Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury （Hg） species, including total mercury （THg） and methylmercury （MeHg） in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in different land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust （r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014）. The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 μg/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092-2.3 μg/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.

Annual Time-series Analyses of Total Gaseous Mercury Measurement and its Impact Factors on the Gongga Mountains in the Southeastern Fringe of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Long-term monitoring programs for measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations are presently recognized as powerful tools for local,regional and global studies of atmospheric long-range transport processes,and they could also provide valuable information about the impact of emission controls on the global budget of atmospheric mercury,their observance and an insight into the global mercury cycle. China is believed to be an increasing atmospheric mercury emission source. However,only a few measurements of mercury,to our knowledge,have been done in ambient air over China. The highly-time resolved atmospheric mercury concen-trations have been measured at Moxi Base Station (102°72′E 29°92′N,1640 m asl) of the Gongga Alpine Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from May 2005 to June 2006 by using a set of Automatic Atmospheric Mercury Speciation Analyzers (Tekran 2537A). Measurements were carried out with a time resolution of every 15 minutes. The overall average total gaseous mercury (TGM) covering the measurement periods was 4±1.38 ng·m-3 (N=57310),which is higher than the global background level of approximately 1.5～2.0 ng·m-3. The measurements in all seasons showed a similar diurnal change pattern with a high concentration during daytime relative to nighttime and maximum concentration near solar noon and minimum concentration immediately before sunrise. The presence of diurnal TGM peaks during spring and summer was found earlier than that during autumn and winter. When divided seasonally,it was found that the concentrations of TGM were highest in winter with 6.13 ± 1.78 ng·m-3 and lowest in summer with 3.17 ± 0.67 ng·m-3. There were no significant differences in TGM among wind sectors during each season. Whereas Hg generally exhibited significant correlations with the parameters,such as temperature,saturated vapor pressure,precipitation,ultraviolet radiation (UV) and atmospheric pressure at the whole measurement stage,and the correlations varied seasonally. Our results suggest that the local or regional abundant geothermal activities,such as thermal spring,anthropogenic source processes and changes in meteorological conditions,regulate and affect Hg behavior in the study area.

Comparison of Total Mercury Accommodations between Two Edible Fish Tissues （Tuna and Fitofag）

In this study, total mercury in canned tuna in comparison with Hypophthalmichthys molitrix （fitofag or phytophag） fish samples were determined by flow injection cold vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry after digestion by the two different methods. The mercury concentration varied from 83 to 290 ng g~ with an average value of 147 ng g-1 in canned tuna, while the concentration varied from 14 to 56 ng g-1 with an average value of 26 ng g-1 for fitofag fish. Recoveries of the total mercury were in the range of 81-107% and 120-160% by method 1 and 2, respectively. The results of this study indicate that tuna and fitofag fish from the Persian Gulf area of Iran have concentrations well below the permissible FAO/WHO levels for total mercury and also the feed regime of fishes can affect the mercury accommodation. Therefore, their contribution to the body burden can be considering negligible and the fish seem to be safe for human consumption.

Preliminary Assessment of Total Mercury in Bulk Precipitation around Olkaria Area, Kenya

Geothermal power plants are receiving increasing attention as regards the mobilization of mercury （Hg） to the environment. Hg is a trace element that may be present in the geothermal fluid, but due to its volatility, it is transferred mainly into the vapor phase. Hence, it may be mostly discharged to the atmosphere with the non-condensable gases. Olkaria geothermal field hosts 3 geothermal power plants. In this area Hg deposition fluxes have not been studied. Concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of total mercury （T-Hg） were determined from April 2009 to May 2010 at 2 sites in this field. Event-based precipitation samples were collected using fabricated bulk precipitation samplers. Samples were treated according to trace metal protocol and analyzed by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry （CVAFS）. This paper thus reports the first ever determination of T-Hg concentrations and fluxes in precipitation. The T-Hg concentration in samples ranged from 0.002-0.0602 μg/L at the two sites, however, the volume-weighted mean concentration and wet deposition flux were 0.01974 and 0.02884μg.L^-1 and 0.0167-1.45 μg.m2 during the study period. The annual volume-weighted mean wet deposition fluxes of T-Hg for 2 sites were 13.74 and 19.83 μg.m-2.yr-1 with an average flux of 16.785μg.m-2.yr-1. Hg concentrations and the Hg fluxes in precipitation showed seasonal trends being lowest in the short-rains and highest in the long rains. The concentrations of T-Hg for the 2 sites is negatively correlated with the precipitation depth （r2 = 0.26 ＆ r2 = 0.0065）, suggesting that scavenging of particle-bound mercury from the atmosphere is an important mechanism contributing to mercury in rainwater. Mean Hg concentrations in precipitation at the study sites were comparable to the ranges reported for Canada and the USA by the Mercury Deposition Network （MDN）.

The influence of atmospheric Hg on Hg contaminations in rice and paddy soil in the Xunyang Hg mining district,China

To date, the Xunyang mercury(Hg) mining district is the only ongoing large-scale Hg mining district in China. To understand the influence of Hg contamination mode from the Hg mining and smelting activities, 27 sampling sites in the Xunyang Hg mining district were chosen in this study. Total gaseous mercury(TGM) in ambient air was measured using a Lumex-RA915 automatic Hg analyzer in2011. Rice samples and soil samples from rhizosphere were collected systematically and simultaneously. Total Hg(THg) and methylmercury(Me Hg) concentrations in rice grain and soil samples and Hg speciation with modified sequential selective extractions were measured. The local environment was seriously polluted with Hg. The TGM(302 ± 376 ng·m-3, ranging from 24 to 2220 ng·m^(-3)) in the local ambient air, THg(28 ± 30 mg·kg^(-1), ranging from 0.31 to 121 mg·kg^(-1)) and Me Hg(2.3 ± 1.9 lg·kg^(-1),ranging from 0.24 to 8.9 lg·kg^(-1)) in soil samples were at the sample level with Hg contaminated area. The THg concentration(26 ± 16 lg·kg^(-1)ranging from 4.5 to 71 lg·kg^(-1)) in most of the rice grain samples clearly exceeds the threshold level(20 lg·kg^(-1)) in the Chinese national guidelines for cereals(NY 861-2004). The inorganic mercury(IHg)(9.1 ± 5.6 lg·kg^(-1), ranging from 1.2 to 24 lg·kg^(-1)) and Me Hg(14 ± 9.8 lg·kg^(-1), ranging from 2.1 to 59 lg·kg^(-1))concentration in rice grain samples were at the same level with Hg contaminated area. The main species of Hg in paddy soils reveal strong complex Hg and residue Hg. According to the correlation analysis, a Hg pollution mode from local Hg mining and smelting was hypothesized, including Hg emission, transportation, methylation, and uptake process.

Impacts of Indian summer monsoon and stratospheric intrusion on air pollutants in the inland Tibetan Plateau

Air pollutants can be transported to the pristine regions such as the Tibetan Plateau,by monsoon and stratospheric intrusion.The Tibetan Plateau region has limited local anthropogenic emissions,while this region is influenced strongly by transport of heavy emissions mainly from South Asia.We conducted a comprehensive study on various air pollutants (PM_(2.5),total gaseous mercury,and surface ozone) at Nam Co Station in the inland Tibetan Plateau.Monthly mean PM_(2.5)concentration at Nam Co peaked in April before monsoon season,and decreased during the whole monsoon season (June–September).Monthly mean total gaseous mercury concentrations at Nam Co peaked in July and were in high levels during monsoon season.The Indian summer monsoon acted as a facilitator for transporting gaseous pollutants (total gaseous mercury) but a suppressor for particulate pollutants (PM_(2.5)) during the monsoon season.Different from both PM_(2.5)and total gaseous mercury variabilities,surface ozone concentrations at Nam Co are primarily attributed to stratospheric intrusion of ozone and peaked in May.The effects of the Indian summer monsoon and stratospheric intrusion on air pollutants in the inland Tibetan Plateau are complex and require further studies.

Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: Key role of rice and fish consumption

In order to assess the potential health risks of Hg pollution, total mercury（T–Hg） and methyl mercury（Me Hg） concentrations were determined in air, dust, surface soil, crops, poultry,fish and human hair samples from an electronic waste（e-waste） recycling area in Taizhou,China. High concentrations of T–Hg and Me Hg were found in these multiple matrices, and the mean concentration was 30.7 ng/m3 of T–Hg for atmosphere samples, 3.1 μg/g of T–Hg for soil, 37.6 μg/g of T–Hg for dust, 20.3 ng/g of Me Hg for rice and 178.1 ng/g of Me Hg for fish,suggesting that the e-waste recycling facility was a significant source of Hg. The inorganic Hg（I–Hg） levels（0.84 μg/g） in hair samples of e-waste workers were much higher than that in the reference samples. Pearson＇s correlation coefficients showed that strong positive correlations（p 〈 0.01） between hair I–Hg and time staying in industrial area（r = 0.81） and between Me Hg and fish consumption frequency（r = 0.91）, imply that workers were mainly exposed to Hg vapor through long-time inhalation of contaminated air and dust, while other population mainly exposed to Me Hg through high-frequency fish consumption. The estimated daily intakes of Hg showed that dietary intake was the major Hg exposure source,and Hg intakes from rice and fish were significantly higher than from any other foods. The estimated total daily intakes（TDIs） of Me Hg for both children（696.8 ng/（kg·day）） and adults（381.3 ng/（kg·day）） greatly exceeded the dietary reference dose（Rf D） of 230 ng/（kg·day）,implying greater health risk for humans from Hg exposures around e-waste recycling facilities.

Determination and assessment of total mercury levels in local, frozen and canned fish in Lebanon

Fish is an important constituent of the Lebanese diet.However,very little attention in our area is given to bring awareness regarding the effect of the toxicity of mercury （Hg） mainly through fish consumption.This study aimed to report analytical data on total mercury levels in several fish species for the first time in thirty years and to also made individuals aware of the presence and danger from exposure to mercury through fish consumption.Fish samples were selected from local Lebanese markets and fisheries and included 94 samples of which were fresh,frozen,processed,and canned fish.All values were reported as microgram of mercury per gram of fish based on wet weight.The level of mercury ranged from 0.0190 to 0.5700 μg/g in fresh samples,0.0059 to 0.0665 μg/g in frozen samples,and 0.0305 to 0.1190 μg/g in canned samples.The data clearly showed that higher levels of mercury were detected in local fresh fish as opposed to other types thus placing consumers at higher risk from mercury exposure.Moreover,the data revealed that Mallifa （yellowstripe barracuda/Sphyraena chrysotaenia）,Sargous （white seabream/Diplodus sargus）,Ghobbos （bogue/Boops boops）,and shrimp （Penaeus sp.） were among the types containing the highest amounts of mercury.On the other hand,processed fish such as fish fillet,fish burger,small shrimp and crab are found to contain lower levels of mercury and are associated with lower exposure risks to mercury.Lebanese population should therefore,be aware to consume limited amounts of fresh local fish to minimize exposure to mercury.

Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition

TGM measurements on board ships have proved to provide valuable complementary information to measurements by a ground based monitoring network.During the third China Arctic Research Expedition （from July 11 to September 24,2008）,TGM concentrations over the marine boundary layer along the cruise path were in-situ measured using an automatic mercury vapor analyzer.Here we firstly reported the results in Japan Sea,North Western Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea,where there are rare reports.The value ranged between 0.30 and 6.02 ng/m 3 with an average of （1.52 ± 0.68） ng/m 3 ,being slightly lower than the background value of Northern Hemisphere （1.7 ng/m 3 ）.Notably TGM showed considerably spatial and temporal variation.Geographically,the average value of TGM in Bering Sea was higher than those observed in Japan Sea and North Western Pacific Ocean.In the north of Japan Sea TGM levels were found to be lower than 0.5 ng/m 3 during forward cruise and displayed obviously diurnal cycle,indicating potential oxidation of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere.The pronounced episode was recorded as well.Enhanced levels of TGM were observed in the coastal regions of southern Japan Sea during backward cruise due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources.When ship returned back and passed through Kamchatka Peninsula TGM increased by the potential contamination from volcano emissions.

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake (Argentina): Concentration patterns in different components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia （Argentina） are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury （Hg） concentrations and contrasting methylmercury （CH3Hg＋） production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial （between lake branches）, and vertical （between water column strata） heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg＋ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic （epilimnetic） zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 μm planktonic size fraction （comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans） and the 200 μm fraction （calanoid copepods and cladocerans） were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.

Vertical distribution characteristics of soil mercury and its formation mechanism in permafrost regions:A case study of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Continuing permafrost degradation is increasing the risk of mercury(Hg) exposure in the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP),but related studies are still limited,especially the ones on the detailed Hg migration processes in permafrost.The vertical distribution characteristics of soil Hg were investigated in three ecosystems in the Beiluhe area on the QTP,and its influencing factors and formation mechanism were investigated.The results indicate that the total soil mercury(THg)concentration in the Beiluhe area remains at an extremely low level(6.33±2.45 ng/g).In the vertical profile,the THg concentration of the shallow soil layer(0-50 cm)(5.96±2.22 ng/g)is significantly lower than that of the deep layer(50-400 cm)(7.44±2.71 ng/g)(p<0.05).Within the upper 50 cm,the THg concentration decreases with soil depth,and the peak THg concentration occurs at 100-300 cm on the entire profile.Although the THg concentration is slightly affected by the organic matter in the shallow soil layer,in general,the soil parent material is the dominant factor affecting the THg concentration.Intense weathering results in a low THg concentration in the shallow soil layer because the soil Hg is carried downward with the soil moisture.To a certain depth,the impermeable frozen soil layer intercepts the flow of the soil Hg,and it forms a Hg enrichment layer.This paper presents the distinctive pattern of the soil Hg distribution in the permafrost regions of the QTP.

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing, China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant （MSTP）. In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury （T-Hg） were detected in sediment cores （5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight （dw）, average： 10.1 μg/g）. The ratio of methylmercury （MeHg） to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp （3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively）. The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels （R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001）, which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.