Translating the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine(Thereafter referred to as TCM)is the core of translating TCM culture.By analyzing the connotation and denotation of the word“Xinche”(心掣)in Huangdi Neijin...Translating the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine(Thereafter referred to as TCM)is the core of translating TCM culture.By analyzing the connotation and denotation of the word“Xinche”(心掣)in Huangdi Neijing(Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine),the earliest existing TCM classic,and by comparing different English translations of the term“Xinche,”we hope to provide certain reference for the standardization of TCM terminology and to share some ideas for the translation of TCM classics.展开更多
English translations of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terms and prescriptions need standardizing to minimize ambiguity as the popularity of TCM spreads globally.Herein an evaluation guide for translation of TCM dec...English translations of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terms and prescriptions need standardizing to minimize ambiguity as the popularity of TCM spreads globally.Herein an evaluation guide for translation of TCM decoctions in English into diverse social,cultural and medical systems,is proffered which integrates Skopos theory and Li Zhaoguo’s principles of English translation(conciseness of lexical composition,information accuracy,and similarity in lexical composition).Based on a case study of the traditional herbal medicine Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang,direct translation methods with concise lexical composition are determined to most clearly convey the sophisticated and verbose original TCM prescription.展开更多
This is a continued study about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in the external medicine of TCM included in the WPRO Standard and the WFCMS Standard according to the discussion made in the book e...This is a continued study about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in the external medicine of TCM included in the WPRO Standard and the WFCMS Standard according to the discussion made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methodst, the explanation made in A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine,展开更多
External medicine, also frequently described as surgery, has a history as long as that of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. There were important doctors in each dynasty who devoted themselves to the study and prac...External medicine, also frequently described as surgery, has a history as long as that of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. There were important doctors in each dynasty who devoted themselves to the study and practice of external medicine. In TCM external medicine, diseases are named either according to their location （such as neck abscess and back carbuncle）, or viscera involved （such as intestinal abscess and lung abscess）, or causes （such as tetanus and chilblain, which are literally known respectively as wind damage of wound and sore caused by cold in TCM）, or shape （such as snake head boil and goose web wind）, or the color （such as erysipelas and vitiligo which are literally known respectively as red toxin and white skin wind）, etc.展开更多
rocky mass/cancer： any malignant tumor occurring on body surface that looks and feels like rock In classical Chinese medicine, the character 岩 （literally meaning rock） means the same thing as 癌 （malignant tumor...rocky mass/cancer： any malignant tumor occurring on body surface that looks and feels like rock In classical Chinese medicine, the character 岩 （literally meaning rock） means the same thing as 癌 （malignant tumor）. That is why it is now usually translated as ＂cancer＂ or ＂carcinoma＂, which is adopted in the WFCMS Standard. To translate it as ＂rocky mass＂ in the WPRO Standard appears quite unique and sounds semantically equivalent to the original term.展开更多
The following is a continued discussion about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in external medicine included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western ...The following is a continued discussion about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in external medicine included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard）[1] and the standard compiled by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMSStandard）[2], according to the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summariza- tion of Practice and Exploration of Methods[3].展开更多
Dyspepsia is a clinical syndrome caused by gastric motility disorder,including gastroparesis and esophageal reflux disease.Dyspepsia of spleen stomach weakness type is the most common TCM syndrome type in clinic.TCM h...Dyspepsia is a clinical syndrome caused by gastric motility disorder,including gastroparesis and esophageal reflux disease.Dyspepsia of spleen stomach weakness type is the most common TCM syndrome type in clinic.TCM has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of spleen stomach weakness dyspepsia.This paper summarizes the research progress of TCM in the prevention and treatment of spleen stomach weakness dyspepsia in recent years,discusses its mechanism and advantages,and analyzes the existing problems,so as to provide research ideas and directions for TCM to further prevent and treat the disease and improve human quality of life.展开更多
In order to facilitate and propose further international standardization of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） terminology, this article applies methods of historiography, philology and descriptive study to divide th...In order to facilitate and propose further international standardization of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） terminology, this article applies methods of historiography, philology and descriptive study to divide the history of TCM into three phases, based on representative experts and social events; to illustrate different aspects of these experts and their translation principles and standards and to discuss associated factors and inherent problems. The authors find that the development of a terminology standard for TCM has generally progressed from early approaches that were ill-suited to the contemporary needs to culturally and professionally referenced approaches, from uncoordinated research to systematic studies, and from individual works to collaborative endeavors. The present international standards of TCM terminology have been attained through the work of numerous scholars and experts in the history of the field. The authors are optimistic that a more comprehensive and recognized standard will come out soon.展开更多
1 Introduction In recent years, several international standardized traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） nomenclatures have been published, including the major ones A Proposed Standard International Acupuncture Nomenc...1 Introduction In recent years, several international standardized traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） nomenclatures have been published, including the major ones A Proposed Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature by World Health Organization （WHO） in 1991, International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region by WHO in the Western Pacific Region （WPRO） in 2007 and International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicinet31 by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （WFCMS） in 2007. However, an English translation of points applied in infant Tuina therapy is neither contained in any of these standardized nomenclatures,展开更多
The following is a brief analysis of 22 terms related te gynecology and obstetrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Termi- nologies on Traditional Medicine in the West...The following is a brief analysis of 22 terms related te gynecology and obstetrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Termi- nologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard） and the International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）, according to explanations made in the book entitled A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methodsc.展开更多
The following is a continued analysis about some terms related to paediatrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Termi- nologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western P...The following is a continued analysis about some terms related to paediatrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Termi- nologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard）[1] and the International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）[2], according to explanations made in the book entitled A Great Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine[3], Chinese-English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine[4] and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methods[5].展开更多
The following is a continued analysis about the third group of terms related to paediatrics in TCM included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbre...The following is a continued analysis about the third group of terms related to paediatrics in TCM included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard） and the International Standard Chinese- English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）,展开更多
The following is a brief analysis about some terms related to paediatrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific...The following is a brief analysis about some terms related to paediatrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard）EI~ and the Interna- tional Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）, according to explanations made in the book entitled A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicinet,展开更多
The following is the second discussion about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in tradi- tional Chinese medicine （TCM） gynecology and obstetrics included in WHO International Standard Terminologi...The following is the second discussion about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in tradi- tional Chinese medicine （TCM） gynecology and obstetrics included in WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard） and the International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCM Standard） , according to explanations made in the book entitled A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methods.展开更多
The diseases in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） gynecology are usually related to menstruation, leucorrhea, pregnancy and psychology. About 69 terms are included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on...The diseases in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） gynecology are usually related to menstruation, leucorrhea, pregnancy and psychology. About 69 terms are included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard,展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is commonly used in treating liver diseases worldwide, especially in China. The advantages of using TCM for treatment of liver diseases include： protecting hepatocytes, inhibiting...Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is commonly used in treating liver diseases worldwide, especially in China. The advantages of using TCM for treatment of liver diseases include： protecting hepatocytes, inhibiting hepatic inflammation and antifibrosis in the liver. In this article, we introduce TCM herbal preparations from the Chinese materia medica （such as Fuzheng Huayu） that are typically used for the treatment of liver diseases. Literature surrounding the mechanisms of TCM therapy for treatment of liver diseases is presented and discussed. We propose that side effects of herbal compounds are often under-appreciated, and that more care should be taken in the prescription of potentially hepatotoxic medicines. Further, to deepen the understanding of TCM mechanisms, new techniques and methodologies must be developed. Future studies will lead to the enhancement of clinical outcomes of TCM. As complementary and alternative therapies, TCMs will play an expanding role in the future of liver disease treatment.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome, also known as TCM ZHENG or TCM pattern, is an integral and essential part of TCM theory that helps to guide the design of individualized treatments. ATCM syndrome, in ess...Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome, also known as TCM ZHENG or TCM pattern, is an integral and essential part of TCM theory that helps to guide the design of individualized treatments. ATCM syndrome, in essence, is a characteristic profile of all clinical manifestations in one patient that can be readily identified by a TCM practitioner. In this article, the authors reviewed the presentations of TCM syndromes in seven common malignancies （liver, lung, gastric, breast, colorectal, pancreatic and esophageal cancers）, the objectivity and the standardization of TCM syndrome differentiation, the evaluation of TCM syndrome modeling in cancer research, and syndrome differentiation-guided TCM treatment of cancers. A better understanding of TCM syndrome theory, as well as its potential biologica basis, may contribute greatly to the clinical TCM diagnosis and the treatment of cancer.展开更多
文摘Translating the terminology of traditional Chinese medicine(Thereafter referred to as TCM)is the core of translating TCM culture.By analyzing the connotation and denotation of the word“Xinche”(心掣)in Huangdi Neijing(Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine),the earliest existing TCM classic,and by comparing different English translations of the term“Xinche,”we hope to provide certain reference for the standardization of TCM terminology and to share some ideas for the translation of TCM classics.
文摘English translations of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terms and prescriptions need standardizing to minimize ambiguity as the popularity of TCM spreads globally.Herein an evaluation guide for translation of TCM decoctions in English into diverse social,cultural and medical systems,is proffered which integrates Skopos theory and Li Zhaoguo’s principles of English translation(conciseness of lexical composition,information accuracy,and similarity in lexical composition).Based on a case study of the traditional herbal medicine Mahuang Xingren Gancao Shigao Tang,direct translation methods with concise lexical composition are determined to most clearly convey the sophisticated and verbose original TCM prescription.
文摘This is a continued study about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in the external medicine of TCM included in the WPRO Standard and the WFCMS Standard according to the discussion made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methodst, the explanation made in A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
文摘External medicine, also frequently described as surgery, has a history as long as that of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. There were important doctors in each dynasty who devoted themselves to the study and practice of external medicine. In TCM external medicine, diseases are named either according to their location （such as neck abscess and back carbuncle）, or viscera involved （such as intestinal abscess and lung abscess）, or causes （such as tetanus and chilblain, which are literally known respectively as wind damage of wound and sore caused by cold in TCM）, or shape （such as snake head boil and goose web wind）, or the color （such as erysipelas and vitiligo which are literally known respectively as red toxin and white skin wind）, etc.
文摘rocky mass/cancer： any malignant tumor occurring on body surface that looks and feels like rock In classical Chinese medicine, the character 岩 （literally meaning rock） means the same thing as 癌 （malignant tumor）. That is why it is now usually translated as ＂cancer＂ or ＂carcinoma＂, which is adopted in the WFCMS Standard. To translate it as ＂rocky mass＂ in the WPRO Standard appears quite unique and sounds semantically equivalent to the original term.
文摘The following is a continued discussion about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in external medicine included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard）[1] and the standard compiled by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMSStandard）[2], according to the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summariza- tion of Practice and Exploration of Methods[3].
文摘Dyspepsia is a clinical syndrome caused by gastric motility disorder,including gastroparesis and esophageal reflux disease.Dyspepsia of spleen stomach weakness type is the most common TCM syndrome type in clinic.TCM has unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of spleen stomach weakness dyspepsia.This paper summarizes the research progress of TCM in the prevention and treatment of spleen stomach weakness dyspepsia in recent years,discusses its mechanism and advantages,and analyzes the existing problems,so as to provide research ideas and directions for TCM to further prevent and treat the disease and improve human quality of life.
基金supported by funding from the Zhejiang Key Program of Humanities and Social Sciences for Colleges and Universities in 2014(No.2014QN050)
文摘In order to facilitate and propose further international standardization of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） terminology, this article applies methods of historiography, philology and descriptive study to divide the history of TCM into three phases, based on representative experts and social events; to illustrate different aspects of these experts and their translation principles and standards and to discuss associated factors and inherent problems. The authors find that the development of a terminology standard for TCM has generally progressed from early approaches that were ill-suited to the contemporary needs to culturally and professionally referenced approaches, from uncoordinated research to systematic studies, and from individual works to collaborative endeavors. The present international standards of TCM terminology have been attained through the work of numerous scholars and experts in the history of the field. The authors are optimistic that a more comprehensive and recognized standard will come out soon.
基金supported by fundings of Hangzhou’s Planned Program of Philosophical and Social Sciences (No. D11YY21)Research Achievement of Zhejiang Provincial Federation Social Sciences (No. 2012B007)
文摘1 Introduction In recent years, several international standardized traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） nomenclatures have been published, including the major ones A Proposed Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature by World Health Organization （WHO） in 1991, International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region by WHO in the Western Pacific Region （WPRO） in 2007 and International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicinet31 by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （WFCMS） in 2007. However, an English translation of points applied in infant Tuina therapy is neither contained in any of these standardized nomenclatures,
文摘The following is a brief analysis of 22 terms related te gynecology and obstetrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Termi- nologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard） and the International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）, according to explanations made in the book entitled A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methodsc.
文摘The following is a continued analysis about some terms related to paediatrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Termi- nologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard）[1] and the International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）[2], according to explanations made in the book entitled A Great Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine[3], Chinese-English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine[4] and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methods[5].
文摘The following is a continued analysis about the third group of terms related to paediatrics in TCM included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard） and the International Standard Chinese- English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）,
文摘The following is a brief analysis about some terms related to paediatrics in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard）EI~ and the Interna- tional Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard）, according to explanations made in the book entitled A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicinet,
文摘The following is the second discussion about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in tradi- tional Chinese medicine （TCM） gynecology and obstetrics included in WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard） and the International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as the WFCM Standard） , according to explanations made in the book entitled A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methods.
文摘The diseases in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） gynecology are usually related to menstruation, leucorrhea, pregnancy and psychology. About 69 terms are included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as the WPRO Standard,
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China(No.2006CB504800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30271657 and No.30672489)+3 种基金Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.J50307)Innovation Research Team in Universities,Shanghai Municipal Education CommissionLeading Academic Discipline of Hepatology of State Administration of TCM China(No.2010sh)Three-year Action Plan of Shanghai TCM Development(No.ZYSNXD-CC-YJXYY)
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is commonly used in treating liver diseases worldwide, especially in China. The advantages of using TCM for treatment of liver diseases include： protecting hepatocytes, inhibiting hepatic inflammation and antifibrosis in the liver. In this article, we introduce TCM herbal preparations from the Chinese materia medica （such as Fuzheng Huayu） that are typically used for the treatment of liver diseases. Literature surrounding the mechanisms of TCM therapy for treatment of liver diseases is presented and discussed. We propose that side effects of herbal compounds are often under-appreciated, and that more care should be taken in the prescription of potentially hepatotoxic medicines. Further, to deepen the understanding of TCM mechanisms, new techniques and methodologies must be developed. Future studies will lead to the enhancement of clinical outcomes of TCM. As complementary and alternative therapies, TCMs will play an expanding role in the future of liver disease treatment.
基金supported by Key Program of National Science Foundation of China(No.81330084)085 First-Class Discipline Construction Innovation Science and Technology Support Project of Shanghai University of TCM(No.085ZY1206)+1 种基金E-institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.E03008)National Natural Science F oundation of China(No.81303102,81303103,81473478,and 81473628)
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome, also known as TCM ZHENG or TCM pattern, is an integral and essential part of TCM theory that helps to guide the design of individualized treatments. ATCM syndrome, in essence, is a characteristic profile of all clinical manifestations in one patient that can be readily identified by a TCM practitioner. In this article, the authors reviewed the presentations of TCM syndromes in seven common malignancies （liver, lung, gastric, breast, colorectal, pancreatic and esophageal cancers）, the objectivity and the standardization of TCM syndrome differentiation, the evaluation of TCM syndrome modeling in cancer research, and syndrome differentiation-guided TCM treatment of cancers. A better understanding of TCM syndrome theory, as well as its potential biologica basis, may contribute greatly to the clinical TCM diagnosis and the treatment of cancer.
