This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension ...This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension in language learning will be demonstrated briefly.Then the author will go on to explore the nature of top-down and bottom-up approaches in teaching listening.Lastly,at the third part of the essay,the author shall try to discuss the possibility of applying these approaches into practice,that is,when and why one of them is more useful.Furthermore in this section,a more integrated view will be introduced.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important ...<strong>Introduction:</strong> In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important for countries to conduct studies especially on cost of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high burden of disease and labor loss. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of treatment for colon and rectal cancers based on two different cost approaches from the perspective of SSI (top-down and bottom-up) and to compare the results obtained. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Data were obtained from the SSI MEDULA System a total of 62,970 colon and rectal cancer patient for the top-down cost approach. In the bottom-up cost approach, treatment costs were determined based on the expert opinions. <strong>Results:</strong> The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 3055.5 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 4146.2 TL with the top-down cost approach. The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 14,920.4 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 17,904.6 TL according to the bottom-up cost approach. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since the bottom-up cost approach provides more detailed information on the cost of illness, and thereby on the use of resources allocated to health, it is thought that the combined use of these two cost approaches completes each other’s weaknesses.展开更多
目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛...目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛选出典型的火行人与水行人,采用成套重复性神经心理测查工具(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)和Top-down及Bottom-up认知心理测查范式对其认知功能进行测评。采用独立样本t检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果招募受试者火行人24人,水行人20人,与水行人组相比,火行人组在注意功能维度得分明显更高,在RBANS各部分得分上数字广度和编码测验任务得分更高;火行人组在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的长时认知加工过程中的反应时更短、准确率更高,水行人在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的短时加工准确率差值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中火行人更易高度集中注意力,更易被线索所吸引,但注意力的维持时间较短,同时水行人在注意力反应时间更长,更不易被线索所影响,且注意力稳定性更强。展开更多
The ideal treatment strategy for Crohn’s disease (CD) remains uncertain, as does the optimal endpoint of therapy. Top-down versus step-up describes two different approaches: early use of immunomodulators and biologic...The ideal treatment strategy for Crohn’s disease (CD) remains uncertain, as does the optimal endpoint of therapy. Top-down versus step-up describes two different approaches: early use of immunomodulators and biological agents in the former versus initial treatment with steroids in the latter, with escalation to immunomodulators or biological drugs in patients proven to be steroid refractory or steroid dependent. Top-down therapy has been associated with higher rates of mucosal healing. If mucosal healing proves to be associated with better long-term outcomes, such as a decreased need for hospitalization and surgery, top-down therapy may be the better approach for many patients. The main concern with the top-down approach is the toxicity of the immunomodulators and biological agents, which have been linked with infectious complications as well as an increased risk of lymphoma. It is unlikely that one strategy will be best for all patients given the underlying heterogeneity of CD presentation and severity. Ultimately, we must weigh the safety and efficacy of the therapies with the risks of the disease itself. Unfortunately our ability to risk stratify patients at diagnosis remains rudimentary. The purpose of this paper is to review the data that supports or refutes the differing treatment paradigms in CD, and to provide a rationale for an approach, termed the "accelerated step-up" approach, which attempts to balance the risks and benefits of our currently available therapies with the risk of disease related complications as we understand them in 2008.展开更多
The top-down and bottom-up are two main approaches used in teaching extensive reading and both of them should be used alternatively so that students can not only understand the details but also the main ideas of readi...The top-down and bottom-up are two main approaches used in teaching extensive reading and both of them should be used alternatively so that students can not only understand the details but also the main ideas of reading materials.The importance of using top-down approach is emphasized and some suggestions are given on the problem that students pay so much attention on vocabulary and grammar rather than main idea in reading.展开更多
文摘This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension in language learning will be demonstrated briefly.Then the author will go on to explore the nature of top-down and bottom-up approaches in teaching listening.Lastly,at the third part of the essay,the author shall try to discuss the possibility of applying these approaches into practice,that is,when and why one of them is more useful.Furthermore in this section,a more integrated view will be introduced.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important for countries to conduct studies especially on cost of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high burden of disease and labor loss. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of treatment for colon and rectal cancers based on two different cost approaches from the perspective of SSI (top-down and bottom-up) and to compare the results obtained. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Data were obtained from the SSI MEDULA System a total of 62,970 colon and rectal cancer patient for the top-down cost approach. In the bottom-up cost approach, treatment costs were determined based on the expert opinions. <strong>Results:</strong> The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 3055.5 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 4146.2 TL with the top-down cost approach. The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 14,920.4 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 17,904.6 TL according to the bottom-up cost approach. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since the bottom-up cost approach provides more detailed information on the cost of illness, and thereby on the use of resources allocated to health, it is thought that the combined use of these two cost approaches completes each other’s weaknesses.
文摘目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛选出典型的火行人与水行人,采用成套重复性神经心理测查工具(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)和Top-down及Bottom-up认知心理测查范式对其认知功能进行测评。采用独立样本t检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果招募受试者火行人24人,水行人20人,与水行人组相比,火行人组在注意功能维度得分明显更高,在RBANS各部分得分上数字广度和编码测验任务得分更高;火行人组在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的长时认知加工过程中的反应时更短、准确率更高,水行人在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的短时加工准确率差值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中火行人更易高度集中注意力,更易被线索所吸引,但注意力的维持时间较短,同时水行人在注意力反应时间更长,更不易被线索所影响,且注意力稳定性更强。
文摘The ideal treatment strategy for Crohn’s disease (CD) remains uncertain, as does the optimal endpoint of therapy. Top-down versus step-up describes two different approaches: early use of immunomodulators and biological agents in the former versus initial treatment with steroids in the latter, with escalation to immunomodulators or biological drugs in patients proven to be steroid refractory or steroid dependent. Top-down therapy has been associated with higher rates of mucosal healing. If mucosal healing proves to be associated with better long-term outcomes, such as a decreased need for hospitalization and surgery, top-down therapy may be the better approach for many patients. The main concern with the top-down approach is the toxicity of the immunomodulators and biological agents, which have been linked with infectious complications as well as an increased risk of lymphoma. It is unlikely that one strategy will be best for all patients given the underlying heterogeneity of CD presentation and severity. Ultimately, we must weigh the safety and efficacy of the therapies with the risks of the disease itself. Unfortunately our ability to risk stratify patients at diagnosis remains rudimentary. The purpose of this paper is to review the data that supports or refutes the differing treatment paradigms in CD, and to provide a rationale for an approach, termed the "accelerated step-up" approach, which attempts to balance the risks and benefits of our currently available therapies with the risk of disease related complications as we understand them in 2008.
文摘The top-down and bottom-up are two main approaches used in teaching extensive reading and both of them should be used alternatively so that students can not only understand the details but also the main ideas of reading materials.The importance of using top-down approach is emphasized and some suggestions are given on the problem that students pay so much attention on vocabulary and grammar rather than main idea in reading.
