Property theory of Chinese materia medica: Clinical pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine

The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica(CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.

The Silk Road and Sources of Chinese Medicine Expansion: Part 1 – Materia Medica

The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with.Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice.By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road,we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine.The Materia Medica(ben cao本草)texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.

Textual Research on Dioscorides and De Materia Medica

The Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides’s De Materia Medica is one of the greatest works in the history of Greek-Arabic Traditional Medicine, and also is an essential medical textbook and pharmacological standard in Europe. This paper studied the historical background, academic characteristics, editions, and significant contributions to traditional medicine of De Materia Medica and Dioscorides. It was concluded that the book has substantial scientific importance and remarkable cultural attributes. De Materia Medica of Dioscorides has both nourished world traditional medicine and promoted the communication and development of medicinal knowledge worldwide. It is significant for us to explore further the related understanding of traditional medicine, history, society, and culture.

Medical Relics Related to Li Shizhen Collected in Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine

This article introduces various editions of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)and displays or collects in the Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),along with many other works on the study of Li Shizhen.Li Shizhen is not only a distinguished physician and pharmacist in the Ming dynasty of China but also a great scientist in human history.The most prominent contribution Li had made was sorting and developing the traditional Chinese herbal medicine,with the compilation of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica),which represented the highest level of pharmaceutical development of TCM from a new starting line.

The Silk Road and Sources of Chinese Medicine Expansion:Part 2-Formularies

Medicines have been traded along the Silk Road from antiquity until modern times.These products and their associated knowledge have been transferred over the land and sea between Asia,Europe,and Africa.Numerous texts that contain formulas and treatments passed along the Silk Road.Collections of these formulas and treatment methods called formularies contain unique information that informs this transfer of medicine.The texts and information flowed in both directions along these routes and while Chinese medicine influenced foreign medical practices both in history,and today,the incorporation of non-Chinese medicine and information also continues to influence Chinese medicine.

Survey of dose-effect relationship in Chinese materia medica

中药量效关系由于中药成分复杂、多功效、多靶向等因素而研究开展较迟,因此多位专家提出相关的研究思路与方法,再加上近年统计方法及科技手段的进步,使得文献类、实验类与临床类的研究成果愈来愈多.本文对这些成果进行了初步的梳理,以展示目前中药量效关系研究的基本情况.

Production of Chinese Medicinal Herbs in North America:Challenge and Reconciliation

As the practice of traditional Chinese medicine developed in the United States since the 1970s,evidence has accumulated suggesting that an undetermined number of the herbs of the Chinese Materia Medica could be produced in North America.While some attempts have been made to establish production,growers are inhibited by lack of access to capital and technical support.The evidence in support of US domestic production–including(1)historical,(2)sociological,(3)ecological,and(4)agronomic factors–is reviewed.Economic obstacles to this type of production are described,as directly experienced by the farmers,Chinese herbal medicine practitioners,and organizers involved.When analyzed in reference to current trends,however,these economic obstacles appear,at least potentially,as temporary.Because popular demand supported the rise of traditional Chinese medicine practice and the growth of organic food production,these social movements could expand and promote conditions that favor domestic production of Chinese herbs.

Analysis of the Application of“Jing(精)”in Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲自〉Compendium of Materia Medica)

Taking the Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)(Jinling edition金陵本)as the research object and“Jing”as the search term,this article summarizes the quantity of medicinals containing“Jing”in Ben Cao Gang Mu,analyzes the connotation and application of“Jing”in traditional Chinese medicine,and finds that the application of“Jing”in medicine does not deviate from the original meaning of“Jing,”but endows it with the concepts of medicine and pharmacy,and expands the application scope of“Jing.”This study is helpful to understand and use spermicide more reasonably.

Characterization and Comparison Analysis of WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants and Iso Standards of Chinese Materia Medica

Medicinal plants or Chinese materia medica(CMM)are now attracting worldwide attention as they have increasingly prominent advantages over chemical drugs in disease treatment and healthcare.Since the 1990s,World Health Organization(WHO)and International Organization for Standardization established the Technical Committee of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249)have carried out the development of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively,and a considerable number of monographs and international standards have been published.Since the two international organizations adhere to different principles,the standards they develop naturally have different emphasis.Driven by market demand and international trade,ISO mainly takes quality,efficacy and safety into consideration when developing standards,while WHO pays more attention to clinical practice,quality control and medication guidance.Up to now,there is a lack of comparative analysis on the records,background,principles,basic content,and main requirements of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively published by WHO and ISO.Therefore,based on international standards of CMM developed by ISO/TC 249 platform and WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants,this paper systematically compares the purposes,selected principles,standard-developing process,basic content,and main quality requirements to summarize their similarities and differences,and find their merits,aiming to serve as a reference to the development of international standards for CMMs that helps them go global.

基于中医理法方药融合的中药学课程教学实践与评价

依据首都医科大学中医学及中药学专业培养目标及中药学课程目标,紧密联系前期基础知识及后期临床实践,整合中药学课程内容,结合基于问题的教学方法病案讨论实践,处方训练及课后经典本草学习等教学方法开展中医理法方药融合的中药学教学实践,基于“有效教学”理念以课堂评价说明教学改革效果。结果提示理法方药融合的中药学课程改革有助于提高学生的自主学习能力、课堂主动参与积极性和思考深入程度及对知识的应用能力,为后期方剂学及其他课程的学习奠定了良好的基础。

以本草经典诵读加强中药学专业传承教育的实践

本草是我国传统药学知识的统称,蕴含着我国古代药学的独特理论,以及源于实践的行之有效的治病经验和诸多原创性思维。我国历代保留了大量本草经典文献,抓住了本草经典,也就抓住了传承传统药学知识与技术的重要载体。开展“本草经典诵读”,有利于培养学生的中医药思维,完善学生的知识结构,解决目前中药学专业传承教育弱化的现实问题,提升中药学专业本科人才培养质量。

A ten-year audit of traditional Chinese medicine and other natural product research published in the Chinese Medical Journal （2000-2009）

Background Clinical research encompasses a wide variety of disciplines. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and natural product research have made great contributions to preventing and treating illness. The number and content of original research reports evaluating TCM and natural products have not previously been described. Information in this area will identify areas of relative strength and weakness in terms of knowledge gaps with respect to clinical conditions and natural product remedies.Methods Original research reports （i.e. original articles, brief reports, and research letters） published in the Chinese Medical Journal （CMJ） from January 2000 to December 2009 evaluating TCM and other natural products were reviewed.The United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration （UK-CRC） Health Research Classification System was used to analyze the type of health research conducted. Further analysis on the major illnesses addressed and the major herbal components utilized was conducted.Results One hundred and seventeen original research reports involving TCM or other natural products were identified,comprising 3.82% of the CMJ output in the period covered by this study. Of the different materia medica described in these reports, 74.4% were derived exclusively from plant material, 10.3% from animals, 3.4% from fungi, 1.7% from minerals, and 10.3% were of mixed （plant / animal / fungal / mineral） composition. Twelve herbs were investigated exclusively or were constituents of 66/87 （75.9%） of the plant-based materia medica investigated. Panax ginseng was the most commonly investigated herb or constituent （14/87, 16.1%）, followed by Astragalus membranaceus （9/87, 10.3%）,Coptis chinensis/Berberis spp. （7/87, 8.0%） and Rheum spp. （7/87, 8.0%）. Four UK-CRC health categories accounted for the majority of TCM and other natural product research （cancer, 20.9%; cardiovascular, 19.2%; oral/gastrointestinal,9.8%; and inflammatory/immune, 9.0%）. The most common research activity was ＂development of treatments and therapeutic interventions＂, which was undertaken by 103/117 （88.0%） of the research investigations reported. Human clinical trials involving natural products accounted for only 5.31% of the reported studies.Conclusions This is a relatively early systematic description of published research from a single joumal related to TCM and other natural products. The majority of the research reports described preliminary findings and very few controlled clinical trials in human subjects were reported. Further applied studies will be required to demonstrate the clinical effectiveness, utility and cost-effectiveness of TCM and natural products in clinical practice. The UK-CRC health research classification system is a useful tool for evaluating published research output and could be applied to describe the output from other journals, national and provincial funding bodies, charities, and non-governmental organizations involved in supporting health-related research.

认知术语学视角下中药材命名研究——以《海药本草》为例

为揭示中药材命名背后的认知机制,促进其翻译的规范化,通过对《海药本草》收录的131种药材命名方式进行分类和量化统计,发现其中86种药材主要基于入药部位、形状、音译、传说、功效、生长环境、生长特性、颜色、产地等单一特征命名,另45种药材则整合“音译+气味”“产地+气味”“形状+气味”等两个或多个特征命名。文章认为药材无论是基于单一特征命名还是整合多个特征命名,都是用突显、易辨认、易感知的部分特征来代替整体,反映了概念转喻在药材命名中的重要作用。当单个特征不足以界定药材时,人们会无意识地整合多个特征来命名,体现出概念整合在中药材命名中的普遍性。此外,人们往往借助所熟知的事物与药材在形状或功效上的相似性来命名,体现了概念隐喻在中草药命名中的作用。入药部位、形状、药效、气味、产地等与药材的功效和辨认密不可分,因此会被突显出来用以命名。《海药本草》以收录海外药为主,在命名中直接音译最为省力,这使得音译命名方式占据比例也较高。

肌萎缩侧索硬化症个案处方用药规律挖掘

目的为中医临床治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)提供参考。方法计算机检索中国知网中以中药治疗ALS的个案文献,检索时限为自建库起至2022年11月。采用Excel软件统计复方中组方药物的使用频次(率)、四气(性)、五味、归经、功效,并导入中医传承计算平台(V 3.0)进行数据挖掘。结果共纳入个案文献110篇,涉及中药组方139个、中药218味,累计使用频次1946次。常用药物(使用频率>10%)45味,性味归经分别以温性(47.35%)、甘味(42.45%)、归脾经(20.29%)为主,药物功效以补虚类(41.37%)为主。中药组合98个,涉及中药24味,其中以黄芪、白术、党参组合(33次)最常见,药对以黄芪-山药、黄芪-熟地黄最常见(均使用32次);聚类分析提取核心药物组合5类。结论ALS个案用药处方以补虚类中药为核心,分补气、补血、补阳、补肝肾,配以升阳、温里、行气等药味。处方组合以气血双补、阴阳双补、清热化痰和益气活血为主要功效。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨清热类中药作用机制

目的运用网络药理学和分子对接探讨清热药作用机制。方法检索TCMSP、TCMID、NPASS数据库获取5类清热中药活性成分,检索DrugBank、NPASS数据库收集对应靶点,使用UniProt数据库规范靶点名称。使用STRING数据库构建交集靶点蛋白相互作用网络,采用Cytoscape3.9.1软件筛选核心靶点。使用在线软件DAVID进行GO功能、KEGG通路及疾病富集分析,使用Metascape数据库分析特有靶点。使用Discovery Studio 4.5.0软件对清热药共有成分与核心靶点进行分子对接。结果获得清热泻火药活性成分297个、清热燥湿药活性成分609个、清热解毒药活性成分1196个、清热凉血药活性成分224个、清虚热药活性成分为389个,对应靶点分别为117、241、402、87和260个;获得共有活性成分7个,对应靶点196个。GO功能、KEGG通路及疾病富集分析显示,清热药可能通过调节外源代谢过程、单碳代谢过程中的代谢途径对乳腺癌和肿瘤发挥治疗作用。分子对接结果表明,清热药发挥抗肿瘤、抗乳腺癌的核心化学成分可能为棕榈酸、槲皮素、亚油酸。结论清热类中药可通过多途径发挥治疗作用,其中,清热泻火药、清热燥湿药、清热解毒药的生物过程及信号通路较为相似,均可通过调节外源代谢过程、单碳代谢过程、葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶活性的负调控、细胞葡萄糖醛酸化的负调控、雌激素代谢过程、细胞葡萄糖醛酸化中的新陈代谢类信号通路发挥治疗乳腺癌的作用。

The 5^(th) Annual Meeting of GP-TCM Research Association-cumSummit on Compendium of Materia Medica and Innovative Drug Discovery in Chinese Medicine

FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT9-10 August 2016Room 103,Dr.Hari Harilela Lecture Theatre,The Wing Lung Bank Building for Business Studies Hong Kong Baptist Universilty(Shaw Campus),34 Renfrrew Road,Kowloon Tong,Hong Kong'The 5th Annual Meeting of GP-TCM Research Association-cum-Summit on Compendium of Materia Medica and Innovative Drug Discovery in Chinese Medicine',jointly organised by GP-TCM Research Association,School of Chinese Medicine of Hong Kong Baptist University,and TCM Chemistry Specialty Committee and TCM Pharmaceutical Analysis

中兽药研发与创新课程教学探索

中兽药研发与创新课程为河北农业大学的通识选修课,面向全校本科学生开设。通过学情分析发现,选课学生具有较高的学习兴趣和参加创新创业活动的热情,课程教学需要满足学生个性化发展和提高知识运用能力的需求。基于学情分析结果,教学团队对课程内容进行重构,挖掘中兽医药发展的创新点,培养学生分析中兽医药行业宏观发展和运用中兽医药知识的能力,设计场景互动、案例分析、项目式教学、小组合作教学等多样化教学活动,并将课程思政融入教学全过程,采用“目标导向+全过程+多元主体”考核方式检测教学效果。通过本课程学习,使学生提高了对中兽药研发与创新的兴趣,增强了主动学习能力、学科交叉应用能力和创新创业能力,完成了多项学科交叉双创项目。本课程教学探索可为中兽医学相关课程的创新创业教学实践提供参考。

胡荽法象药理、名称源流及临床应用文献研究

胡荽的药象特点突出,在“象-性”与“象-效”方面的关联性较大,其形态特征、生长习性等药象特点,形成了其特殊的药理作用。胡荽播种于夏月“热浮长”之时,得以“秉阳热而速生”,又于早春“风升生”时节采收,得春月温煦升发之气,共成其辛温香窜之性效,是其用于治疗风寒束表致无汗、小便不利的法象药理。现代临床依托药理学手段对胡荽进行了全新赋能,通过对胡荽挥发油成分的提取与分析,发现了其抗氧化、抗铝沉积、抗焦虑、抗肿瘤、利尿、抗菌抗炎、促进毛发生长以及促进排卵等全新功效,这些新功效的发现,正是基于中医象思维,对胡荽进行“象性合参”的意义所在。

Establishment and development of systematic engineering of traditional Chinese materia medica

The rapid development of science and technology calls for an urgent need to systemize the studies in a certain field on the basis of a common target. A case in point was the research and development of atomic bombs that was based on the latest development in many fields.

基于《证类本草》的鲜药应用特点研究

目的:通过统计与分析《重修政和经史证类备用本草》(简称《证类本草》)中可鲜用中药及应用特点,为鲜药的临床应用与开发提供参考。方法:对《证类本草》收录的中药进行筛选,并将纳入的鲜药相关信息输入Excel表格,进行统计分析。结果:《证类本草》中发现鲜药种类总计296种,其中鲜植物药234种(79.05%),鲜动物药62种(20.95%);鲜药药性以寒凉为主,植物药药味以甘、苦、辛为主,动物药药味以甘、咸、苦为主,无毒鲜药最多,有191种(82.33%);在用法中,外用最多337次(53.32%);在主治疾病上,记载最多的是外科疾病201次(30.04%)。结论:《证类本草》中明确记载了多种动植物药的临床鲜用方法,但目前鲜药的应用十分有限,有待进一步加强鲜药资源开发与相关实验验证。