Community attitudes toward ecotourism development and environmental conservation in nature reserve:a case of Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve,China

Using social exchange theory,this study investigated residents' attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China,and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents' attitude toward the tourist industry.Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism,and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture,sustainable community development,and community participation in ecotourism planning and management.This study also revealed that the variables of age,gender,education level,household income,family size,non-farm work arrangements,and the distance to tourism attractions,have significant association with respondents' attitudes toward ecotourism development,or negative impacts of the tourist industry.Respondents who are male,or have a higher household income,are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve.Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes.Respondents who have a higher household income,or live far from the village center,are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.

Rural community tourism in western Sichuan's Qiang nationality: a case study of Wulong Stockade

The importance of the local economy of the development of tourism resources in China's relatively under-developed minority areas is already common knowledge in academic and business circles. However, it's necessary to research more on specif ic patterns of tourism development in these ethnic minority areas. This paper studies Wulong Stockade in Beichuan County in Sichuan Province and examines the distinctive experience of the local Qiang com-munity about developing local tourism resources and the local funding of the development. It notes how the introduc-tion of new re-afforestation laws of 1999 affected the traditional, agriculture-based economy and how a member of the community was a key motivator in initiating tourism as a new economic resource. It has also explored changes in the economic conditions of Qiang peasants since tourism began in Wulong Stockade, where local incomes have increased considerably. This paper focuses on a characteristic Qiang area in the mountains of western Sichuan, demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of community tourism development, and suggests that other ethnic minor-ity mountain villages in rural areas draw lessons from Wulong Stockade's experience.

Impact of Transport Network Changes on Tourism in Protected Areas: A Case Study of Ayubia National Park, Pakistan

The inflow caused by tourists in peak seasons exerts an uncontrollable pressure on the existing infrastructure. The Ayubia National Park in Pakistan faces traffic delays and capacity restraints on the connecting roads in peak season. The study focuses on the formulation of critical strategies by deploying amendments in the transport network. The methodology contains three parts: 1) a questionnaire was designed to inquire about several variables from the visitors;2) the second part was traffic count data collection and analysis. Based on the response collected, the impact of multiple strategies on the network was analyzed using TransCad;3) in the third part, the results obtained were shared with experts to gain their valuable opinions. It was observed that the time of the day based access restriction to heavy vehicles could lead to dropping the Volume to capacity ratio from 1.7 to 1.2. However, the experts were also of the view that network changes can enhance and improve the visitors’ experience.

FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION ON RESIDENT'S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS——Case of Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China

Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations. It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents’ perceptions of it. Various methods have been used in previous authoritative studies. However, owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing the interpretation of linguistic or measured uncertainties for real-world random phenomena. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to investigate residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts. At first, basic attributes and a hierarchical framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Secondly, the weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. Thirdly, the weighted evaluation matrices are aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the last stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified to get the rank of the residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method.

Influence of Tourists′ Environmental Tropisms on Their Attitudes to Tourism and Nature Conservation in Natural Tourist Destinations: A Case Study of Jiuzhaigou National Park in China

People′s environmental tropism has an effect on their understanding of tourism-nature relationship,and also influences their attitudes to natural resources utilization and environmental protection.Taking Jiuzhaigou National Park of China as a study case,the authors conducted some quantitative analyses with the tools of SPSS 16.0 and LISREL 8.7,to explore the influence of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in the natural tourist destination.Three hypotheses and the theoretic model of influences of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation have been tested and accepted based on the Structural Equation Model analysis on survey data collected in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China.Some conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) tourists′ human-prioritized concept influences their cognition to tourism-nature relationship.This concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to tourism,but a negative influence on their attitudes to nature conservation;2) tourists′ human-nature coordination concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to both tourism and nature conservation,especially to the latter.This paper generally proves that human′s environmental tropism does have an influence on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in natural tourist destinations.

An Empirical Research on Satisfaction of Tourism Public Service in National Forest Park

In recent years,leisure individual travel has become a trend of tourism development.Visitors are highly dependent on the public service system of scenic spots.The educational circles at home and abroad are paying more and more attention to the study of tourism public services.Based on the theory of tourist satisfaction evaluation,this paper made an empirical study on the tourism public service system of Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.It was found that there was a contradiction between the demand for tourism public services and the actual supply in Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.Based on this,some measures were put forward,such as strengthening the construction of tourist information signs in scenic spots,strengthening the construction of communication facilities and convenient services for tourists,strengthening the training and supervision of service practitioners,and construction of organizations for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of tourists.

Tourism Development of the Dong Villages in Tongdao Dong Nationality Autonomous County

This paper introduced unique ethnic customs in Tongdao Dong Nationality Autonomous County, analyzed the current situation and problems of local tourism development, proposed the government-dominated development concept, the construction of benefi t-sharing mechanism, the integration of tourism resources, and the promotion of scenic areas' attraction, so as to push forward tourism development of the Dong villages, and further enhance the co-development of local economy and society.

Enlightenment from Tourism in Yellowstone National Park for Hebei Province, China

Yellowstone National Park is one of the most successful tourism destinations in the world, its development experience in terms of cultural tourism are valuable for Hebei, whose competitiveness is weak comparatively in spite of rich tourism resources. Specifically, the successful experience of Yellowstone National Park in tourism development embodies 8 aspects: planning, infrastructure construction, ticket strategy, management mechanism, investment management, environmental management, identification system design, and tourism products. On this basis, 5 suggestions are recommended to upgrade tourism in Hebei Province based on its actual situation, namely appropriate proportions of ticket and revenue, scientific management, environmental protection and education, scientific planning, and resource classification.

The role of a national park in classifying mountain tourism destinations: An exploratory study of the Italian Western Alps

Together with the main aim of preserving nature,national parks are also expected to play an important role for the local communities,driving economic activities toward the lens of sustainable development.This contribution aims to present an exploratory study on the relationship between the presence of a protected mountain area,the Gran Paradiso National Park(GPNP),in the North West of the Italian Alps,and the classification of tourism destinations,according to Weaver model of destination management.Starting from the model,the authors provide a quantitative analysis using a set of variables and indicators to comprehensively assess the differing patterns assumed by the municipalities within the borders of the GPNP and those that are not.The provisional results illustrate that the municipalities within the border of a protected area are more likely to be grouped alongside the sustainable mountain destinations.Meanwhile,research outcomes confirm that a protected area does not necessarily contrast the tourism industry but instead may boost local development by driving it within the borders of the sustainable development,switching from the area’s only preservation function to a flywheel for the local communities.

Tourism versus nature conservation: reconciliation of common interests and objectives——an analysis through Picos de Europa National Park

Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.

Relationship Between National Income, Institutional Change and Outbound Tourism Based on Panel Data of the G20 from 1995 to 2014

Based on panel data of 17 economies in the G20 from 1995 to 2014,this paper,in terms of the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,explored the impact of national income on outbound tourism and the moderating effect of institutional change on the relationship between national income and outbound tourism.The results showed that:(1)for the total samples,developed countries and developing countries,national income had a positive impact on outbound tourism;(2)for the total samples and developing countries,institutional change had a positive moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism strengthened;(3)for developed countries,institutional change had a negative moderating effect on national income and outbound tourism,indicating that with the deepening of marketization,the facilitating role of national income on outbound tourism weakened.

边境旅游对国家安全的影响机理研究——基于韧性视角

作为“兴边富民”的重要方式,边境旅游带动经济发展的同时,也对边境地区国家安全产生深刻影响。在韧性视角下,边境旅游影响表现为边境社会文化韧性、边境生态环境韧性和边境经济发展韧性;边境旅游对国家安全的影响过程存在“边境地区开放—地方韧性损耗”的逻辑;在以去边界化、去边缘化和去地方化为主的边境地区开放作用下,边境旅游导致以吸收力、适应力和恢复力为主的地方韧性渐变,产生安全冗余、安全均衡和安全滞后3种安全态势。应从开放适度、韧性强化和态势评估3方面入手,以应对边境旅游产生的国家安全风险。

国家体育旅游示范基地建设的理论探索与实践进路

运用实地调查、访谈、案例分析和隐含狄利克雷分布(Latent Dirichlet Allocation,LDA)模型等研究方法,探索国家体育旅游示范基地建设的背景、内涵、类型等。基于对我国首批、第2批共61个国家体育旅游示范基地的实地考察,发现国家体育旅游示范基地面临空间布局不均衡性与类型不充分性并存、政策体系针对性与基层政府执行性较弱、体育业态模糊性与运动项目同质性突出、体育人才专业性与运营管理精细性缺失等现实挑战。提出实践进路:加强体育旅游战略性规划,优化空间布局和资源配置;增强政策的针对性和有效性,多措并举提升基层执行力;强化体育新业态融合创新,打造差异化旅游产品体系;培育专业化体育旅游人才,构建精细化运营管理模式。

乡村文化振兴战略下民族节庆助推文旅融合发展研究

民族节庆是各民族在长期生产和劳动生活中产生的主要文化活动,同时也是人们在社会发展过程中的实践产物,是一种发展速度最快、辐射带动性最强、收益面积最广的民俗事象。乡村经济蓬勃发展,民族节庆活动成为驱动乡村文化振兴的重要方式和途径,探索民族节庆文化助推文旅融合成为人们关注的焦点问题。要解决民族节庆助推文旅融合发展等一系列问题,就需要在文旅融合发展主体维度上合理调动内生产力和外激活力,培养乡村文化振兴人才,提升民族节庆文化含量;助推文旅融合赋能乡村文化振兴,积极消解民族文化活动与人们文化生活需求的矛盾冲突,赋能新时代乡村文化振兴战略,并加大对各民族地区乡村文化振兴战略的支持力度。

老龄化对新兴国家出境旅游需求的影响——基于跨国样本的实证

人口老龄化是二战以来世界人口变化的最大特征之一,对经济和社会领域的影响深远,对旅游业的发展既是机遇又是挑战。文章以1995—2019年20个新兴国家的数据为样本,采用双向固定效应模型,实证研究老龄化对出境旅游需求的影响及其异质性特征,并探究了国家文化价值观的调节效应。研究发现:1)老龄化对出境旅游需求有正向影响;2)不同年龄阶段的老年人对出境旅游的影响存在异质性,不同老龄化程度的新兴国家对出境旅游需求的影响存在异质性;3)国家文化价值观对老年人出境旅游需求有显著的调节作用。其中,不确定性规避程度、个人主义削弱了老龄化对出境旅游需求的正向作用;高权力距离、男性主义、长期主义加强了老龄化对出境旅游需求正向作用。该研究结果将为推进新兴国家银发旅游市场的开发、完善配套政策提供参考依据。

休闲时代视角下民族体育旅游的发展

随着中国成为全球第二大经济体,全民小康战略纵深目标达成,全民生活水平不断提升,人们的追求从物质过渡到精神,多种休闲项目带动了国有经济的发展。休闲时代的到来,极大程度上促进了中国旅游事业的发展,民族体育旅游作为新兴旅游项目之一,是以民族特性为核心的旅游项目。然而,受限于民族体育旅游的受众人群和开发力度,休闲时代下的民族体育旅游事业发展还有很大的上升空间。基于此,本文结合民族体育旅游发展空间分析论述休闲时代视角下发展民族体育旅游的策略。

红色文化认同下新疆红色旅游资源评价体系研究

红色旅游资源价值是决定游客在实践过程中红色认同的重要因素,研究游客感知对红色文化认同的作用机制,有利于红色旅游资源的开发和再生产,充分发挥红色旅游资源铸牢中华民族共同体意识的功能。本文以新疆红色旅游景点为案例,以调查问卷和访谈文本为基础资料,运用德尔菲法(专家调查法)和应用AHP法(层次分析法)对新疆红色旅游资源进行评价,分析游客感知对红色认同的作用机制,探索提出了新疆红色旅游资源开发利用的对策建议。

甘肃民族地区旅游影响感知对国家认同感的影响评价--以临夏回族自治州八坊十三巷景区为例

旅游目的地居民对国家认同感的持续提升是民族地区旅游业可持续发展的重要目标。文章以临夏州八坊十三巷景区为例,从居民旅游影响感知视角,探讨了旅游发展对当地居民国家认同感的影响,得出以下结论:(1)从旅游影响对国家认同感的影响感知来看,民族地区旅游目的居民对当地旅游发展带来的国家认同感更为敏感;(2)从旅游影响对国家认同感的影响评价来看,民族地区居民的旅游影响感知对国家认同感的综合影响评价较高。旅游业的发展进一步增强了人们的民族自豪感、文化自信以及对国家的功能依赖。

Conceptual Framework of Tourism Carrying Capacity for a Tourism City:Experiences from National Parks in the United States

There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC) .Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values;it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.