo Jiu Nao Oral Solution to Improve Cognitive and Gait Deficits in a Rat Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Objective To investigate the ability of Tong Luo Jiu Nao(TLJN)Oral Solution to improve cognitive and gait deficits in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Methods An intraluminal suture method was used to create a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.Experimental animals were divided into4groups:sham surgery,cerebral ischemia model,cerebral ischemia model+low-dose TLJN Oral Solution(150mg/kg),cerebral ischemia model+high-dose TLJN Oral Solution(300mg/kg).After4weeks of drug intervention,water maze and gait analyses were conducted.Brain tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used to monitor and calculate the volume ratio of cerebral infarction in each group of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(pMCAO)rats.Results(1)Gait analyses:TLJN Oral Solution significantly improved the overall gait of the focal cerebral ischemic rat model.The improvement in walking speed might have been achieved by the shortening of the animals’stride time.The shortening of stance time by TLJN in the cerebral ischemic animals might be due to the shortening of brake and propulsion times,while the shortening of stride time by TLJN in the cerebral ischemic animals might have been due to the shortening of stance time and swing time.(2)Water maze navigation test:high-dose TLJN Oral Solution significantly reduced the animals’total swimming distance and duration and increased the proportion of swimming distance and time spent in the target quadrant,suggesting that TLJN significantly improved the cognitive deficit in the animal model.(3)High-dose TLJN significantly reduced the cerebral infarction volume ratio of the pMCAO rats.Conclusion This intraluminal suture method can reliably replicate a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.TLJN Oral Solution improves the gait and cognitive function of the focal cerebral ischemia rat model to various extents.

Mechanics of a Grip System of Three-Key-Board Hydraulic Tongs Developed for Offshore Oil Pipe Lines

This paper carries out the analysis of mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines which has been successfully used in oil fields in China. The main improvement of this system is that a lever frame structure is used in the structural design, which reduces greatly the stresses of the major components of the oil pipe tongs. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation based on thirteen basic equations developed Show that the teeth board of the tongs is not easy to slip as frequently happens to other systems and is of higher reliability.

Effect of Tong-Qiao-Huo-Xue decoction on the expressions of related proteins of the blood-brain barrier and analysis of constituents in cerebrospinal fluid of cerebral ischemic rats

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of Tong-Qiao-Huo-Xue decoction(TQHXD)on the bloodbrain barrier(BBB)permeability and the expressions of related proteins on the rats;and to analyse the constituents in the cerebrospinal fluid on the rats with cerebral ischemic injury.METHODS Cerebral ischemia rats were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).Adult male sprague-dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into seven groups:sham-group;model group;nimodipine(NMP)-treated group and nao mai tai(NMT)-treated group were set as positive drug control groups;TQHXD-treated group(3,6 and 12g·kg-1body weight);The neurological function of rats was estimated by neurological defect scoring after the 1,7and 15 dafter administration.Histological structure of the brain in rats were observed by hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining.Ultramicrostructural features of hippocampus neurons and the opening of tight junction(TJ)of BBB in rats were observed by transmission electron microscope(TEM).Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of ZO-1,occludin,claudin-5,AQP-4 and MMP-9 in BBB after cerebral ischemia injury.Component analysis experiments:adult male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:Distilled water was administered intragastrically sham-operated rats;Distilled water was administered intragastrically model rats by MCAO;TQHXD was administered intragatrically to rats in sham-operated group;TQHXD was administered intragestrically to rats in model group by MCAO.GC and HPLC was used to detect three compounds,namely,muscone,ligustilide and hydroxysafflor yellow A,in rats cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)after oral administration of TQHXD.Finally,samples of cerebrospinal fluid of rats in each group were compared with single medicine so as to explicit the three compounds come from which herb.RESULTS TQHXD significantly reduced the neurological defect scores.Histological examination indicated that dense neuropil and largely surviving neurons had been seen in TQHXD-treated rats.TEM observation revealed that TQHXD could significantly inhibit the damage of hippocampal neurons and reduce the opening of TJ.The decreased protein expression levels of claudin-5,occludin,ZO-1 and the increased protein expression levels of AQP-4 and MMP-9in cerebral ischemia tissue were significantly prevented by treatment of TQHXD.Analysis of experimental results showed that muscone,ligustilide and hydroxysafflor yellow A could penetrate the BBB into the CSF,and the content of the model group was lower than that of sham group after intragastric administration of TQHXD.CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that TQHXD may act as a potential neuroprotective agent against BBB damage for cerebral ischemia through protecting of hippocampus neurons,reducing the opening of TJ and decreasing the permeability of BBB by up-regulating ZO-1,occludin,claudin-5 expressions,down-regulating AQP-4 and MMP-9 expressions.The effect of TQHXD on the decrease of the opening of TJ also reduced the content of muscone,ligustilide and hydroxysafflor yellow A in cerebrospinal fluid.