Does empowering women benefit poverty reduction?Evidence from a multi-component program in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China

Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men,which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality.This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on women's empowerment and poverty reduction,and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction.The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014,yielding a sample of 900 households.Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset.Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group.To control the selection bias,propensity score matching,inverse probability weighting,and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks.The results show that the program has positive effects on women's empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously.Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction,and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households.Training,microfinance,and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty.This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training,cooperatives,and credit.Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty.The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.

Further development and sustainable utilization mode of grassland tourism resources: a case study of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and sustainable utilization of grassland tourism resources are of great significance.This paper,based on the analysis of literatures and the current problems existing in grassland tourism,summarizes the speciality of grassland tourism development,deals nation as example and carries out empirical research.Based on the status quo of grassland tourism resources in Inner Mongolia,this study analyzes the characteristics of grassland tourism resources,the necessity and feasibility of integrated development,then proposes the following suggestions： idea for development,mode of development,regional cooperation,tourism products development,especially the three modes of development based on the resources conditions - the mode of relying on market,the mode of combination aggregation and the mode of relying on quality.

Income and Expenditure of the Herdsman in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: A Case Study of Xianghuang Banner in Xilin Gol League

Based on the household survey data concerning herdsmen's families in Xianghuang Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, we analyze the income and consumption structure of herdsmen's families in the western regions during the period 2008-2009. The results show that the herdsman's source of income is single, mainly focusing on livestock sale, with poor ability to resist risks; the share of purchase expenses of forage in the consumer spending is the greatest, growing rapidly, followed by spending on food, education and health care; there are many policy subsidies for housing. The characteristics of herdsman's income and consumption are jointly determined by natural factors, market factors, policy factors and personal factors. Based on this, corresponding recommendations are put forth in order to increase herdsman's income and improve the consumption structure: the herdsman should strengthen breeding techniques to improve scientific breeding and increase income, change consumer attitudes, save moderately, and strengthen ability to resist risks; the government should increase the policy subsidies for pastoral areas, strengthen education, training, health care for herdsman, and promote herdsman's quality.

Behavior Analysis of Self-Driving Tourists Based on Content Analysis of Network Travel Notes: A Case Study of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Self-diiviiig tour is one of the most important wajrs for people to travel, and network travel notes actually reflect the traveling information of self-driving tourists. In this paper, witii the network travel notes of self-driving tourists as the tesearch object^ methods such as text analysis and visualization were adopted to study behavior patterns of self-driving tourists, tourism experience, time-space migration, and distribution of tourism resources in Inner Mongolia, fi：om the multiple dimensions of mobile drivers, perceived, dimensions, and spatial migration. The results showed tiiat ①self-cidviiig tourists had a variety of motivations for traveling, in which love for nature dominated; ②self-driving tour destinations were mainly Hulunbuir, Ordos, and Alxa League; ③spatial migration was characterized by obvious seasonal fluctuations. The fesearch on the behavior of self-driving tourists in Inner Mongolia is an important part of the study of the connection between tourism resources and market connection in Inner Mongolia, and is of significance for guiding the theory, practice and poliqr foimuktion of self-doving tours in Inner Mongolia.

Opportunities of Inner Mongolia's economic development under the background of the “Silk Road Economic Belt”

"The Silk Road Economic Belt" is a great strategic thought, through which China deepens allround reform and opening up, especially in the major move of opening up to the west. Inner Mongolia autonomous region owns the superior geographical position and was closely related to the Silk Road in ancient times. In the new stage, Inner Mongolia autonomous region should seize the opportunity of the development strategy, and strive to develop economic construction under the background of the belt of Prairie Silk Road, and play an important role in the economic belt of the "Prairie Silk Road".

Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production and marketization:An empirical analysis of grasslands in Inner Mongolia,China

Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and marketization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.This study used an income distribution approach to categorize livelihood strategies of the respondents(n=394)into three types,i.e.,herder livelihood strategy(LS1),petty-herder livelihood strategy(LS2),and non-herder livelihood strategy(LS3).Using the multinomial logistic regression model,we compared livestock production and marketization across the three livelihood strategies.Our findings showed that(1)livestock production and marketization tended to favor LS1;(2)an increase in the land asset(contracted and rented grassland)and off-take rate increased the probability of households choosing LS1;(3)stocking rate was higher for LS1;and(4)the higher critical market-related risks perceived by herders were animal price and hay and corn price.Moreover,higher livestock price acted as a deterrent to diversifying into other livelihood strategies(LS2 and LS3).Finally,this study advocates for policies that will promote the land transfer market,adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry,improve the medium for disseminating market information to herders,and provide incentives for long-term livelihood transformation.

The Fourth Tourism Ministerial Conference of China,Russia and Mongolia Held in Inner Mongolia

On June 23,the Fourth Tourism Ministerial Conference of China,Russia and Mongolia was held in Ulanqab,a city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region?At the Conference,the representatives of the three countries shared their achievements of cultural and tourist cooperation,and visualized the direction and modality of their trilateral cultural and tourist cooperation in the future.

不同草原防火政策下内蒙古草原火灾发生风险及其驱动因素的研究

草原火灾是草原生态系统中重要的干扰因子之一,不同时期的草原防火政策可能会导致草原火灾发生概率及驱动因素发生变化。本研究基于内蒙古1981~2020年草原火灾数据,以新旧《草原防火条例》实施时间(旧《草原防火条例》1993年10月5日颁布并实施,新《草原防火条例》2008年11月19日颁布并于2009年1月1日起实施)为界线,通过随机森林模型分4个时期(1981~2020年、1981~1993年、1994~2008年、2009~2020年)对内蒙古草原火灾发生概率与驱动因素进行比较与分析,并绘制草原火灾风险等级区划图。结果表明:(1)4个时期建模的全样本AUC在0.930~0.940之间,精度优异。(2)在不同时期,气象因素(日平均相对湿度、气温日较差等)始终是影响草原火灾的主导因素,海拔、距火点最近公路距离等因素也是内蒙古草原火灾发生的重要驱动因素;(3)1981~1993年和1981~2020年草原火灾风险区基本相似,中、高、极高草原火灾风险区主要集中在呼伦贝尔市大部分地区和兴安盟北部,1994~2008年中、高、极高草原火灾风险区主要集中在呼伦贝尔市,而2009~2020年中、高、极高草原火灾风险区主要集中在呼伦贝尔市西部、锡林郭勒盟北部、阿拉善盟东南部、乌海市和鄂尔多斯市东部。

内蒙古自治区就业质量有效性评估指标体系设计及运用

就业率和失业率一直都是研究就业的主要内容,它们可以作为研究就业现状的指标,但更应该关注就业质量问题。新常态下,供给侧结构性改革引发了劳动力供需不匹配、结构性就业矛盾等问题,即劳动力供需不匹配与就业质量水平较低。在此背景下,内蒙古自治区提升就业质量的重要性日益凸显。

内蒙古自治区医疗卫生资源公平性研究

医疗卫生资源的优化配置是涉及民生的重要问题,作为卫生服务的重要基础,不仅影响卫生服务的质量,而且影响人民群众的健康水平。内蒙古自治区地形复杂多样,各盟市的经济发展水平也存在差异,医疗卫生资源配置出现了不同的层次。根据地理位置,将内蒙古自治区各盟市分为内蒙古东部地区、内蒙古中部地区、内蒙古西部地区,选取内蒙古自治区医疗卫生人力资源和物力资源方面的指标,利用泰尔指数(Theil Index)实证分析2012年至2021年内蒙古自治区的医疗卫生人力资源和物力资源配置。结果显示,内蒙古东部地区、内蒙古中部地区、内蒙古西部地区医疗卫生人力资源和物力资源的泰尔指数虽然呈现下降趋势,但是地区之间的医疗卫生资源配置仍然存在不公平现象。基于此,提出持续优化医疗卫生资源区域布局、做好中蒙医药资源的开发和利用、推进人才队伍建设等建议。

Epidemiologically characteristics of human brucellosis and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Brucella melitensis in Hinggan League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China

Background:Hinggan League is located in the Northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the historically endemic area of animal and human brucellosis.In this study,the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis were analyzed,and the genotypic profile and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Brucella melitensis strains isolated from humans in Hinggan League were investigated.Methods:The epidemic characteristics were described using case number,constituent ratio,and rate.The 418 human blood samples were collected and tested by bacteriology,and suspect colonies were isolated and identified by conventional biotyping assays,the VITEK 2.0 microbial identification system,and AMOS(Brucella abortus,B.melitensis,B.ovis,and B.suis)-PCR.Subsequently,all strains were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis(MLVA)assays,and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Brucella strains against the 10 most commonly used antibiotics was determined by microdilution method.Results:A total of 22848 cases of human brucellosis were reported from 2004 to 2019,with an annual average incidence of 87.2/100000.The incidence rates in developed areas of animal husbandry(Horqin Youyi Qianqi[161.2/100000]and Horqin Youyi Zhongqi[112.1/100000])were significantly higher than those in forest areas(Arxan[19.2/100000])(χ2=32.561,P<0.001).In addition,peak morbidity occurred during May–August,accounting for 72.6%(16582/22848)of cases.The highest number of cases occurred in the 40+age group,accounting for 44.4%(10137/22484)of cases,and morbidity in males was significantly higher than that in females in all age groups(χ2=299.97,P<0.001),the most common occupation was farmers.A total of 54 B.melitensis strains were divided into 37 genotypes(GT1–37)with 80–100%genetic similarity.All 25 strains were sensitive to seven tested antibiotics,phenotypic resistance to cotrimoxazole and azithromycin was observed in 5(20%)and 25(100%)of the isolates,respectively.Conclusions:Human brucellosis exhibited a significant increasing trend and B.melitensis is the main pathogen responsible for human brucellosis in this region.Improved surveillance of infected animals(sheep)and limiting their transfer and trade are optional strategies for decreasing the incidence of this disease.

内蒙古自治区植被碳利用效率时空动态及其与水热因子的关系

[目的]探讨内蒙古植被碳利用效率(CUE)动态变化及其与水热因子的关系,为评估该地区植被碳汇能力提供科学依据。[方法]基于MOD17A2H数据,采用趋势分析、Hurst指数、相关性分析等方法,研究2000-2022年内蒙古生长季植被CUE时空动态及水热因子的影响作用。[结果]①2000-2022年内蒙古生长季植被CUE显著增加(p<0.05),增长率为0.012/10 a;各重点生态功能区植被CUE增速由大到小为:大小兴安岭>呼伦贝尔>浑善达克>科尔沁>阴山北麓。②内蒙古生长季植被CUE呈西高东低的空间分布特征,多年平均值为0.60;各重点生态功能区中,浑善达克植被CUE最高,科尔沁植被CUE最低。③研究区83.53%的区域生长季植被CUE呈增加趋势,且变化稳定;未来72.14%的区域生长季植被CUE将趋于下降,各重点生态功能区植被CUE呈减少趋势的面积比例均高于呈增加趋势。④总体上,内蒙古生长季植被CUE与同期平均气温呈负相关,与累计降水量和平均土壤湿度呈正相关,且与累计降水量的相关性更强;科尔沁生长季植被CUE与同期平均气温的相关性强于累计降水量和平均土壤湿度。[结论]2000-2022年,内蒙古植被固碳能力明显提升,未来将趋于减弱,降水是影响植被CUE变化的主要因素,但科尔沁生态功能区植被CUE变化主要受气温控制。

2006—2021年内蒙古耕地集约化与规模化耦合协调性

[目的]研究耕地可持续集约化与规模化耦合协调模式,为制定国土空间规划、乡村振兴、耕地保护等政策提供科学依据。[方法]以内蒙古自治区为例,基于研究区2006—2021年的土地利用实际,运用熵值法构建耕地可持续集约化与规模化评价指标体系,采用多因子综合分析法对耕地可持续集约化与规模化进行测算,根据评价结果进行耦合协调性分析。[结果]2006—2021年内蒙古耕地集约化综合水平在0.218~0.370之间,总体呈上升趋势,空间特征为东西耕地集约化水平较高,中部较低。各盟市耕地集约化水平差距较小,耕地利用程度与产出效果对耕地集约化水平影响较为显著。耕地规模化综合水平在0.433~0.532内波动,总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,空间分布特征不规律。各盟市耕地规模化水平差距较大,耕地斑块形状与面积对耕地规模化水平贡献度较高。在过去15a间,内蒙古耕地集约化与规模化的耦合度由磨合阶段逐步向高度磨合阶段发展,耕地集约化与规模化的耦合协调度持续增长,由濒临失调、勉强协调向初级协调、中级协调跃进,但仍有33.33%的盟市处于勉强协调阶段,空间分布格局大致为东西部较高,中部较低。[结论]内蒙古耕地利用水平存在优化空间,应更加注重对耕地科学利用,改善种植环境,将耕地利用与保护并重,促进内蒙古地区农业可持续高质量发展。

基于分布式水文模型的内蒙古自治区小流域洪水分析技术研究与应用

山丘区在经历短时强降雨时,极易暴发山洪,由于内蒙古自治区小流域水文资料匮乏,导致其预报难度大。对内蒙古自治区全部小流域进行整合分析,重新划分了5935个小流域分区作为洪水预报分析单元,针对不同下垫面和气候条件分析各小流域分区的产汇流特性,以分布式水文模型集群为主对小流域洪水进行分析研究。选取锡伯河试点流域进行应用分析,在该试点流域内洪水模拟预报精度良好,能够满足地区小流域洪水预报预警需求。此研究成果可逐步在内蒙古自治区范围内进行试用推广,为全区防洪减灾提供科学依据。

内蒙古风电项目用地适宜性评价及潜力分析

为减轻能源压力,我国目前正在积极发展风电产业,内蒙古自治区作为国家重要能源和战略资源基地具有较大发展潜力。本文结合实际情况构建了内蒙古自治区风力发电项目用地开发适宜性评价指标体系。采用组合赋权方法确定指标权重,以气象数据、地形地貌数据、部分专题数据为基础,结合GIS技术,得到全区风力发电项目用地适宜性分区;通过相关政策因素对其进行修正,得到用地潜力区后,选取Vestas V90作为风力发电测算参考机器,对全区发电量进行预测。研究表明,内蒙古自治区风力发电项目用地开发适宜性评价值为0.73~2.79,以较适宜区为主,面积为72.80×10^(4)km^(2);使用限制因素修正后,适宜建设的高潜力区域总面积为31.59×10^(4)km^(2);若以Vestas V90风力发电机为参考,计算全区可安装总台数为157.95万台,年发电量约为7.42×10^(4)亿kWh,具有巨大发电潜力。

通辽市暴雨特征分析及区域性暴雨定量评估

基于通辽市1960—2020年的日降水量资料,分析暴雨站次及区域性暴雨时空变化特征,并利用国家标准《区域性暴雨过程评估方法》(GB/T 42075—2022)对区域性暴雨进行定量评估。结果表明:暴雨极值呈明显的南部地区大于北部,暴雨空间分布整体上北部和中西部少、南部和中东部多,年平均暴雨日数0.8 d;7—8月为暴雨主要发生月份;区域性暴雨共45次,年平均0.7次,年际变化呈减少趋势,主要出现在7月下旬(达11次);利用国家标准定量评估,得出有3次特强区域性暴雨,依次为2017年8月3日、1994年7月12—14日、1984年8月10—11日。结合本地情况,定义综合强度Z值在280以上为特强区域性暴雨,Z值在160以上为强区域性暴雨,Z值在120及以上为较强区域性暴雨。该区域性暴雨等级评估方法适用性较好,利于区域性暴雨强度的划分。

基于灰色关联度的林业产业结构动态关联分析——以内蒙古自治区为例

依据2016—2020年统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法,对内蒙古自治区林业产业总值与林业三次产业产值之间的关联度进行定量分析,明确产业发展形势。结果表明:内蒙古林业产业以传统的第一产业为主导,对总产值贡献最大,第一产业以种植、采集等传统产业为主;第二产业关联度最弱,以木材和经济林果加工等为主,发展水平不高且发展空间相对有限;第三产业对林业产业总体拉动作用小于第一产业,但近年呈快速上升趋势,有望成为林业产业总产值增长关键发力点。基于此,从发展优势产业、推动产业融合、强化科技创新等方面为选择全区林业产业结构发展路径提出相应建议。

内蒙古自治区臭氧污染特征及时空重点管控区段研究

基于内蒙古自治区12个盟市的近地面臭氧(O_(3))浓度及气象等其他相关数据分析了内蒙古自治区的O_(3)污染特征,并提出重点管控区域和管控时段。结果表明,2019—2021年基本反映了内蒙古自治区的O_(3)浓度现状,这3年12个盟市的O_(3)质量浓度均未超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值(160μg/m^(3)),空间分布上呈西部和东南部高,中部和东北部低的特点。O_(3)防治典型区乌海及周边地区、河套灌区、“一湖两海”应进行重点管控,重点管控时段应为5—8月。以包头市为例研究发现,产业结构和机动车尾气是O_(3)污染的重要原因,温度大于25℃且风速小于5 m/s时温度和风速增大易促进O_(3)浓度升高。

内蒙古自治区边境贸易与边境旅游:耦合协调、时空演变及影响路径

边境贸易与边境旅游是边境地区经济发展的两大重要驱动力。文章通过构建边境贸易与边境旅游的综合评价指标体系,采用熵权法、耦合协调模型、灰色关联分析法对两系统耦合协调、时空演变和影响因素进行深入分析。结果表明:1)样本年内,内蒙古地区边境贸易与边境旅游基本呈现上升趋势;2)两系统的耦合协调度逐年增加,从中度失调演变为中级协调,2013年两系统之间还实现了良性共振的耦合;3)在指标体系中,边境旅游经济效益与边境贸易发展规模与耦合协调度的灰色关联度位于前列。因此,内蒙古地区需要积极响应国家政策、优化产业结构和深化区域合作交流,以促进地区经济高质量发展。