Multi-Blockchain Based Data Trading Markets With Novel Pricing Mechanisms

In the era of big data,there is an urgent need to establish data trading markets for effectively releasing the tremendous value of the drastically explosive data.Data security and data pricing,however,are still widely regarded as major challenges in this respect,which motivate this research on the novel multi-blockchain based framework for data trading markets and their associated pricing mechanisms.In this context,data recording and trading are conducted separately within two separate blockchains:the data blockchain(DChain) and the value blockchain(VChain).This enables the establishment of two-layer data trading markets to manage initial data trading in the primary market and subsequent data resales in the secondary market.Moreover,pricing mechanisms are then proposed to protect these markets against strategic trading behaviors and balance the payoffs of both suppliers and users.Specifically,in regular data trading on VChain-S2D,two auction models are employed according to the demand scale,for dealing with users’ strategic bidding.The incentive-compatible Vickrey-Clarke-Groves(VCG)model is deployed to the low-demand trading scenario,while the nearly incentive-compatible monopolistic price(MP) model is utilized for the high-demand trading scenario.With temporary data trading on VChain-D2S,a reverse auction mechanism namely two-stage obscure selection(TSOS) is designed to regulate both suppliers’ quoting and users’ valuation strategies.Furthermore,experiments are carried out to demonstrate the strength of this research in enhancing data security and trading efficiency.

Factors affecting the pilot trading market of carbon emissions in China

Climate change and carbon emissions are major problems which are attracting worldwide attention. China has had its pilot carbon emission trading markets in seven regions for more than 3 years. What affects carbon emission trading market in China is a big question. More attention is paid to how China promotes the carbon emission trading schemes in the whole country. This paper addresses concerns about the functioning of carbon emission trading schemes in seven pilot regions and takes the weekly data from November 25, 2013, to March 19, 2017. We employ a vector autoregressive model to study how coal price, oil price and stock index have affected the carbon price in China. The results indicate that carbon price is mainly affected by its own historical price; coal price and stock index have negative effects on carbon price, while oil price has a negative effect on carbon price during the first 3 weeks and then has a positive effect on carbon price. More regulatory attention and economic measures are needed to improve market efficiency, and the mechanisms of carbon emission trading schemes should be improved.

Blockchain-based Distributed Power Market Trading Mechanism

Distributed power market trading has the characteristics of large number of participants,scattered locations,small single trading scale,and point-to-point trading.The traditional centralized power trading model has the problems of large load,low efficiency,high cost,reliance on third parties and unreliable data.With the characteristics of decentralization and nontampering,blockchain can establish a point-to-point trusted trading environment and provide effective solutions to the above problems.Therefore,this paper proposed a distributed power market trading framework based on blockchain.In this framework,the distributed power supply characteristics and trading needs of each participant are analyzed,a complete distributed trading process based on blockchain is designed.In addition,we have studied the key technologies of distributed power market trading.With the goal of power service reputation and maximum revenue of distributed power providers,we have established a matching degree model,a distributed power market trading optimization model,and designed a smart contract-based power market trading optimization strategy and power trading settlement strategy.Finally,we designed experiments to verify the performance of the proposed framework.

Technical System Construction in the Market Trading System for Demand Response Based on the Energy Internet

With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy,the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges.Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state quo in China,this paper further analyzes the system architecture and development trend of demand response under the background of Energy Internet.Five dimensions are considered:Energy Internet platform,demand response application scenarios,system architecture,information technology system construction,and demand response development trend.The results show that the application of the Energy Internet platform can effectively solve the problems of data acquisition and processing,“terminal-edge-network-cloud”cooperation of demand response,etc.The system architecture of the demand response platform that supports user resource management,user information access,control instruction receiving,control strategy issuing,and response process monitoring is proposed in this paper.It is also helpful to provide a feasible technical choice for expanding the application services of Energy Internet towards government and society.

Analysis of factors affecting individual participation in carbon market

China will set up a national carbon emissions trading market by the end of 2017, which is initially open to individual investors from the initial market for business and institutional investors. In this article, the main influencing factors and mechanism of individual participation in carbon trading market are studied by establishing multiple linear regression model. The study found that age,education level, length of account opening time, and risk attitude are the main factors influencing the participation of individual investors. Environmental awareness and environmental impact are less affected; information transparency and transaction risk also have an impact on the degree of individual investor participation; investment experience does not affect the participation of individual investors in the carbon trading market.

Micro,Small,and Medium Enterprises’Cross-Border Business Strategies

This paper explores the operational strategies of cross-border micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Against the backdrop of globalization and digitalization, cross-border trade has become one of the important pathways for many MSMEs to achieve growth and competitive advantage. Firstly, the paper outlines the concept and characteristics of cross-border MSMEs, as well as the analysis of their operational environment in the context of globalization, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Secondly, the paper proposes operational strategies for cross-border MSMEs, including international market selection and positioning, cross-border marketing strategies, supply chain management, cross-border financial management, and cross-border risk management. Finally, the paper summarizes the importance of effectively implementing these strategies for cross-border MSMEs to seize international market opportunities, reduce operational risks, and enhance competitiveness and profitability.

Network Forum Affects the Stock Market： An Empirical Analysis Based on Multivariate GARCH-BEKK Model

Based on the text of posing on the network forum, the authors establish a set of keyword dictionary to measure the long and short investors＇ sentiment effectively, then they investigate the mutual relations between investor sentiment and the trading market through a Multivariable BEKK-GARCH model of abnormal long and short investor sentiment, returns, and abnormal trading volume. The results show that abnormal sentiment of long investor has a negative impact on the returns and a positive impact on the abnormal trading volume; while abnormal sentiment of short investor has no impact on the return and a negative impact on the abnormal trading volume. Otherwise, there is the negative volatility effect from abnormal sentiment of long investor to returns and abnormal trading volume, the positive volatility effects from abnormal sentiment of short investor to returns, and no volatility effects from abnormal sentiment of short investor to abnormal trading volume. In addition, network forum investor sentiment is a factor affecting the trading market. The analysis of forum information plays a certain role in presenting market risk and improving efficiency in making investment decision.

Expand Trade to Adapt to Market Competition——China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation

Founded in 1950, the China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation (CMC) is a large national foreign trade enterprise directly under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, specializing in the import and export of electromechanical products. It is one of our country’s first and largest foreign trade corporations. Since its founding 45 years ago, the corporation has been consistently endeavoring to develop and expand foreign trade in electromechanical products, and

Diversification of Foreign Trade Market

T To make its foreign trade market diversified and multi-channeled is an important strategy of China in developing its foreign economic relations and trade. The Ninth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-term Target for the Year 2010 adopted at the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress, have specified that during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period (1996-2000),

The Relationship between the Trade Life Circle and the Takeover Type --The Inspection of the Efficiency of the Market for Corporate Control in China

According to the differences between operation and correlationship by both sides of the takeover in the market for corporate control, the takeover can be divided into three types--transverse takeover, longitudinal takeover and mixed takeover. Meanwhile, due to the activities of takeover taken by the companies in the different trade life circles adopting different takeover types, so their performances are different. Seeing about this relationship, you can effectively inspect the efficiency of the market for corporate control. Adopting298 stylebook data from the market for corporate control in China, and through empirical analyzing, it can see that because of the existing of the stock holding, the efficiency of the market for corporate control in China is not very high. The government tempts to adjust the industrial structure through merger and acquisition （M＆A）, but it urged the aim of state-owned economy forward strategic transfer difficult to come true. To solve the contradiction of ＂setting up of the stock holding＂ comes to no time to delay. ＇

The Status Quo and Developing Trend Analysis of Global Carbon Finance

This paper gives a systematic view of the new trends of global carbon finance innovation under the challenge of global climate change and in the process of transition to achieve economic growth from "high carbon" to 'low carbon",covering the following aspects:the structure,status quo and developing trend of global carbon market.The paper discusses the innovation in financial organization and service systems and governments' overall guidance and policy support,and draws the conclusion that the world is undergoing massive changes with governments actively responding to carbon finance to embrace the tremendous opportunities for clean energy and climate change in financial industry.To seize the opportunity,a complete and overall carbon finance system of China should be put in the top of the agenda.Given the current tasks of energy conservation and pollution reduction and the growing demand for capital input,China needs to construct an clear of policy guidance,a diversified financia service system,and a multi-approach carbon finance system to intensify and widen the participation of financial industry,to expand financing channels for sustainable economy and spread risks,and finally,work out an inexpensive solution to the realization of China's low carbon target.

Actual implementation of spectrum-sharing systems in rayleigh fading channels~

In actual implementation of spectrum sharing systems, due to the selfishness of primary users, primary users often refuse the access of secondary users to their licensed spectrum bands even if the access of secondary users doesn＇t affect their transmission. Aimed at the selfishness problem of primary users, a seller＇s market trading mechanism is introduced which can not only stimulate primary users to tolerate larger interference power but also give the primary users an appropriate compensation at the same time, and which has very important practical significance. Based on the mechanism, the achievable maximal gross profit of secondary users and their optimal power allocation scheme in the Rayleigh fading environment are derived, and the interference price of primary users and the average revenue of secondary users＇ impact on them are also studied. Numerical calculation results are conducted to verify our theoretical results.

The Changing Patterns of Mineral Market,Trade and Their Impact on China's Economy

自20世纪70年代初期和80年代末期以来,国际矿产品市场经历了总体衰退阶段。与此相反,由于世界经济快速增长,特别是90年代初的中国和21世纪初的印度快速发展,导致世界矿产市场和贸易中对矿产资源的需求大幅上升。过去几十年来,矿产资源的生产、消费和贸易对中国的经济增长与发展起了重要的作用。本文主要对国际矿产品市场和贸易模式的变化特征进行了综合评价,力图筛选出影响中国矿产资源供需的主要因素,并实证分析中国矿产资源贸易及其发展前景的基本特征。作者认为,中国矿产资源的巨大潜力能否成为国际矿产资源贸易的主要驱动力并因此带动中国未来经济增长,依然值得继续观察。无能如何,中国正积极影响着全球矿产资源市场和贸易,这一点是肯定的。

Quiet Vegetable Market Becomes International Trade Center

TOURISTS from all over the world often visit Beijing’s Xiushui Market. Good quality, reasonably priced silk garments can be found there. A wide variety of stylish clothes ensures brisk trade all year round. Xiushui Market is located east of Beijing, on the northern side of Jianguomenwai Dajie. The embassy

Analysis of Typical Automakers’ Strategies for Meeting the Dual-Credit Regulations Regarding CAFC and NEVs

The parallel corporate average fuel consumption(CAFC)and new energy vehicle(NEV)credit schemes that have been introduced by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is an innovative attempt to simultaneously regulate conventional gasoline vehicles(CGVs)and NEVs in the passenger vehicle sector that is expected to function as a long-term management mechanism for CGVs to be more energy-efficient and NEVs to be well-promoted.This will have a significant impact on trends in China’s automotive industry and automakers’business decisions.Taking the cases of four typical automakers with different levels of average fuel economy in their CGVs and advanced NEV production,scenario analysis has been applied to generate these automakers’alternatives in relation to compliance with the dual-credit regulations in force from 2017 to 2020 based on the Interim Measures on the Joint Management of CAFC and NEV Credits(Draft).These automakers’alternative approaches to compliance are compared.Further,in view of the financial losses as a result of halted production if they fail to comply,the values of CAFC and NEV credits and corresponding influencing factors are analyzed from the automakers’perspective.Finally,the most cost-effective compliance strategies for these automakers are summarized and suggested improvements in the regulations are proposed for the government.

Will auctioning promote the renewable energy generation in China?

Renewable energy generation,as part of the global effort to mitigate climate change,will play a central role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving China's goal of carbon emissions peak before 2030 and carbon neutral before 2060.However,the impact of carbon quota auctions on renewable energy generation has not been sufficiently discussed.The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether China can rely on quota auctions to increase renewable energy generation in the short term,and to demonstrate which is more effective in promoting renewable energy development,policy enforcement or auction constraints?The improved neo-trans-log production model,the multiobjective linear programming model and the dispatch heuristic were used to predict additional emission reduction cost,optimized power mix with different auctioning rates,with economic development,technological progress and the unique characteristics of China's power generation industry being taken into consideration.The results show that the auctioning rate will have little influence on the optimized energy production structure,especially on the share of renewable energy resources;when the total on-grid electricity generation ranges from 7625 to 7926 billion kW h and the auctioning rate ranges from 0% to 5%,policy enforcement will influence the generation of renewable energy to a greater extent than auctioning in the near future.

Study on Cleaner Production Subsidies, Income Distribution Imbalance and Carbon Emissions Permit Reallocation Mechanism

The allocation mechanism for carbon emissions permit(CEP)is an institutional guarantee for advancing the development of China’s unified carbon trading market.The initial allocation of carbon quotas fails to solve new inequalities stemming from subsidizing cleaner production.This paper constructs a theoretical framework that describes China’s progressive decline in carbon intensity,calculates the equilibrium solution on the neoclassical saddle point path using the shooting method,and studies the income distribution imbalance caused by cleaner production subsidies and the reallocation mechanism of carbon emissions permit The main conclusion is that the incremental cleaner production subsidy policy meets the goal of maximizing welfare on the saddle point path,but it may lead to over-investment in the clean sector,thus causing the income distribution imbalance among entities.Further research suggests that the amount of carbon emissions permit acquired by the clean sector should be higher than the actual emissions in the trading market and that,as the cleaner support increases,the share of carbon emissions permit acquired by the sector should be constantly increased through reallocation mechanism.This helps achieve the Pareto improvement in all parties’economic benefi ts.

A Case Study of Forest Carbon Trade in China:Sino-Forest Funded Protection of Natural Secondary Forests in Heyuan City,Guangdong

Climate change has posed a great risk and treats to global environment.To address the problem,international community resorts to carbon emission reduction,and many countries have implemented afforestation and reforestation project under Clean Development Mechanism.China started the research and has done a great load of works on forest carbon trade as early as the year of 2002 to contribute to the carbon emission reduction.This paper introduces the implementation of forest carbon trade in Heyuan City,Guan...