Potential Toxicological and Cardiopulmonary Effects of PM2,5 Exposure and Related Mortality:Findings of Recent Studies Published during 2003-2013

Air pollution has environmental issue owing become a serious to its diverse harmful effects on the physical and biological environment. According to the Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） and the World Health Organization （WHO）, air pollution affects millions of people worldwide. Hundreds of thousands of deaths each year and a range of diseases, particularly among vulnerable groups （i.e., children, the elderly, and people with special medical conditions）, are attributed to air pollution. These effects are not always caused by single pollutant in the air; rather, they are considered consequences of the multi-pollutants to which people are simultaneously exposed.

Quality Assurance in Toxicology Studies in Developing Countries

As developing countries become more involved in the international chemical trade, they must adhere to certain requirements for importation of their chemicals into foreign countries. These developing countries will be required to provide basic safety information on their chemical products, including data developed from chemical and toxicologic testing. These data must be developed in accordance with the national requirements of the importing country. Many importing countries have adopted the OECD Test Guidelines and the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) as primary guidance to assure the quality of laboratory data. These procedures provide a basis for internationally acceptable data. Several countries have incorporated many of these provisions into their national laws or administrative procedures. These procedures describe the process of documenting the conduct of laboratory studies, including recording of data, reporting of study results, and storage of data gathered. This process is intended to assure the quality and integrity of the data so that, if required, the study can be reconstructed by an auditor or an inspector. Details of these procedures and their applicability to the international chemical trade are discussed. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

Toxicological study of the hepatotherapeutic herbal formula,Chunggan extract,in beagle dogs

AIM: To evaluate the pharmaceutical safety of a Chinese herbal formula, Chunggan extract (CGX), traditionally prescribed as a hepatotherapeutic drug via systemic acute and subacute toxicological study. METHODS: Twenty male dogs and 20 female dogs were fed doses 50 times and 4 times greater than the clinically-recommended drug dosages in an acute and a subacute toxicological study, respectively. Adverse effects were examined by comparing the differences between normal and drug-administered groups using clinical signs, necropsies, histopathologic findings, haematology, urinalysis, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS: In the acute study no change in the body weight, diarrhoea, apetite, mortality rate and histopa- thology of major organs was observed in male or female dogs with a single administration of CGX at 5 g/kg. No drug-induced abnormalities at analysis of histopathology, haematology, urinalysis, and biochemistry were found with any dose of this drug. CONCLUSION: CGX is supposed to be very safe when used in a clinical application with a wide therapeutic index.

The Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Tou Tong Shen Xiao Dan

Tou Tong Shen Xiao Dan(TTSXD)consisted of traditional Chinese Medicines including:Chuanxion(Ligustici Chuanxiong),Hounghua(Salt lower),Taoren(Peach seed),Gouteng(Hooked Uncaria),Xixin(Herb Asari)and Baizhi(Dahurian angelica root)etc.The results of thepresent study showed that TTSXD had strong sedative and analgesic effects and could dilate thblood ves-sels,lower blood presure,increase cerebral blood flow(CBF),raise the ability to tolerate hypoxia.Improve the microcirculation,prevent platelet aggregation and reduce the visicosity of the wholeblood. Acute and subacute toxicological studies didn’t demonstrate toxic and side effects on livingbodies.

Toxicity studies for indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Malang city,East Java on Aedes aegypti larvae

Objective:To investigate the toxicity of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis（B.thuringiensis）isolates from Malang City for controlling Aedes aegypti（Ae.aegypti）larvae.Methods:Soil samples were taken from Purwantoro and Sawojajar sub-districts.Bacterial isolation was performed using B.thuringiensis selective media.Phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were obtained with the simple matching method.The growth and prevalence of spores were determined by the Total Plate Count method,and toxicity tests were also performed on the third instar larval stage of Ae.aegypti.The percentage of larval mortality was analysed using probit regression.The LC50was analysed by ANOVA,and the Tukey HSD interval was 95%.Results:Among the 33 selected bacterial isolates,six were obtained（PWR4-31,PWR4-32,SWJ4-2b,SWJ4-4b,SWJ-4k and SWJ5-1）that had a similar phenotype to reference B.thuringiensis.Based on the dendrogram,all of the bacterial isolates were 71%similar.Three isolates that had a higher prevalence of reference B.thuringiensis were PWR4-32,SWJ4-4b and SW5-1,of which the spore prevalence was 52.44%,23.59%,34.46%,respectively.These three indigenous isolates from Malang City successfully killed Ae.aegypti larvae.The PWR4-32 isolates were the most effective at killing the larvae.Conclusions:Six indigenous B.thuringiensis isolates among the 33 bacterial isolates found in the Sawojajar and Purwantoro sub-districts were toxic to the third instar larvae of Ae.aegypti.The PWR4-32 isolates were identical to tbe reference B.thuringiensis and had 88%phenotype similarity.The PWR4-32 isolates had the highest spore prevalence（52.44%）,and the early stationary phase occurred at 36 h.The PWR4-32 isolates were the most effective at killing Ae.aegypti larvae(LC50-72 h=2.3×108 cells/mL).

Feeding studies of radiation sterilization ready to eat foods on sprague dawley rats: <i>In vivo</i>

Development of gamma irradiated high moisture traditional dishes derived from locally traditional récipe aimed for specific target groups as ready to eat foods for ensuring the safety, quality, and security purposes have been conducted. The formation of free radicals in the traditional foods induced by ionizing radiation is a part of toxicological studies on irradiated traditional foods was to provide local scientific data base on safe- ty issues.The different foods such as steamed gold fish, spicy curry beef and soy sauces beef were individually vacuum packed in a laminate pouch of PET 12 μm/LDPE 2 μm/AL-Foil 7 μm/LDPE 2 μm/LLDPE 50 μm (PET/Al-Foil/ LLDPE), then kept at frozen state. The frozen samples were maintained in cryogenic condition along the irradiation process by placing the samples in styrofoam boxes filled with dry ice then irradiated with gamma rays at the dose of 45 kGy. The irradiated samples were kept and stored at normal temperature prior to test. Both irradiated conventional rat’s feed at normal temperature with the dose of 4 kGy and unirradiated one as control were also made. Irradiated and unirradiated samples were sent to animal laboratory, and fed into individual female Sprague Dawley rat as member of a group. The parameters observed were body weight changed of rats, toxicological test to observe the effect free radicals formation in rat’s blood by using malon-dialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) methods, respectively, and anatomy pathology diagnosis. Different types of the foods sterilized by ionizing radiation fed ad libitum to the individual Sprague Dawley rat demonstrated that such foods did not give any adverse effect on the reduction of body weight, the toxicological impact, nor anatomy-pathology examinations of the rats.

Study on dynamics of shear waves - Ⅱ Triggering mechanism and amplitude decay

Starting from vorticity equation, the triggering mechanism and amplitude decay of shear waves in the ocean are discussed in this paper. The theoretical analysis indicates that by the action of stripped external force (for examples, the sudden setting of stripped wind, moving stripped wind, etc. ), shear waves can be triggered. This is qualitatively consistent with satellite observations. The amplitude decay process of shear waves by the action of side friction is also discussed in the paper. The theoretical model is quantitatively consistent with satellite observations.

A THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC PROPERTIES FOR THE REACTION OF FORMYL CYANIDE DECOMPOSITION

We compute the thermodynamic and the kinetic properties for the reaction: HCOCN→HCH+CO using the statistical theory and the transition-state theory.The equi- librium constants and the rate coefficients of this reaction are also reported here,and the half lives of formyl cyanide at different temperatures are first estimated in this work.

Exploring the phytoconstituents targeting TNF-αas potential lead compounds to treat inflammatory diseases:an in-silico approach

Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents from various plant sources as tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)-inhibitor,a mediator involved in the inflammatory disorder,by in silico molecular docking.Methods Based on previous findings,we performed the in silico assessment of anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents from different medicinal plants to understand their binding patterns against TNF-α(PDB ID:6OP0)using AutoDock Vina.Molecular docking was performed by setting a grid box(25×25×25)Åcentered at[-12.817×(-1.618)×19.009]A with 0.375A of grid spacing.Furthermore,Discovery Studio Client 2020 program was utilized to assess two-and three-dimensional(2D and 3D)hydrogen-bond interactions concerning an amino acid of target and ligand.Physicochemical properties were reported using the Lipinski’s rule and SwissADME database to support the in silico findings.Results From the selected medicinal plants,more than 200 phytocompounds were screened against TNF-α protein with binding scores in the range of -12.3 to -2.5 kcal/mol.Amongst them,emodin,aloe-emodin,pongamol,purpuritenin,semiglabrin,ellagic acid,imperatorin,α-tocopherol,and octanorcucurbitacin A showed good binding affinity as -10.6,-10.0,-10.5,-10.1,-11.2,-10.3,-10.1,-10.1,and -10.0 kcal/mol,respectively.Also,the absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion,and toxicology(ADMET)profiles were well within acceptable limits.Conclusion Based on our preliminary findings,we conclude that the selected phytoconstituents have the potential to be good anti-inflammatory candidates by inhibiting the TNF-α target.These compounds can be further optimized and validated as new therapeutic components to develop more effective and safe anti-inflammatory drugs.

基于中药系统毒理学数据库的中药致肾毒性及药物规律研究

目的基于中药系统毒理学数据库(TCMSTD)对中药致肾毒性及用药规律进行探究和总结。方法利用TCMSTD对收录的具有毒性的中药材按照毒性类型进行筛选并分析,总结具有肾毒性的中药材其药性、药味、功效、归经等规律。结果发现具有肾毒性的中药101种,其肾毒性依据肾脏损伤部位不同,可分为肾小管损伤、急性肾小管坏死、肾小球损伤、肾间质损伤4种,同一味中药可能对肾脏不同部位出现不同程度的损伤。具有肾毒性的中药中明确具有肾毒性的毒性成分共27种,分别属于生物碱类、酚类等13种成分类型。对肾毒性成分作用靶点进行统计分析,发现重复频次最高的靶点为ESR1、ALOX5,出现频次均为21次。101种肾毒性中药其药性多为寒、温;药味则以苦、辛为主;归经多归肝、肺、脾、肾经。结论具有肾毒性的中药药性以寒、温为主,药味以苦、辛为主,药物功效分布相对较均匀,提示一些常用传统中药在日常使用时应注意剂量与配伍,减少药物本身对肾脏的损伤。

盐酸溴己新在畜禽疾病治疗上的应用概况

盐酸溴己新(Bromhexine Hydrochloride)是一种经典的祛痰药。在人药领域,盐酸溴己新主要用于慢性支气管炎、哮喘等引起的粘痰不易咳出的患者。在兽药领域,目前广泛用于治疗伴随黏膜纤毛清除障碍和黏液产生的牛、猪、家禽、狗、猫等动物的呼吸系统疾病。盐酸溴己新具有易吸收、安全、可与抗生素配合使用等特点。本文围绕盐酸溴己新的作用机制、药代动力学、毒理学研究、临床研究现状展开充分的总结与归纳,为盐酸溴己新在兽药领域的基础研究以及临床应用等方面提供参考。

法医学多学科整合实验教学模式的探索——以砷中毒模拟案件为案例

法医学本科教育在法医学人才培养中扮演着至关重要的角色,既是法医领域向国家和社会输送高效人才的重要途径,又是法医学科发展中至关重要的组成部分。因此,教育工作者有义务对该领域投入足够的关注和重视,同时积极更新教育理念,以适应不断演变的社会需求。法医学科教育有其特殊性质,其专业性和实践性要求较高。传统的教学方法,无论是纯理论或纯实验教学模式,已经无法满足法医学本科生日后从业所需的实践能力培养要求。因此,教学改革已迫在眉睫。本文提出了一种新颖的教学模式,即“法医现场学-法医毒理学-法医毒物分析”多学科整合实验教学模式,并以砷中毒模拟案为案例在法医学本科生中进行了初步尝试,从教学设计、实施、效果、反思与展望等方面详细阐述了该教学模式的探索过程和实践成效。这一教育改革模式是一种多学科整合的教学形式,将理论知识、实验技能训练和法医实际工作相结合,与传统的教学模式相比,具有独特的优势。案件模拟是这一模式的关键特点,通过真实案例的模拟,学生可以在受控环境中应用他们所学,增强问题解决和实际操作技能。这不仅提高了课堂效率,还使法医学本科生获得更广泛、更全面、更融合的培训,对其未来职业发展具有深远的影响。该改革模式在此次教学实施中取得良好成效,有着十分广阔的发展空间和应用前景,基于此模式拓展思路,或将在法医学教育及其他实践性学科中发挥更广泛用途。

中药槟榔及其主要成分的药理和毒理研究概述

综述槟榔及其主要成分槟榔碱对机体多系统的药理和毒理作用研究进展。槟榔及其主要成分槟榔碱对神经系统具有促智作用,对消化系统具有促进胃肠运动的功能,对心血管系统具有改善糖尿病糖、脂代谢紊乱及抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,同时还具有消炎镇痛、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗抑郁等作用;其毒理作用主要体现在长期大量"咀嚼槟榔"存在潜在健康风险,表现为口腔黏膜下纤维化、泌尿生殖毒性,成瘾性和细胞毒性等方面,但是其致病的具体机制还不清楚。结果提示槟榔是一味对多系统疾病治疗具开发前景的中药。

银杏内酯软胶囊毒理学研究

目的 :观察动物ig银杏内酯软胶囊的急性毒性和长期毒性 ,确定无毒反应的剂量 ,以评估银杏内酯软胶囊长期用药的安全性。方法 :以最大浓度 ,最大体积的银杏内酯软胶囊ig昆明种小鼠一次 ,测定最大耐受量。以高、中、低 3个剂量对大鼠进行连续灌胃给药 2 6周 ,于用药 13、2 6周分别各处死 1/ 3动物观察大鼠的生长发育 ,摄食量 ,血液细胞学及生化学指征、脏器系数及组织病理学检查 ,停药观察 4周后再处死剩余 1/ 3动物作相应检查。结果表明 :小鼠 1d内 1次ig银杏内酯软胶囊最大耐受量≥ 2 997mg/kg ,各给药组与对照组检查指标结果统计分析均无明显差异 (P≥ 0 .0 5 )。结论 :ig银杏内酯软胶囊对小鼠 ,大鼠均无明显的毒性反应。

瑞香素毒理学实验研究

目的初步探讨金边瑞香活性成分瑞香素安全性并对其评价。方法通过急性毒性试验、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌/哺乳动物微粒体酶试验(Ames试验)、骨髓细胞微核试验对瑞香素进行安全性评价。结果以超过人体有效剂量175倍剂量100 mg/(kg.体质量),一次性灌胃小鼠,连续观察14 d未见中毒体征,体质量增长正常。瑞香素Ames试验各剂量组回变菌落数均未超过阴性对照组菌落数2倍,亦无剂量反应关系。瑞香素Ames试验为阴性。瑞香素骨髓微核实验各剂量组微核率与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),而环磷酰胺阳性对照组与阴性对照组及各样品剂量比较统计学有显著性差异(P<0.05)。表明瑞香素对小鼠骨髓细胞无抑制作用和遗传毒性,实验结果为阴性。结论瑞香素在本试验剂量范围内未见明显的毒性作用,无致突变作用,安全性较高。

樟脑药理毒理研究回顾及安全性研究展望

樟脑有兴奋、强心、消炎、镇痛、抗菌、止咳、促渗、杀螨等药理作用,并与其他药物间相互作用,是世界上最早被使用的天然有机化学成分之一。樟脑应用广泛,又具有较强毒性,表现在对卵巢、睾丸、神经、肝脏、心脏、胎儿、孕妇的明显毒性,对肾脏泌尿系统的潜在毒性和较小遗传毒性。近年来,冰片与樟脑体内转化及相互关系研究课题引人关注,我们认为有必要了解樟脑药理毒理及安全性方面的进展,为深入研究冰片与樟脑体内转化及相互关系提供参考。

软伤膏的药效学和毒理学研究

软伤膏对外伤性血瘀证、免疫性关节炎模型有明显治疗作用，能显著抑制二甲苯和甲醛引起的炎性肿胀，并有一定的镇痛作用，表明软伤膏治疗风寒湿痹及软组织损伤有一定的药理学依据。此外，软伤膏的急性毒性、长期毒性、皮肤刺激、皮肤过敏试验均无异常。

丹红注射液的毒理学研究

目的观察丹红(倍通)注射液的急慢性毒性,对其进行安全性评价。方法小鼠连续7 d静脉给药,测定药物的半数致死量(LD50)。大鼠连续给药90 d后,处死大部动物,取血,做血常规、血液生化指标测定,取主要脏器称重进行病理学检查。余下大鼠在停药继续喂养2周后,处死进行病理组织学检查。结果小鼠LD50为39.5ml/kg。各实验组大鼠在体质量增加、器官系数、血常规、血液生化指标上基本相似,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。主要脏器的病理组织学检查未见明显异常。结论急慢性毒性实验的结果表明该药安全可靠。

补肾益冲丸的毒理学实验研究

目的研究补肾益冲丸的毒理作用,以确保临床用药的安全性。方法(1)急性毒性试验:以最大给药体积的补肾益冲丸药液予小鼠1d内灌胃给药3次后,连续观察7d。(2)长期毒性试验:大鼠80只随机分为高、中、低三个剂量组和空白组,口服给药,连续12周,停药后7d进行血液学测定及病理检查。结果急性毒性试验测得补肾益冲丸的最大耐受量为105.12g/kg(生药量),相当于成人临床每日口服剂量的95.56倍;长期毒性试验表明,三个剂量组血液学检查、肝肾功能测定、主要脏器系数等各项指标与空白组比较均无显著差异;主要脏器病理检查未见异常。结论补肾益冲丸临床剂量口服安全,无蓄积毒性。

水蔓菁的药理毒理研究和临床应用探讨

目的:探讨水蔓菁的实验研究和临床应用。方法:查阅文献分析水蔓菁化学成分研究、质量控制、药理研究以及临床应用情况。结果:水蔓菁挥发油中含有41种化合物,水蔓菁醇提液中可分离出14个酚性化合物,水蔓菁具有抗菌、消炎、止咳等作用,水蔓菁总黄酮可显著改善前列腺炎性症状。结论:水蔓菁中提取的化学成分研究结合其现代药理研究,提示水蔓菁的药理作用和临床功效,有待进行进一步深入研究。