Objective： This article provides an overview of characteristics of phospholipids, the characteristics and influential factors of liposome and microemulsion as carriers for skin delivery of drugs, and the latest advan...Objective： This article provides an overview of characteristics of phospholipids, the characteristics and influential factors of liposome and microemulsion as carriers for skin delivery of drugs, and the latest advances of the phospholipids carriers in transdermal delivery systems. The perspective is that phospholipids carriers may be capable of a wide range of applications in the transdermal delivery system.展开更多
Endoscopic removal of large(≥20 mm)non-pedunculated colorectal lesions(LNPCLs)may result in major adverse events,such as delayed bleeding(DB)and delayed perforation(DP),despite closure of the mucosal defects with cli...Endoscopic removal of large(≥20 mm)non-pedunculated colorectal lesions(LNPCLs)may result in major adverse events,such as delayed bleeding(DB)and delayed perforation(DP),despite closure of the mucosal defects with clips.Topical application of a coverage agent refers to the creation of a shield with a biocompatible medical device(tissue or hydrogel)with proven bioactive properties.Coverage of the eschar after endoscopic resection provides shielding protection to prevent delayed complications.The aim of the present review was to systematically collect and review the currently available literature regarding the prevention of DB and DP with coverage agents after endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection of LNPCLs.展开更多
Localized delivery of drugs is an emerging field both with regards to drug delivery during disease as well as in tissue engineering.Despite significant achievements made in the last decades,the efficient delivery of p...Localized delivery of drugs is an emerging field both with regards to drug delivery during disease as well as in tissue engineering.Despite significant achievements made in the last decades,the efficient delivery of proteins and peptides remains challenging,especially in cases requiring long-term release of proteins after application.The localized delivery of nucleic acids(NA)represents an interesting alternative due to higher physicochemical stability of NA,increased efficiency by harnessing cells as bioreactors for the production of required proteins and improved versatility with regards to expression of specific proteins through plasmid DNA or repression of gene products through siRNA.However,unlike most proteins and peptides,NA must be delivered to the cytoplasm or nucleus to be efficacious,resulting in significant delivery challenges.We herein describe frequently used non-viral vectors for the delivery of NA including polyplexes,lipoplexes and lipopolyplexes and summarize recent developments in the field of nucleic acid delivery systems for local application based on hydrogels,solid scaffolds and physical delivery methods.The challenges associated with the different approaches are identified and options to address these challenges are discussed.展开更多
The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and b...The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and behavior of beneficial insects. In this study, we assessed the risks posed by some insecticides with different mode of action through lethal and delayed systemic sublethal effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and repro- duction of the chrysopid Chrysoperla externa （Hagen, 1861; Neuroptera： Chrysopidae）, an important predator in pest biological control. The maximum field recommended dose （MFRD） and twice （2xMFRD） for chlorantraniliprole, tebufenozide, and pyriproxyfen were harmless to C. externa. In contrast, all the tested chitin synthesis inhibitors （CSIs） were highly detrimental to the predator, despite of their lack of acute lethal toxicity. There- fore, the safety assumed by using IGRs toward beneficial insects is not valid for chrysopids. Dose-response data showed that although all CSIs have a similar mechanism of action, the relative extent of toxicity may differ （novaluron 〉 lufenuron 〉 teflubenzuron）. For CSIs, the delayed systemic effects became obvious at adult emergence, where the predicted no observable effect dose （NOED） was 1/2 048 of the MFRD for novaluron （0.085 ng/insect）, and 1/256 of the MFRD for both lufenuron （0.25 ng/insect） and teflubenzuron （0.6 ng/insect）. Finally, this work emphasized the significance of performing toxicity risk assessments with an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating the toxicities of insecticides, as the acute lethal toxicity assays may not provide accurate information regarding the long-range effects of hazardous compounds.展开更多
基金This study was supported by Chongqing Tackle Key Prob-lems in Science and Technology Project(CSTC,2006AB5011)
文摘Objective： This article provides an overview of characteristics of phospholipids, the characteristics and influential factors of liposome and microemulsion as carriers for skin delivery of drugs, and the latest advances of the phospholipids carriers in transdermal delivery systems. The perspective is that phospholipids carriers may be capable of a wide range of applications in the transdermal delivery system.
文摘Endoscopic removal of large(≥20 mm)non-pedunculated colorectal lesions(LNPCLs)may result in major adverse events,such as delayed bleeding(DB)and delayed perforation(DP),despite closure of the mucosal defects with clips.Topical application of a coverage agent refers to the creation of a shield with a biocompatible medical device(tissue or hydrogel)with proven bioactive properties.Coverage of the eschar after endoscopic resection provides shielding protection to prevent delayed complications.The aim of the present review was to systematically collect and review the currently available literature regarding the prevention of DB and DP with coverage agents after endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection of LNPCLs.
文摘Localized delivery of drugs is an emerging field both with regards to drug delivery during disease as well as in tissue engineering.Despite significant achievements made in the last decades,the efficient delivery of proteins and peptides remains challenging,especially in cases requiring long-term release of proteins after application.The localized delivery of nucleic acids(NA)represents an interesting alternative due to higher physicochemical stability of NA,increased efficiency by harnessing cells as bioreactors for the production of required proteins and improved versatility with regards to expression of specific proteins through plasmid DNA or repression of gene products through siRNA.However,unlike most proteins and peptides,NA must be delivered to the cytoplasm or nucleus to be efficacious,resulting in significant delivery challenges.We herein describe frequently used non-viral vectors for the delivery of NA including polyplexes,lipoplexes and lipopolyplexes and summarize recent developments in the field of nucleic acid delivery systems for local application based on hydrogels,solid scaffolds and physical delivery methods.The challenges associated with the different approaches are identified and options to address these challenges are discussed.
文摘The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and behavior of beneficial insects. In this study, we assessed the risks posed by some insecticides with different mode of action through lethal and delayed systemic sublethal effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and repro- duction of the chrysopid Chrysoperla externa （Hagen, 1861; Neuroptera： Chrysopidae）, an important predator in pest biological control. The maximum field recommended dose （MFRD） and twice （2xMFRD） for chlorantraniliprole, tebufenozide, and pyriproxyfen were harmless to C. externa. In contrast, all the tested chitin synthesis inhibitors （CSIs） were highly detrimental to the predator, despite of their lack of acute lethal toxicity. There- fore, the safety assumed by using IGRs toward beneficial insects is not valid for chrysopids. Dose-response data showed that although all CSIs have a similar mechanism of action, the relative extent of toxicity may differ （novaluron 〉 lufenuron 〉 teflubenzuron）. For CSIs, the delayed systemic effects became obvious at adult emergence, where the predicted no observable effect dose （NOED） was 1/2 048 of the MFRD for novaluron （0.085 ng/insect）, and 1/256 of the MFRD for both lufenuron （0.25 ng/insect） and teflubenzuron （0.6 ng/insect）. Finally, this work emphasized the significance of performing toxicity risk assessments with an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating the toxicities of insecticides, as the acute lethal toxicity assays may not provide accurate information regarding the long-range effects of hazardous compounds.
