New treatment of patellar instability after total knee arthroplasty: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Patellar instability is an uncommon complication after total knee arthroplasty(TKA).Partial lateral patella facetectomy(LPF)with lateral retinaculum release treatment of patellar instability is rarely reported.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of patellar instability 8 mo after primary TKA.Treatment of this complication was adapted to address the cause of the dislocation.To eliminate patellar instability,we restored the vastus medialis and performed LPF with lateral retinaculum release.We achieved normal patellar tracking.Clinical and radiographic evaluations at the 1-year postoperative follow-up were satisfactory.CONCLUSION LPF with lateral retinaculum release represents a promising option to restore central patellar tracking in patients with patellar instability after TKA in cases without component malposition.

A Case of Simultaneous Total Knee Arthroplasty in Congenital Dislocation of the Patella

The gonarthrosis with congenital dislocation of the patella is rare condition. This paper will report about total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the valgus knee with bilateral congenital dislocation of the patella. A 52-year-old woman presented to our hospital with progressive pain in bilateral knees. Both knee showed severe valgus deformity and lateral dislocation of the patella. Anteroposterior weight-bearing radiographs showed osteoarthritic changes in the lateral compartment with 7 valgus deformity at the right and 15 at the left. A bilateral TKA with cruciate retained components (NAKASHIMA FINE) was performed. Good tracking of the patella was achieved by using a lateral parapatellar approach and vastus medialis plication. There are no normative guidelines of operative procedure about TKA for osteoarthritis of valgus knee with congenital dislocation of the patella. With some referencing to current literature, strategies to good patella tracking are discussed.

Total knee arthroplasty for treatment of post-traumatic arthritis: Systematic review

AIM To review and report functional outcomes, complications,and survivorship associated with total knee arthroplasty(TKA) in the treatment of post-traumatic arthritis(PTA).METHODS We conducted a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS in December 2015 for Englishlanguage clinical research studies, both prospective and retrospective, examining the use of TKA for the treatment of PTA. All relevant articles were accessed in full. The manual search included references of retrieved articles.We extracted data on patients' demographics and clinical outcomes, including preoperative diagnosis and pre- and post-operative functional scores. We summarized the data and reported the results in tables and text.RESULTS Sixteen studies, four prospective and ten retrospective,examined patients who underwent TKA for PTA due to fractures of the proximal tibia, patella, and/or distal femur. Eleven studies utilized the Knee Society Scores criteria to assess functional outcomes. All studies utilizing these criteria reported an improvement in functional and knee scores of patients following TKA. Further, studies reported an increased range of motion(ROM) and reduction of pain following surgery. The most commonly reported complications with TKA included infection, stiffness, wound complications, intraoperative rupture of tendons, and osteolysis/polyethylene wear. The overwhelming majority of these complications occurred within the first two years following surgery. Six studies examined the survivorship of TKA with subsequent revision for any reason as an endpoint. Compared to patients with osteoarthritis, patients with PTA required more revisions, the majority for polyethylene wear.CONCLUSION Although associated with higher complication rates,TKA is an effective treatment for PTA, as it improves ROM, pain and functional outcomes.

New Classification and Visual Analysis of the Patella Cartilage during Total Knee Replacement

Objective: The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate how much damage the patellar cartilage presents during a total knee replacement. Methods: The damage of the articular patellar surface was analysed by visual inspection and photographs in 354 primary total knee replacements. The authors graded the degree of cartilage lesion in five groups. The cartilage status was analyzed and correlated with age, gender, side, body mass index (BMI), Kellgren-Lawrence radiographic scale and axial deviation. Results: After statistical analysis, we concluded: there was no evidence of an association between patellar arthrosis and age gender, side, weight and deformity. Conclusions: Articular cartilage was damaged in all 354 knees. Important subchondral bone exposure occurred in 274 knees (77.4%). Obese patients had more severe patellar osteoarthritis.

Effects of Denervation on the Mid-term Results of Knee Joint Functions after Non-resurfaced Total Knee Arthroplasty

Objective:Total knee arthroplasty(TKA)has become an effective treatment modality for end-stage osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.Postoperative problems such as anterior knee pain affect postoperative patient satisfaction.Patellar denervation has been proposed as a technique to relieve pain,but its efficacy remains controversial.This study evaluated the mid-and long-term effects of patellar denervation on postoperative knee joint functions,hoping to provide better guidance for clinical practice.Methods:This study is a prospective randomized controlled double-blind study.58 patients undergoing bilateral non-resurfaced total knee arthroplasty were included and randomized into two groups.Both groups underwent total knee arthroplasty while patellar denervation was performed only on the experimental group.Information regarding whether if patellar denervation was performed were withheld from all patients and outcome assessors.All surgeries were performed by the same high-level professional physician,and the post-stable knee prosthesis system(PS Scorpio NRG PS,Stryker)was used during the surgeries.The knee joint functions were evaluated by professional assessors before and after surgery.The evaluation indicators mainly include KSS scoring,Western Ontario and McMaster Universities(WOMAC)scoring and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS),FJS scoring,etc.The follow-up period was 3 years and 5 years after surgery.Results:The experimental group had better KSS and FJS scores than the control group,the difference was statistically significant.There was no significant inter-group difference in WOMAC and VAS scores.Conclusion:The patellar denervation in TKA patients has positive effects on the mid-and long-term recovery of knee joint functions,and the postoperative satisfaction is better.

Are There Any Clinical and Radiographic Differences Between Quadriceps-sparing and Mini-medial Parapatellar Approaches in Total Knee Arthroplasty After a Minimum 5 Years of Follow-up？

Background： Although the early clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty （TKA） using minimally invasive surgery techniques have been widely described, data on the mid- to long-term outcomes are limited. We designed a retrospective study to compare the two most common TKA techniques - The modified quadriceps-sparing （m-QS） approach and the mini-medial parapatellar （MMP） approach - In terms of the clinical and radiographic parameters, over a minimum follow-up period of 5 years. Methods： The m-QS approach was used in 31 knees and the MMP approach, in 36 knees. Knees in both groups were compared for component position and alignment, knee alignment, length of the skin incision, range of motion, Visual Analog Scale score, muscle torques, Knee Society Score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and number of complications. Results： There were no major intergroup differences in any of the clinical and radiographic outcomes assessed at the final follow-up examination. Conclusions： On the basis of numbers studied, the m-QS group, which requires more technique, showed equivalent results with the MMP group in the postoperative 5 years. Preservation of the extensor mechanism in the m-QS approach could not ensure any improvement in the clinical outcomes during the mid-term follow-up duration.

Does Quadriceps-sparing Total Knee Arthroplasty Increase the Risk of Lower Limb and Component Malalignment？ A Minimum 5-year Follow-up Study

The conventional total knee arthroplasty （TKA） is the most successful surgical procedure for relieving pain and improving poor function in patients with advanced arthritis. However, postoperative pain and delayed rehabilitation are the greatest complaints for the conventional approach. Recently, various minimally invasive surgery （MIS） TKA-techniques have been developed to address the concern. MIS-TKAs have shown less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery after surgery.

Systematic review of the etiology behind patellar clunk syndrome

BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty is one of the most successful operations performed worldwide today.Patellar clunk syndrome(PCS)is a postoperative complication that arises due to the development of a fibrous nodule along the undersurface of the quadriceps tendon.The current literature on PCS has not yet come to a consensus regarding its etiology.To date,this is the first study that analyzes the existing literature on PCS in order to generate a conclusion regarding its etiology.It is hypothesized that prosthesis design is the main component behind the development of PCS.AIM To determine the etiology of PCS and its association with pre and post-operative characteristics of the prosthesis and native knee.METHODS We conducted a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines by searching through PubMed,Cochrane,and Google Scholar from May-July 2018 for cases of PCS using search MeSH terms“patella OR patellar”AND“clunk”OR“catch”OR“crepitus”.The search included case series and clinical trials and excluded review articles,yielding 30 articles from the original search and 3 additional articles from reference lists.We extracted data upon the outcomes in patients afflicted with PCS to determine the etiology of PCS.We performed additional bias assessments to validate our search algorithm and results.RESULTS Prosthesis design was the metric most frequently implicated in the incidence of PCS,though several other metrics were contributory toward its pathogenesis.Later prosthetic designs incorporate a reduced intercondylar box ratio and box width to reduce contact between the proximal patellar pole and the intercondylar box,thereby reducing incidence of PCS.CONCLUSION The etiology of PCS is multifactorial,owing to the growing metrics that have associations with its incidence.This conclusion is validated by the significance of prosthesis design as the most likely parameter involved in developing PCS since different prosthesis designs are often the result of different parameters.Future studies should be directed at isolating individual prosthetic parameters of prosthesis designs in order to determine what permutation of parameters is most closely associated with the development of PCS.

全膝关节置换术治疗双侧膝骨关节炎合并先天髌骨脱位1例

患者,女,64岁,自诉幼年时行走不如常人,但能正常行走,无须拄拐。10多年前无诱因出现双膝关节疼痛,可行走,须口服止痛药物;7年前双膝疼痛加重,跛行,须拄拐,行走500 m左右;2021年1月,摔倒,未予治疗,遂不能行走,须卧床或乘轮椅出行。2021年5月,因双膝关节持续疼痛,影响生活而来就诊。体格检查:乘轮椅就诊,双膝严重屈曲外翻畸形,双侧髌骨外侧脱位,不能回复,能主动屈膝,不能主动伸膝,左膝被动活动度0°~50°,外翻50°,右膝被动活动度0°~100°,外翻40°,踝关节及足发育畸形。内外侧应力试验显示内侧副韧带明显松弛,外侧副韧带无明显松弛。前后抽屉试验阳性,股四头肌肌力5级。左膝可以触及股骨内侧髁的异常活动和骨擦感。

骨盆正中体位双下肢全长摄影在全膝关节置换术中的应用价值研究

目的分析骨盆正中体位双下肢全长摄影在全膝关节置换术中的应用价值。方法92例行全膝关节置换术的患者均拍摄骨盆正中体位及髌骨正中体位的双下肢全长图像,比较两种体位下的测量结果,比较手术前后的膝关节功能。结果骨盆正中位下患者的mMPTA、mLDFA、FBA均大于髌骨正中位(P<0.05);两种体位下的mFTA比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,患者的膝关节活动度、屈曲畸形、稳定性、疼痛、功能评分均高于术前(P<0.05)。结论骨盆正中体位双下肢全长摄影在全膝关节置换术中具有较高的临床应用价值,能够有效获得准确的下肢力线相关数据,利于促进患者术后膝关节功能恢复。

非置换髌骨的非骨水泥型全膝关节置换术中期疗效

目的通过回顾性研究一组非置换髌骨的非骨水泥型全膝关节置换术的中期临床疗效,探讨其临床应用的可行性和可靠性。方法1997年6月-2000年3月,在德国奥格斯堡海森基金会医院第一临床骨科共完成152例152膝非置换髌骨的非骨水泥型全膝关节置换术。男63例,女89例;年龄51～72岁,平均59岁。左膝70例,右膝82例。骨性关节炎146例,创伤性关节炎6例。病程1.0～3.5年。膝关节活动度30～90°,平均55°。HSS评分(41.5±12.3)分。术中均采用德国Plus公司的后交叉韧带保留型非骨水泥型全膝关节置换假体。结果术后5例膝前痛,经对症治疗后疼痛缓解。无深部感染发生。145例获随访5～8年,平均6.5年。随访期末HSS评分(87.5±8.2)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。膝关节活动度90～110o,平均95o。18例患者术后3～6个月X线片示透亮线在胫骨侧,其中15例透亮线宽度<2 mm,无临床症状;3例透亮线>2 mm,其中2例因无菌性松动,行胫骨侧假体翻修术,同时更换聚乙烯衬垫,另1例仅有轻度疼痛,随访期间无松动症状,未作特殊处理。结论中期随访显示股骨侧、胫骨侧骨-假体界面的骨长入,结合效果满意。术后假体早期微动是导致松动的主要原因。保留髌骨的非骨水泥型全膝关节置换术同样可达到满意疗效。

人工全膝关节置换术髌骨置换有效性的系统评价

目的系统评价人工全膝关节置换术(Total knee arthroplasty,TKA)髌骨置换的疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed(1950～2008.6)、OVIDMEDLINE(1950～2008.6)、OVIDCINAHL(1950～2008.6)、OVIDEBM(2008年第2季度)、CBMdisc(1978～2008.6)、CNKI(1981～2008.6),手工检索《中华外科杂志》等6种中文主要外科杂志。收集比较人工全膝关节置换术髌骨置换与髌骨不置换的随机对照试验(RCT),评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并提取有效数据采用Stata10.0软件进行Meta分析,以比较髌骨置换组和髌骨不置换组中因髌股关节问题再手术、膝前痛及膝关节HSS评分(The Knee Society score)的差异。结果共纳入13个RCT,包括1566例患者。Meta分析结果显示:髌骨置换组因髌股关节问题再手术的发生率显著低于髌骨不置换组[n=13,RR=0.34,95%CI(0.19,0.59),P<0.01]。按随访时间进行亚组分析,随访<5年亚组再手术发生率差异无统计学意义[RR=0.40,95%C(I0.16,1.00),P=0.05],随访≥5年亚组,再手术发生率髌骨置换组显著低于髌骨不置换组[RR=0.30,95%CI(0.14,0.62),P<0.01]。在显著性膝前痛及随访时膝关节HSS功能评分上,两组差异均无统计学意义。结论髌骨置换术后因髌股关节问题再手术的发生率显著低于非髌骨置换组,这种差异在长期随访时更为明显。在膝前痛发生率和膝关节HSS评分上,髌骨置换组与髌骨不置换组相比差异无统计学意义。由于纳入研究存在不同形式的偏倚,得出的结论还需要大样本、多中心及长期随访的随机对照试验来进一步证实。

全膝关节置换:股内侧肌下与内侧髌旁入路的比较

背景:目前国内全膝关节置换以内侧髌旁入路为主,创伤大、恢复慢,而经股内侧肌下入路更符合正常解剖,能完整保留伸膝装置,临床对于二者的相关比较研究极少。目的:对比经股内侧肌下入路与内侧髌旁入路行全膝关节置换的早期疗效。方法:2009年1月至2010年1月,55例(70膝)膝关节病变患者被随机分为股内侧肌下入路组26例(35膝)和内侧髌旁入路组29例(35膝),分别采用经股内侧肌下入路与内侧髌旁入路行全膝关节置换。比较2组患者切口长度、手术时间、置换后引流量、依托考昔片追加量、疼痛度、直腿抬高时间、起始下地时间、住院时间、膝关节活动度、膝关节功能评分、假体力线对位以及并发症情况。所有假体均选用Johnson&Johnson公司旋转平台的Sigma型假体。结果与结论:55例患者获得12-24个月随访,均未出现感染、下肢深静脉血栓、血管神经损伤、关节不稳、假体松动或移位等并发症。所有假体均获得正确的力线对位。股内侧肌下入路组患者置换手术时间大于内侧髌旁入路组(P=0.00),而切口长度、置换后引流量、依托考昔片追加量、目测类比疼痛评分、直腿抬高时间、起始下地时间、住院时间、置换后3d膝关节活动度及美国特种外科医院评分均优于内侧髌旁入路组(P<0.05)。置换后3个月膝关节活动度、膝关节功能评分2组差异无显著性意义。提示经股内侧肌下入路全膝关节置换早期疗效显著优于经内侧髌旁入路,而2种入路在假体力线对位方面无差异。

髌股关节形态测量及其在膝关节假体设计中的应用

目的:利用影像学方法研究髌股关节各部件的形态及相互关系,为膝关节假体设计提供理论依据。方法:对48例志愿者膝关节进行不同位置MRI成像,在水平位、冠状位和矢状位的膝关节MRI图像上观察测量髌股关节各部件的形态及相互关系,并对关节接触面宽度和角度的比值进行直线相关分析。结果:男性髌骨高(41.87±4.67)mm,宽(41.08±4.30)mm;女性髌骨高(35.34±5.15)mm,宽(36.71±3.07)mm。48例研究对象中髌骨属不稳定型的比例高达37.50%(18/48)。男性股骨远端宽(80.70±6.40)mm,女性股骨远端宽(70.64±8.70)mm;女性髌骨的髁间窝和股骨沟均比男性髌骨小。高度屈曲时髌骨和股骨接触区域的宽度比、角度比大于1这一接触形式占优势。结论:髌骨关节面与股骨远端形态复杂,硬组织对合较差。全膝关节置换假体设计应注重髌股关节的良好吻合,降低接触面应力,并充分考虑到男女性关节形态的差异。

人工全膝关节置换术中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理策略及疗效

目的总结人工全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术中,纠正髌股关节轨迹不良的方法及效果。方法 2012年6月-2014年12月,对52例58膝TKA术中出现髌骨向外侧脱位倾向髌股关节轨迹不良的患者,针对发生原因,通过单纯调整髌骨内、外侧支持带张力,髌骨修整成形或调整胫骨假体位置等方法,或者联合应用上述两种或两种以上方法进行纠正。结果术中无拇指试验髌股关节轨迹恢复正常,术后髌骨未出现向外脱位倾向。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,2例因外翻明显,术中外侧支持带松解范围较大,术后出现关节积血,经对症处理后好转,无其他并发症发生。所有患者术后均获随访,随访时间17-47个月,平均32个月。膝关节内、外翻畸形均获得矫正,4例残留5-10°(平均8°)左右的屈曲畸形。随访末期KSS评分78-89分,平均84分,膝关节KSS功能评分为82-91分,平均86分。术后至随访期末X线片均显示人工关节位置正常,无松动及感染迹象。结论 TKA术中出现髌股关节轨迹不良时,通过单纯调整髌骨内、外侧支持带张力,髌骨修整成形或调整胫骨假体等方法,或者联合应用上述两种或两种以上方法等进行调整,是处理髌股轨迹不良的有效方法,有利于术后膝关节的功能恢复。

髌旁外侧入路膝关节置换术矫正外翻膝畸形的研究进展

全膝关节置换术(TKA)主要通过髌旁内侧入路(MPA)和髌旁外侧入路(LPA)完成。MPA是经典的TKA手术入路,具有外翻髌骨容易,手术视野暴露好等优点;但MPA易造成外侧组织松解不彻底及软组织平衡困难,导致术后髌骨轨迹不良和对线不好,同时由于对已松弛的内侧组织进行了松解暴露,会加重内侧的松弛和不稳。LPA虽然存在内翻髌骨困难,可能发生髌腱止点处撕脱,术后切口关闭困难等缺点;但LPA能有效松解外侧组织,使处于半脱位或脱位的髌骨能很好复位,获得良好的髌骨轨迹,同时减少对髌骨血运的不良影响;此外LPA还能较方便地对髂胫束进行松解,矫正伸直位的外翻畸形。越来越多的学者认为LPA比MPA疗效更好,对于重度外翻膝的患者,LPA的优势会更加明显。本文就LPA在TKA中应用的研究进展作一综述。

全膝关节置换术后低位髌骨的处理策略及文献回顾

目的探讨全膝关节置换术后低位髌骨的诊断与治疗。方法回顾分析1例全膝关节置换术后低位髌骨的临床资料,并进行文献回顾分析。结果 1例55岁女性患者,右膝关节置换术后1年,以膝前痛、膝关节屈曲受限收入院。经膝关节正侧位X线片确诊为右膝关节置换术后低位髌骨,入院后行右侧髌骨表面置换及髌韧带松解术,有效地解除膝前痛及膝关节屈曲活动受限的症状,术后随访HSS评分显示患者膝关节疼痛、功能、关节活动度明显改善。结论全膝关节置换术后低位髌骨并不常见,正确的诊断与治疗对改善患者术后生活质量尤为重要。

全膝置换术后的髌腱短缩及其临床影响

目的 研究全膝置换（total knee arthroplasty，TKA）术后的髌腱长度变化，置换髌骨对髌腱长度的影响，髌腱长度变化与术后膝关节活动度的关系。方法2002年5月～2003年12月对49例55个关节行初次全膝置换手术。包括48例骨关节炎、7例类风湿性关节炎，其中7例做了外侧支持带松解，测量术前的髌腱长度及术后1年的髌腱长度和膝关节活动度，按是否置换髌骨分成两组，对数据进行组间和组内统计学分析。结果 术后1年，髌腱发生有统计学意义的短缩（P〈0．01）。在短缩大于10％的发生率上，换与不换髌骨组没有统计学意义的差别（P〉0．05）。髌腱短缩和关节活动度呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论 全膝置换术后存在髌腱短缩的并发症。置换髌骨对髌腱短缩没有影响。髌腱短缩可能是导致术后活动度损失的原因之一。

连续股神经阻滞对膝部手术术后早期康复的影响

目的 评估全膝关节置换术及髌骨骨折切复内固定术后持续静脉和连续股神经阻滞镇痛的效果及对患膝关节功能恢复的影响.方法 选择ASA I～II级行单侧全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）患者40例,单侧髌骨切开复位内固定术患者100例,随机分为两组：持续静脉镇痛组（A组）和连续股神经阻滞组（B组）,每组70例.两组患者均采取静吸复合全身麻醉.A组静脉给予负荷量3ml,配方为每150ml混合液中含芬太尼针1.2mg ＋氯诺昔康针40mg,维持2ml/h,自控每次0.5ml,锁定时间为20min.B组通过导管注入0.15%盐酸左布比卡因5ml为冲击量,以4ml/h维持,锁定时间为1h,配方总量为300ml,两组患者镇痛持续3d.记录VAS疼痛评分,开始下床活动情况和不良反应发生状况.结果 B组患者在术后1、6、24、48及72h时的VAS评分明显低于A组,（P＜0.05或0.01）,B组患者术后的下地次数和行走距离均大于A组（P＜0.05或0.01）,B组不良反应发生例数明显少于A组（P＜0.01）.结论 0.15%盐酸左布比卡因用于连续股神经阻滞术后镇痛,效果良好,安全性能好,不良反应发生率低,是膝部手术后理想的镇痛方法,对早期康复功能锻炼有效.

全膝关节置换过程中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理

背景:人工全膝关节置换后膝前痛的主要原因是髌股关节并发症。目的:探讨全膝关节置换过程中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理方法。方法:31例32膝在全膝关节置换过程中出现髌股关节轨迹不良,均为女性,年龄53-85岁,平均68.5岁,病程8-25年,平均22.3年,其中骨性关节炎27例28膝,类风湿性关节炎4例4膝。膝外翻角12°-32°,平均20°;Q角为13°-23°,平均16°。采用正确截骨,调整假体位置,髌骨内外侧软组织平衡,或加行Goldthwait-Roux术进行纠正。结果与结论:随访时间12-120个月。膝关节平均活动度数(98.2±10.3)°。KSS评分从置换前平均35分提高到置换后平均81分;KSS功能评分从置换前平均34分提高到置换后平均83分。置换后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,未发生皮肤坏死、切口感染等并发症。屈膝45°Knutsson髌骨轴位X射线片检查无髌骨倾斜、半脱位或脱位。结果说明在全膝关节置换过程中出现髌股关节轨迹不良时采用稳定性假体,正确截骨及调整假体位置,髌骨内外侧软组织平衡,或加行Goldthwait-Roux术,可取得比较满意的疗效。