Integrated agronomic practice management(IAPM)is an effective strategy for increasing nitrogen(N)use efficiency(NUE)and yield during crop production.Although various studies have evaluated the mechanism of a single ag...Integrated agronomic practice management(IAPM)is an effective strategy for increasing nitrogen(N)use efficiency(NUE)and yield during crop production.Although various studies have evaluated the mechanism of a single agronomic management practice to increase yield and production efficiency and decrease environmental costs,few have investigated the effects of IAPM systems.A field experiment was conducted using four IAPM systems,a local smallholder farmers’practice system(T1),an improved management system(T2),a high-yield production system(T3),and an optimized management system(OMS),to study the annual yield,greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,carbon(C)footprint(CF),and net environmental ecological benefit(NEEB)of summer maize.The results revealed that OMS was the most advantageous choice of IAPM,which increased yield and NUE and reduced GHG emissions and CF.Under OMS,yield and NUE were 42.6%and 88.1%higher,and N_(2)O,CO_(2),and CH4 emissions were on average 35.4%,5.8%,and 156.5%lower,respectively,than those under T1.Of the four IAPM systems,OMS resulted in the best soil quality,the lowest soil bulk density,the highest soil C/N ratio,and the highest soil total organic C content,which contributed to reduced GHG emissions.Carbon footprint and cost were the lowest under OMS,which decreased fertilizer input and GHG emissions.Optimized management system reduced CF and C cost by 5.9%and 33.9%,respectively,and increased NEEB by 111.4%compared to T1.Although T3 had the highest yield,it also had the highest GHG emissions and CF.In conclusion,OMS delivered a high yield and NUE while mitigating negative environmental impacts and increasing NEEB.Therefore,OMS is a suitable management system to increase the productivity and sustainability of summer maize.展开更多
Cassava-groundnut intercropping is not a common practice among smallholder farmers in Sierra Leone even though both crops are well suited for intercropping. On-farm trials were conducted in three locations (Bai Largor...Cassava-groundnut intercropping is not a common practice among smallholder farmers in Sierra Leone even though both crops are well suited for intercropping. On-farm trials were conducted in three locations (Bai Largor, Bassah, and Njala Kanima) in the Moyamba district during the 2021 cropping season to investigate the efficacy of cassava-groundnut intercropping for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms in the Moyamba district, Southern Sierra Leone. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in three replications with treatments of sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping. Data on the yield and yield components of cassava and groundnut were analysed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 and means were compared using the standard error of difference (SED). The above-ground biomass, number of roots per plant, and fresh root yield of cassava were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the cassava-based cropping system. Averaged across locations, intercropping cassava with groundnut decreased the above-ground biomass, the number of roots per plant, and fresh root yield of cassava by 17%, 11%, and 17%, respectively. The above-ground biomass, number of pods per plant and fresh pod yield of groundnut were significantly (p 1), the highest net revenue and benefit-cost ratio. The benefit-cost ratio was also favourable for the sole cassava (BCR > 1) but not favourable for the sole groundnut (BCR < 1). Averaged across locations, intercropping cassava with groundnut increased the benefit-cost ratio by 121% and 13% when compared to the sole groundnut and sole cassava. In the event of a 40% yield loss for the cassava and groundnut, the benefit-cost ratio was favourable (1.12) only for the cassava groundnut intercropping system. The net soil organic carbon stock was favourable only for the cassava-groundnut intercrop. Averaged across locations, the net soil organic carbon for the cassava-groundnut intercropping increased by 3.4% when compared to the baseline within one cropping cycle of the cassava (12 months). The results confirm that cassava-groundnut intercropping is a sustainable land management practice that could enhance crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms.展开更多
The majority of proximal humerus fractures are lowenergy osteoporotic injuries in the elderly and their incidence is increasing in the light of an ageing population. The diversity of fracture patterns encountered rend...The majority of proximal humerus fractures are lowenergy osteoporotic injuries in the elderly and their incidence is increasing in the light of an ageing population. The diversity of fracture patterns encountered renders objective classification of prognostic value challenging. Non-operative management has been associated with good functional outcomes in stable, minimally displaced and certain types of displaced fractures.Absolute indications for surgery are infrequent and comprise compound, pathological, multi-fragmentary head-splitting fractures and fracture dislocations, as well as those associated with neurovascular injury. A constantly expanding range of reconstructive and replacement options however has been extending the indications for surgical management of complex proximal humerus fractures. As a result, management decisions are becoming increasingly complicated, in an attempt to provide the best possible treatment for each indi-vidual patient, that will successfully address their specific fracture configuration, comorbidities and functional expectations. Our aim was to review the management options available for the full range of proximal humerus fractures in adults, along with their specific advantages, disadvantages and outcomes.展开更多
Water environment is a part of ecological environment, and conservation of water environment has always been a focus of public attention in China, but water environment management in the vast countryside has been stuc...Water environment is a part of ecological environment, and conservation of water environment has always been a focus of public attention in China, but water environment management in the vast countryside has been stuck in bottleneck. Based on the fi eld investigation in Xianxia Town, Yudu County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, this paper explored the current situation of local water environment and the management diffi culties, then introduced the holistic view to integrate the linkage of government, market and society, proposed the universality of the individual case, and the new attempt centering on urban-rural integrated water environment management system with public participation mechanism, management subjects' benefit balance and coordination system, marketing operation mechanism and economic incentive mechanism as the extension.展开更多
This article introduces the historical evolution and the realities of china′s railway operating cost management system, then analyzes the various problems in it under current management system. And on the basis of th...This article introduces the historical evolution and the realities of china′s railway operating cost management system, then analyzes the various problems in it under current management system. And on the basis of the first two parts, the author gives proper design and advice, trying to be helpful to the great reform of the railway operating cost control system.展开更多
The paper is based on the summarization of forest certification development to analyze and describe how forest certification promotes and pushes the setup of forest resources management model, forest management level ...The paper is based on the summarization of forest certification development to analyze and describe how forest certification promotes and pushes the setup of forest resources management model, forest management level and collective forest tenure reform. In terms of breaking green trade barrier, upgrading international competitiveness of forest products, facilitating forestry enterprise growth, etc, it elaborated the role of forest certification in promoting forestry industry development. The authors also made an objective analysis on the costs and risks that China has to bear for conducting forest certification. Based on the comprehensive analysis on benefits and costs, the authors presented the specific recommendations on how China would conduct forest certification.展开更多
Design-manufacturing chain (D-MC) is the most important link of the supply chain with the greatest possibility in cost reduction. How to strengthen the effective management of interfacial relationship between designer...Design-manufacturing chain (D-MC) is the most important link of the supply chain with the greatest possibility in cost reduction. How to strengthen the effective management of interfacial relationship between designer and manufacturer and increase the effcency of interface management concerns the effciency of the whole supply chain. In order to evaluate and improve the impacts of D-MC interfacial relationship, first we should construct the evaluation index system and then we should analyze the total cost and benefit of the interfacial relationship betterment, including the cost of member units in D-MC, the opportunity cost of cooperation partners, and the market returns resulted from the interfacial relationship improvement, which will advance the whole supply chain effciency as well as enhance the management performance of D-MC.展开更多
目的探讨疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related group,DRG)收付费实施对房颤射频消融术费用的影响。方法采用回顾性分析与描述性分析相结合的方法,导出福建省立医院2021年1—6月(实施前)326例,2022年1—6月(实施后)363例进行分析对比。分...目的探讨疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related group,DRG)收付费实施对房颤射频消融术费用的影响。方法采用回顾性分析与描述性分析相结合的方法,导出福建省立医院2021年1—6月(实施前)326例,2022年1—6月(实施后)363例进行分析对比。分析DRG实施前后房颤射频消融术各种费用指标(住院天数、药品费、手术费、医务性收入、耗材费、麻醉费、检查化验费)的变化情况。采用多元线性回归分析住院总费用的影响因素,采用方差分析并发症对患者住院总费用的影响。结果DRG收付费实施后住院天数短于实施前,药品费、耗材费、手术费均低于实施前,医务性收入高于实施前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DRG收付费实施前后检查化验费、麻醉费比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。耗材费、药品费是影响医保支付金额的主要因素(P<0.05);无并发症组的住院总费用为(78290.320±5020.166)元,1个并发症组的住院总费用为(84669.870±20566.278)元,2个并发症组的住院总费用为(84881.250±20369.003)元,3个并发症组的住院总费用为(93440.170±28814.175)元,患者住院总费用比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),并发症越多,患者住院总费用越高。结论DRG收付费制度对优化医疗费用结构有一定作用,实施DRG能有效降低医疗费用,减少居民医疗服务支出,提高医疗服务质量,对推进我国DRG收付费的实施具有重大意义,为进一步推动完善DRG收付费改革提供理论依据,对于遏制医疗费用不合理增长、推动公立医院加强自身运营能力建设具有重要的理论与现实意义,但仍存在一些问题需要完善。展开更多
基金funded by China Agriculture Research System of Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the National Key and Development Program of China(No.2017YFD0300304).
文摘Integrated agronomic practice management(IAPM)is an effective strategy for increasing nitrogen(N)use efficiency(NUE)and yield during crop production.Although various studies have evaluated the mechanism of a single agronomic management practice to increase yield and production efficiency and decrease environmental costs,few have investigated the effects of IAPM systems.A field experiment was conducted using four IAPM systems,a local smallholder farmers’practice system(T1),an improved management system(T2),a high-yield production system(T3),and an optimized management system(OMS),to study the annual yield,greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,carbon(C)footprint(CF),and net environmental ecological benefit(NEEB)of summer maize.The results revealed that OMS was the most advantageous choice of IAPM,which increased yield and NUE and reduced GHG emissions and CF.Under OMS,yield and NUE were 42.6%and 88.1%higher,and N_(2)O,CO_(2),and CH4 emissions were on average 35.4%,5.8%,and 156.5%lower,respectively,than those under T1.Of the four IAPM systems,OMS resulted in the best soil quality,the lowest soil bulk density,the highest soil C/N ratio,and the highest soil total organic C content,which contributed to reduced GHG emissions.Carbon footprint and cost were the lowest under OMS,which decreased fertilizer input and GHG emissions.Optimized management system reduced CF and C cost by 5.9%and 33.9%,respectively,and increased NEEB by 111.4%compared to T1.Although T3 had the highest yield,it also had the highest GHG emissions and CF.In conclusion,OMS delivered a high yield and NUE while mitigating negative environmental impacts and increasing NEEB.Therefore,OMS is a suitable management system to increase the productivity and sustainability of summer maize.
文摘Cassava-groundnut intercropping is not a common practice among smallholder farmers in Sierra Leone even though both crops are well suited for intercropping. On-farm trials were conducted in three locations (Bai Largor, Bassah, and Njala Kanima) in the Moyamba district during the 2021 cropping season to investigate the efficacy of cassava-groundnut intercropping for increasing crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms in the Moyamba district, Southern Sierra Leone. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in three replications with treatments of sole groundnut, sole cassava and cassava-groundnut intercropping. Data on the yield and yield components of cassava and groundnut were analysed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 and means were compared using the standard error of difference (SED). The above-ground biomass, number of roots per plant, and fresh root yield of cassava were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the cassava-based cropping system. Averaged across locations, intercropping cassava with groundnut decreased the above-ground biomass, the number of roots per plant, and fresh root yield of cassava by 17%, 11%, and 17%, respectively. The above-ground biomass, number of pods per plant and fresh pod yield of groundnut were significantly (p 1), the highest net revenue and benefit-cost ratio. The benefit-cost ratio was also favourable for the sole cassava (BCR > 1) but not favourable for the sole groundnut (BCR < 1). Averaged across locations, intercropping cassava with groundnut increased the benefit-cost ratio by 121% and 13% when compared to the sole groundnut and sole cassava. In the event of a 40% yield loss for the cassava and groundnut, the benefit-cost ratio was favourable (1.12) only for the cassava groundnut intercropping system. The net soil organic carbon stock was favourable only for the cassava-groundnut intercrop. Averaged across locations, the net soil organic carbon for the cassava-groundnut intercropping increased by 3.4% when compared to the baseline within one cropping cycle of the cassava (12 months). The results confirm that cassava-groundnut intercropping is a sustainable land management practice that could enhance crop productivity and soil organic carbon stock on smallholder farms.
文摘The majority of proximal humerus fractures are lowenergy osteoporotic injuries in the elderly and their incidence is increasing in the light of an ageing population. The diversity of fracture patterns encountered renders objective classification of prognostic value challenging. Non-operative management has been associated with good functional outcomes in stable, minimally displaced and certain types of displaced fractures.Absolute indications for surgery are infrequent and comprise compound, pathological, multi-fragmentary head-splitting fractures and fracture dislocations, as well as those associated with neurovascular injury. A constantly expanding range of reconstructive and replacement options however has been extending the indications for surgical management of complex proximal humerus fractures. As a result, management decisions are becoming increasingly complicated, in an attempt to provide the best possible treatment for each indi-vidual patient, that will successfully address their specific fracture configuration, comorbidities and functional expectations. Our aim was to review the management options available for the full range of proximal humerus fractures in adults, along with their specific advantages, disadvantages and outcomes.
文摘Water environment is a part of ecological environment, and conservation of water environment has always been a focus of public attention in China, but water environment management in the vast countryside has been stuck in bottleneck. Based on the fi eld investigation in Xianxia Town, Yudu County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, this paper explored the current situation of local water environment and the management diffi culties, then introduced the holistic view to integrate the linkage of government, market and society, proposed the universality of the individual case, and the new attempt centering on urban-rural integrated water environment management system with public participation mechanism, management subjects' benefit balance and coordination system, marketing operation mechanism and economic incentive mechanism as the extension.
文摘This article introduces the historical evolution and the realities of china′s railway operating cost management system, then analyzes the various problems in it under current management system. And on the basis of the first two parts, the author gives proper design and advice, trying to be helpful to the great reform of the railway operating cost control system.
文摘The paper is based on the summarization of forest certification development to analyze and describe how forest certification promotes and pushes the setup of forest resources management model, forest management level and collective forest tenure reform. In terms of breaking green trade barrier, upgrading international competitiveness of forest products, facilitating forestry enterprise growth, etc, it elaborated the role of forest certification in promoting forestry industry development. The authors also made an objective analysis on the costs and risks that China has to bear for conducting forest certification. Based on the comprehensive analysis on benefits and costs, the authors presented the specific recommendations on how China would conduct forest certification.
基金the Chinese Public Service Platform for Science and Technology Management (No. 06DZ22924)the Economic Globalization and Innovation(No. 08692106700)
文摘Design-manufacturing chain (D-MC) is the most important link of the supply chain with the greatest possibility in cost reduction. How to strengthen the effective management of interfacial relationship between designer and manufacturer and increase the effcency of interface management concerns the effciency of the whole supply chain. In order to evaluate and improve the impacts of D-MC interfacial relationship, first we should construct the evaluation index system and then we should analyze the total cost and benefit of the interfacial relationship betterment, including the cost of member units in D-MC, the opportunity cost of cooperation partners, and the market returns resulted from the interfacial relationship improvement, which will advance the whole supply chain effciency as well as enhance the management performance of D-MC.
文摘目的探讨疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related group,DRG)收付费实施对房颤射频消融术费用的影响。方法采用回顾性分析与描述性分析相结合的方法,导出福建省立医院2021年1—6月(实施前)326例,2022年1—6月(实施后)363例进行分析对比。分析DRG实施前后房颤射频消融术各种费用指标(住院天数、药品费、手术费、医务性收入、耗材费、麻醉费、检查化验费)的变化情况。采用多元线性回归分析住院总费用的影响因素,采用方差分析并发症对患者住院总费用的影响。结果DRG收付费实施后住院天数短于实施前,药品费、耗材费、手术费均低于实施前,医务性收入高于实施前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DRG收付费实施前后检查化验费、麻醉费比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。耗材费、药品费是影响医保支付金额的主要因素(P<0.05);无并发症组的住院总费用为(78290.320±5020.166)元,1个并发症组的住院总费用为(84669.870±20566.278)元,2个并发症组的住院总费用为(84881.250±20369.003)元,3个并发症组的住院总费用为(93440.170±28814.175)元,患者住院总费用比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),并发症越多,患者住院总费用越高。结论DRG收付费制度对优化医疗费用结构有一定作用,实施DRG能有效降低医疗费用,减少居民医疗服务支出,提高医疗服务质量,对推进我国DRG收付费的实施具有重大意义,为进一步推动完善DRG收付费改革提供理论依据,对于遏制医疗费用不合理增长、推动公立医院加强自身运营能力建设具有重要的理论与现实意义,但仍存在一些问题需要完善。