Total Energy Expenditure of 16 Chinese Young Men Measured by the Doubly Labeled Water Method

Objective Doubly labeled water （DLW） method is the gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure （TEE）. We used this method to measure TEE in Chinese young men. Methods Sixteen healthy young men age 23±1 recruited. TEE was measured by the DLW method, by indirect calorimetry. We also conducted 24-h estimate energy requirements of the subjects. years with body mass index 22.0±1.4 kg/m2 were and basal energy expenditure （BEE） was determined activity, energy balance and factorial approach to Results TEE of subjects by DLW method was 9.45±0.57 M J/day （2258±180 kcal/day）. The 24-h activity was 10.80±0.33 M J/day （2582±136 kcal/day）. The energy requirement, derived from energy balance observations, was 9.93±1.32 M J/day （2373±315 kcal/day）. The BEE of 6.65±0.28 M J/day （1589±67 kcal/day）, calculated by the adjusted Schofield equation, was significantly higher （P〈O.O01） than that measured by indirect calorimetry, 5.99-±0.66 M J/day （1433-±158 kcal/day）. The TEE derived from the factorial approach was 10.31-±0.43 M J/day （2463±104 kcal/day）. Conclusion The TEE of Chinese young men measured by the DLW method was about 10% lower than the current recommended nutrient intake （RNI）, suggesting that the RNI for Chinese men maybe overestimated. Further studies are warranted to determine the value of the estimated energy requirement.

Total Energy Conservation and the Symplectic Algorithm

Based on the principle of total energy conservation, we give two important algorithms, the total energy conservation algorithm and the symplectic algorithm, which are established for the spherical shallow water equations. Also, the relation between the two algorithms is analyzed and numerical tests show the efficiency of the algorithms.

Impacts of Total Energy Consumption Control and Energy Quota Allocation on China′s Regional Economy Based on A 30-region Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper examined the impacts of the total energy consumption control policy and energy quota allocation plans on China′s regional economy. This research analyzed the influences of different energy quota allocation plans with various weights of equity and efficiency, using a dynamic computable general equilibrium(CGE) model for 30 province-level administrative regions. The results show that the efficiency-first allocation plan costs the least but widens regional income gap, whereas the outcomes of equity-first allocation plan and intensity target-based allocation plan are similar and are both opposite to the efficiency-first allocation plan′ outcome. The plan featuring a balance between efficiency and equity is more feasible, which can bring regional economic losses evenly and prevent massive interregional migration of energy-related industries. Furthermore, the effects of possible induced energy technology improvements in different energy quota allocation plans were studied. Induced energy technology improvements can add more feasibility to all allocation plans under the total energy consumption control policy. In the long term, if the policy of the total energy consumption control continues and more market-based tools are implemented to allocate energy quotas, the positive consequences of induced energy technology improvements will become much more obvious.

Total Energy and Electronic States of CdSe Nanoparticles

The authors fulfilled calculations of the total energy and electronic states of Cd_(n)Se_(n) nanoparticle:“wurzite”,“sphalerite”and“rock-salt”types of the structure.It was shown that at n≤72 the“rock-salt”type is the most favorable energetically.However the extrapolation of the behavior of the energy per Cd-Se atomic pair shows that for n>130(corresponding to a size of about 2 nm),particles with a“wurtzite”structure can be more advantageous.Particles of the“wurtzite”and“rock-salt”types have an electronic structure with an energy gap.For particles with the“wurtzite”structure,the gap width decreases with increasing particle size:from 3.3 eV to 2.2 eV as the particle increases from 0.5 nm to 1.5 nm.For particles of the“rock-salt”type,the gap width grows slightly,remaining about 3 eV.“Sphalerite”-type particles have a metal-like electronic structure.

SUPER NONLINEAR TOTAL ENERGY OF A PARTICLE AND THE THEORY OF DE BROGLIE WAVE

By using Laurent series, the veloci ty (～c) is expanded and then the total energy expression of a particle moving w ith high velocity is obtained. The total energy contains two parts: the rest e ne rgy and the kinetic energy. Also in this paper the theory of the de Broglie wave from the relation of the energy_momentum is obtained in which the phase velocit y is still less than the velocity of light c .

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅷ)—PRINCIPLE OF TOTAL WORK AND ENERGY

Theoretical incompleteness of the existing conservation laws of energy for polar continuum mechanics is further clarified. For completeness, the principles of total work and energy and of total work and energy of incremental rate type are postulated. Via total variations of the former and the latter of them, the principles of virtual displacement and microrotation & stress and couple stress as well as virtual velocity and angular velocity & stress rate and couple stress rate are immediately obtained, respectively. From these principles all balance equations and boundary conditions for micropolar mechanics are naturally and simultaneously deduced. The essential differences between the nontraditional results obtained in this paper and the existing conservation laws of energy are expounded.

Influencing Factors of Total Factor Energy Efficiency in Bohai Rim Region Based on DEA-Tobit Model

Bohai Rim region is an important economic development area and a large carbon emission area in China.It is of great significance to explore the total factor energy efficiency and its influencing factors for the low carbon transformation and high-quality development of the Bohai Rim region.Based on the total factor energy efficiency framework,the DDF-DEA model was used to calculate the total factor energy efficiency,and the internal and external differences of the total factor energy efficiency were further analyzed.The internal and external influencing factors were determined by ML index method and classical endogenous growth theory,and then the Tobit panel model was used to empirically analyze the action mechanism of all influencing factors of total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.The results show that the pure technical efficiency,scale efficiency and technological progress among the internal influencing factors contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.Industrial structure,industrial internal structure and ownership structure inhibit the improvement of energy efficiency.Energy consumption structure and energy endowment also have a negative impact on energy efficiency.Therefore,measures such as promoting technological progress,adjusting economic structure and optimizing energy structure will effectively improve total factor energy efficiency in the Bohai Rim region.

Study of Total Process Energy Integration

The energy utilization consistency method in process integration extracts the key component of process energy utilization, and simplifies the procedure of process analysis and integration. The method allows the conversion of the total process energy integration into a synthesis problem of a pseudo-heat exchanger network. The advantages of using the energy utilization consistency and the pseudo-temperature methods are presented by two examples of integration of large-scale complex processes. The improved genetic algorithm is proved to be an effective tool in the retrofitting procedures.

Estimates of the Charges and Size of the Three Types of Neutrinos

It is the current belief of the Physics Community that neutrinos are bereft of Charge because of Conservation of Charge in decay processes such as Beta Decay and are point particles with no physical size or shape. It is the purpose of this paper to calculate the charges and the size of the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tau neutrino based on data available of their rest masses using the charges and rest masses of the electron, muon, and tau leptons from the Standard Model of Particle Physics Table. We base our calculations on the premise that Energy can create both Mass and Charge. Charge by itself is not conserved in any process that produces neutrinos. Only Total Energy is conserved.

Bound State Description of Particles from a Quantum Field Theory of Fermions and Bosons, Compatible with Relativity

Both, the dilemma to find a quantum field theory consistent with Einstein’s law of relativity and the problem to describe existing particles as bound states of matter has been solved by calculating bound state matrix elements from a dual fermion-boson Lagrangian. In this formalism, the fermion binding energies are compensated by boson energies, indicating that particles can be generated out of the vacuum. This yields quantitative solutions for various mesons ω (0.78 GeV) - Υ (9.46 GeV) and all leptons e, μ and τ, with uncertainties in the extracted properties of less than 1‰. For transparency, a Web-page with the address htpps://h2909473.stratoserver.net has been constructed, where all calculations can be run on line and also the underlying fortran source code can be inspected.

Thermodynamic analysis and combined cycle research on recoverable pressure energy in natural gas pipeline

Current research and ways of capturing mechanical energy are discussed in this paper. By the aid of the comprehensive thermodynamic analysis and Aspen simulation tool, the amount of a vailable work that can be produced from capturing the pressure energy has been calculated. Based on the comprehensive thermodynamic analysis, two systems have been proposed to capture pressure energy of natural gas to generate electricity. In this study, the expression of exergy is given which can be used in evaluating purposes. A problem with this multidisciplinary study is the complicated boundary condition. In conclusion, a technical prospect on recoverable natural gas pressure energy has been presented based on total energy system theory.

Comparison of heart rate monitoring with indirect calorimetry for energy expenditure evaluation

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare established methods with newly-developed methods for estimating the total energy expenditure(TEE). Methods:The study subjects comprised 46 individuals,including 16 middle-aged men(mean age 51.4 years),14 middle-aged women(mean age 49.9 years) and 16 young women(mean age 19.1 years).The TEE was estimated from 24-h heart rate(HR) data using newly-developed software (MoveSense HRAnalyzer 201 la,RC1.Suunto Oy,Vantaa,Finland),and was compared against the TEE determined using doubly labeled water (DLW).Agreement between the two methods was analyzed using Bland and Altman plots. Results:The HR method yielded similar TEE values as the DLW method at the group level,with an average of 8.6 kcal/day in the difference in the mean,but with large individual variations.Forty-four(96%) out of 46 subjects fell within±2SD of the mean difference in TEE comparisons, and there was no tendency towards under- or over-estimation. Conclusion:Our results indicate that the current software using HR analysis for the estimation of daily TEE needs further development for use with free-living individuals.

SELF-CONSISTENT TOTAL ENERGIES AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF HYDROGENIZED Ni,Al AND Ni_3Al

By use of the self-consistent method of linear muffin-tin orbitals with the atomic sphere approximation on the basis of density functional theory, the total energies and the electron-ic sTructures ofNi, Al, and their hydrides NiH. A1H and Ni3AlH are calculated. The theoretical excess energies and the lattice strains due to hydrogen absorption consequently obtained from the ah initio results indicate that Ni is a better hydrogen absorber than Al, an. the absorptivity of Ni3Al dramatically decreases owing to the repulsion between Al and H On the other hand, the changes of band structures due to hydrogenation are found to be remparkable except that tor Al. and they are shown to be the qualitative manifestation of existing conclusions from photoemission experiments.

Calculations Energy of the (<i>nl</i>²) ¹<i>L^π</i>Doubly Excited States of Two-Electron Systems via the Screening Constant by Unit Nuclear Charge Formalism

In this work, the total energies of doubly excited states (ns2) 1Se, (np2) 1De, (nd2) 1Ge, (nf2) 1Ie, (ng2) 1Ke, and (nh2) 1Me of the helium isoelectronic sequence with Z ≤ 10 are calculated in the framework of the variational method of the Screening Constant by Unit Nuclear Charge (SCUNC). These calculations are performed using a new wavefunction correlated to Hylleraas-type. The possibility of using the SCUNC method in the investigation of high-lying Doubly Excited States(DES) in two-electron systems is demonstrated in the present work in the case of the (nl2) 1Lπ doubly excited states, where accurate total energies are tabulated up to n = 20. All the results obtained in this paper are in agreement with the values of the available literature and may be useful for future experimental and theoretical studies on the doubly excited (nl2) 1Lπ states of two-electron systems.

Assessing Cleaner Energy Alternatives for Bus Transit in Rio de Janeiro:A Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

From 2003 to 2009 in Brazilian municipalities of over 60,000 inhabitants, buses accounted for more than 25% of urban trips. This trend is not expected to change in the medium term. Worldwide, buses rely on petroleum diesel as fuel. In Brazil, alternative fuels such as biodiesel, natural gas and ethanol are available and the choice among them should depend on the assessment of the entire life cycle of such fuels. This paper uses a Life Cycle Inventory, which is essential to the implementation of a Life Cycle Assessment, to assess six energy alternatives: petroleum diesel, biodiesel, petroleum diesel with 5% of biodiesel, compressed natural gas, additivated hydrous ethanol and dual-fuel system composed by petroleum diesel with 5% of biodiesel and compressed natural gas. In saving total energy consumption, pure petroleum diesel or mixed with 5% biodiesel and dual-fuel systems stand out, in that order. If renewable energy use and net carbon dioxide emissions reduction are the goals, ethanol and biodiesel should be given preference. The addition of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel increases the share of renewable energy in the supply chain of petroleum diesel by 47.5% with an increase of 0.58% in total energy consumption and a reduction of 3.8% in net CO2 emissions during the life cycle. In the case of biodiesel, the addition of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel increases the share of renewable energy in the supply chain by 51.15% with an increase of 0.03% in the total energy consumption and a decrease of 7% in net CO2 emissions in the life cycle. The use of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel does not significantly affect the use of renewable energy (+0.69%) or total energy consumption (+0.04%) in ethanol supply chain, which already shows a great use of renewable energy input. However, a decrease of 9.29% in the net CO2 emissions in the supply chain occurs, which reaches 5.28% in the life cycle.

Measurement of the Thermic Effect of Food in a Chinese Mixed Diet in Young People

Objective To determine the thermic effect of food(TEF)in a Chinese mixed diet in young people.Methods During the study,the participants were weighed and examined for body composition every morning.The total energy expenditure(TEE)of the participants was measured by the doubly labeled water method for 7 days,and during this period,basal energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity energy expenditure was measured by an accelerometer.The value obtained by subtracting basal energy expenditure and physical activity energy expenditure from TEE was used to calculate TEF.Results Twenty healthy young students(18–30 years;10 male)participated in the study.The energy intake of the participants was not significantly different from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intake of energy(P>0.05).The percentage of energy from protein,fat and carbohydrate were all in the normal range.The intakes of fruits,milk and dietary fiber of the participants were significantly lower than those in the Chinese Dietary Guidelines(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the body weight of the participants during the experiment(P>0.05).When adjusted for body weight,there was no significant difference in either TEE or basal energy expenditure between the male and female participants(P>0.05).In addition,there was no significant difference in physical activity energy expenditure and TEF between the male and female participants(P>0.05).The percentage of TEF in TEE was 8.73%.Conclusion The percentage of TEF in TEE in a Chinese mixed diet in young people was significantly lower than 10%(P<0.001).A value of 10%is usually considered to be the TEF in mixed diets as a percentage of TEE.

Life Cycle Assessment Introduced by Using Nanorefrigerant of Organic Rankine Cycle System for Waste Heat Recovery

The use of nanorefrigerants in Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC)units is believed to affect the cycle environment performance,but backed with very few relevant studies.For this purpose,a life cycle assessment(LCA)has been performed for the ORC system using nanorefrigerant,the material and energy input,characteristic indicators and comprehensive index of environmental impact,total energy consumption and energy payback time(BPBT)of the whole life cycle of ORC system using Al_(2)O_(3)/R141b nanorefrigerant were calculated.Total environmental comprehensive indexes reveal that ECER-135 index decrease by 1.5%after adding 0.2%Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles to R141b.Based on the contribution analysis and sensitivity analysis,it can be found out ORC system manufacturing is of the most critical stage,where,the ECER-135 index of ORC component production is the greatest,followed by the preparation process of R141b,transportation phase,and that of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles preparation is small.The retirement phase which has good environmental benefits affects the result significantly by recycling important materials.Meanwhile,the main cause and relevant suggestion for improvement were traced respectively.Finally,the environmental impacts of various power generations were compared,and results show that the power route is of obvious advantage.Among the renewable energy,ORC system using Al_(2)O_(3)/R141b nanorefrigerant with minimal environmental impact is only 0.67%of coal-fired power generation.The environmental impact of current work is about 14.34%of other nations’PV results.

Rapid diagnostic method for transplutonium isotope production in high flux reactors

Transplutonium isotopes are scarce and need to be produced by irradiation in high flux reactors.However,their production is inefficient,and optimization studies are necessary.This study analyzes the physical nature of transplutonium isotope produc-tion using ^(252)Cf,^(244)Cm,^(242)Cm,and ^(238)Pu as examples.Traditional methods based on the Monte Carlo burnup calculation have the limitations of many calculations and cannot analyze the individual energy intervals in detail;thus,they cannot sup-port the refined evaluation,screening,and optimization of the irradiation schemes.After understanding the physical nature and simplifying the complexity of the production process,we propose a rapid diagnostic method for evaluating radiation schemes based on the concepts“single energy interval value(SEIV)”and“energy spectrum total value(ESTV)”.The rapid diagnostic method not only avoids tedious burnup calculations,but also provides a direction for optimization.The optimal irradiation schemes for producing ^(252)Cf,^(244)Cm,^(242)Cm,and ^(238)Pu are determined based on a rapid diagnostic method.Optimal irradiation schemes can significantly improve production efficiency.Compared with the initial scheme,the optimal scheme improved the production efficiency of ^(238)Pu by 7.41 times;^(242)Cm,11.98 times;^(244)Cm,65.20 times;and ^(252)Cf,15.08 times.Thus,a refined analysis of transplutonium isotope production is conducted and provides a theoretical basis for improving production efficiency.

Study on Buildings CCHP System Based on SOFC

The relationship among the working temperature,pressure and current density of a Solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)and its output power and efficiency are analyzed in the framework of a theoretical model able to provide,among other things,the volt ampere characteristic curve.In particular,following the principle of temperature matching and cascade utilization,we consider a gas turbine(GT)and a LiBr absorption chiller to recycle the high-grade exhaust heat produced by the considered SOFC.This distributed total energy system is set up with the intent to meet typical needs of buildings for cooling,heating and power(CCHP).The total power generated by the considered SOFC and gas turbine is about 222 kW and the total power generation efficiency by low heat value of fuel(LHV)is 63.7%.In the CCHP system,the high temperature exhaust of GT is further used to drive LiBr absorption unit,which can produce about 34.8 kW cooling capacity or 84.5 kW of heat(the total energy utilization 78.03%).

Spatial Decay Estimates for the Solutions to Stokes Equations in Four Kinds of Semi-Infinite Cylinders

This paper investigates the spatial behavior of the solutions of the Stokes equations in a semi-infinite cylinder.We consider four kinds of semi-infinite cylinders with boundary conditions of Dirichlet type.For each type of cylinder we obtain the spatial decay estimates for the solutions.To make the attenuation meaningful,we derive the explicit bound for the total energy in terms of the initial boundary data.