Russian architectural town-planning traditions and innovations in the Far East in the second half of the XIX-the beginning of the XX centuries

The establishment on the Far East of the orthodox Church and cultural stereotypes of the traditional Russian city occurred through active church building. The temples of the Far Eastern cities by its position in urban environment played a role of the basic exponents of the spiritual-state ideals of Russia. Ussumption cathedrals in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok, Nikolsky cathedral in Nikcolsk-Ussurisk, Shadrinsky cathedral in Blagoveshchensk, Saint-Nikolaevsky at Russiand iplomatic mission in Seoul and other orthodox temples of the last thirty years of the XIX-the beginning of the XX-th centuries inherited ancient Russian tradition and were designed in the Byzantian style, style of the Moscow XVII century architecture, in Russian style. The ideas of ″the orthodox, the autocracy and the nationality″ in town-planning are expressed also in devotions of temples and names of new settlements. For example, a large number of temples is devoted to Saint Nicholas. Only in the Primorye Territory they are about 20. Harbin’s Saint-Nikolaevsky cathedral also in a name Nicholas. Harbin’s the Sofia church is devoted to a great symbol Ancient Russia and Russian Empire - church of Saint Sofia in Constantinople. The general plans of settlements and cities of the Far East of the second half of the XIX and boundary XIX-XX centuries were realized by two leading directions of town-planning of Russia: the first is based on the norms of regular town-planning, the second is one connected with the realization of the city - garden concept. The priority remains for classicismical tradition. At the same time, the general plans of Harbin, Dairen realized the innovative idea of the time-the concept of city-garden. On the Russian Far East social town-planning ideas of the city -gardens in a certain measure were embodied in 1910-s in the project of Alexseevsk town; Anutovsky country settlement on Ocean station near Vladivostok, later it was officially named-Garden-City; in a settlement for the railway servicemen on Nikolskay station of the Ussuriskay railway and others. Russian architectural town-planning tradition was enriched by new understanding of the social and town-planning purposes, realized in cities of the Far East in the end of the XIX-the beginning of the XX centuries.

Ethnobotanical and Indigenous Knowledge of Important Plants in East Hararghe, Eastern Ethiopia

An ethnobotanical study was conducted in East Hararghe, Ethiopia to identify and investigate the use of various plants by the traditional healers and communities engaged in domestic, pesticide and medicinal use. A total of 78 species were observed to be used by the local inhabitants in the region for the treatments of various ailments. Out of these, herbs constitute 49% followed by trees(36%) and shrubs only 15%. However, most frequently used plant parts were leaf and aerial parts(20) followed by seed(13), fruit(12), other parts(10), rhizome(7) and bark(1). Most of the plants were found to be used for medicinal, aromatic and food flavouring(spices, condiments) purposes. Out of 78 species recorded in the present study, 11 were reported to cure stomachache, seven for cold, cough and respiratory problem, six for diarrhoea and five species were found capable of curing fever. Fabaceae was the largest family contributing to medicinal plant use with seven species followed by Solanaceae, Myrtaceae,(5 spp.), and Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae(4 spp. each). Some of the important plants utilized for taking care of variety of ailments are Azadirachta indica, Brassica nigra, Balanites aegyptiaca, Maytenus ovatus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Trigonella foenum graecum. Most of these medicinal and aromatic plants(MAPs) play a significant role in the household economy and were observed to be very popular among the people. Unpopular plants were left out of the study. This study provides useful and basic information on usage of different plants for conducting further studies aimed at conservation and documentation of traditional medicine system and economic welfare of rural peoples of the East Hararghe, Ethiopia. It also revealed that indigenous practices contributed to sustainable management of plants.

Protestant Churches and Dissidents Under Dictators:Comparing the Gikong Presbyterian Church With German Churches in the GDR

The literature generally refers to Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo as“authoritarian”leaders.This paper will argue that,in fact,they governed more like totalitarian dictators.Their tight control over every sector of Taiwan Residents society was not inferior to the dictatorial rule of the German Democratic Republic(GDR).Despite the tight control exercised by the GDR regime and the Chiangs,however,Protestant churches still managed to become shelters for dissidents in both East Germany and Taiwan.Also,in both localities,church buildings became gathering locations and church newsletters optimal channels for communications.Moreover,the dissidents that had kept hidden in East German churches eventually led the protests that overthrew the GDR’s communist regime.Similarly,in Taiwan dissidents from the Gikong Presbyterian Church became the oppositional leaders that facilitated the first democratic party rotation in Taiwan.This article explores why the above became possible by examining the following hypothesis:The oppressive policies of dictatorial regimes transform churches into breeding grounds for dissidents because of the alternative ideologies and values they provide.Moreover,the paper will show how civic movements can develop in churches even under authoritarian regimes.

The East Asian Cultural Sphere of Time in Japanese Music Books

Ancient Japanese music books have been quite effective in preserving the way the Chinese culture of time evolved dynamically abroad.Studying the relationship of music and dance with the times and festivals revealed in Japanese music books can help restore the context of the rituals and customs of music lost in its Chinese homeland.Japanese Gagaku has succeeded in passing down the seasonal quality of ancient Chinese banquet music which echoed the cycle of times,seasons and phenology and produced a seasonal regularity under which the music corresponded to the season.Some more symbolic Chinese music and dance were selected as the standard music for festivals such as the Double Third Festival,the Double Seventh Festival,and the Dragon Boat Festival.The many aspects of the Chinese culture of time that were accepted by Japan were threedimensional:they included not only the calendar,solar terms,festivals,and other points of time and knowledge of the seasons,but also cultural customs such as sacrificial ceremonies,music and dance,literary narratives,meat and drink,and sports and games.The culture of time that originated from the Han and Tang dynasties not only sustains East Asian countries'identification with natural laws and time,but also shapes their societies'shared aesthetic perception of nature,time,and life.

Attendance or Tradition:Who Is Interested in Church Music Today

Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical music,which has always been considered“traditional”,whereas the boundaries of the tradition have been subject to sharp disputes between those responsible for the church ritual and its accessories.The palette of the musical environment of modern church in terms of attendance and congregational acceptability in its sustainable development is addressed in the article based on recent research,in particular,several related studies by A.Rosenblatt,who over the past two decades has explored different aspects of church music heard in the field and presented in various hymnal books.Summary of this review allows us to consider a tangle of reasons to the preference for this or that musical style,which often completely excludes purely musical tastes and preferences.

Reviving Ancient Water Tunnels in the Desert—Digging for Gold?

The water shortage in the Middle East is a well-known problem. The introduction of diesel operated pumps for irrigation has caused a severe drop in groundwater levels. At the same time the demand for groundwater is growing to alarming proportions. Alternative ways of groundwater supply and management need to be found to halt social and economical disaster in the future. Why not look at history? Qanats are subterranean tunnels ancient civilizations built to access groundwater. The technique is a sustainable method of groundwater extraction. Throughout the Middle East some settlements still make use of these ancient systems. In the summer of 2000, a community rehabilitation of a qanat was executed with support from the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) and international donors. The renovation served as a pilot community intervention within a participatory action research project aimed at evaluating the use of qanats in Syria. In a second stage of the project, the pilot was scaled up to a nation-wide survey of Syrian qanats in 2001. This resulted in qanat renovations on other sites executed in 2002 and 2003 with further international support. This paper compares the first pilot renovation with a recent qanat renovation that took place in Qarah, Syria.

新时代中国参与中东安全治理的理念与实践

进入新时代以来,中国始终坚持共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观,倡导构建中东安全新架构。在参与中东传统安全治理、化解地区冲突方面,中国始终推动对话协商,致力于公正合理解决中东热点问题,构筑兼顾各方合理关切的集体安全架构。在改善地区安全环境方面,中国抓住中东地区主要安全矛盾,顺应地区国家寻求缓和与发展的时代潮流,取得了促成沙特与伊朗复交的重大成果。在参与非传统安全治理方面,中国与中东国家共同提高应对非传统安全威胁的能力,共同维护发展中国家的权益。在参与中东安全治理的过程中,中国形成了以共同安全破解独享安全、以综合安全破解分割安全、以合作安全破解竞争安全等理念和经验,在中东安全事务中发挥了重要的建设性作用。

Contribution of Traditional Medicine in the Healthcare System of the Middle East

Unani medicine or Islamic medicine is one of the main healing systems in the world,which was set up by the Islamic physicians in the Middle East about a thousand years ago based on the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen.This medical system had been practiced widespread in the world including Europe until the 16th century and contributed greatly to the development of modern medicine.Despite the remarkable advancements in orthodox medicine,the traditional medicine has always been practiced in the Middle East communities.Due to cultural beliefs and practices,the Middle East communities have a very rich tradition in the utilization of herbal remedies as well as diverse spiritual techniques for treating various disorders.Traditional practitioners have become the main component of disease management in the Middle East and they have used herbal remedies along with spiritual techniques for the treatment of ailments mainly based on the Unani medicine.

Reliability and validity of tongue color analysis in the prediction of symptom patterns in terms of East Asian Medicine

OBJECTIVE:To examine whether color parameters of tongue inspection(TI)using a digital camera was reliable and valid,and to examine which color parameters serve as predictors of symptom patterns in terms of East Asian medicine(EAM).METHODS:Two hundred female subjects'tongue substances were photographed by a mega-pixel digital camera.Together with the photographs,the subjects were asked to complete Yin deficiency,Phlegm pattern,and Cold-Heat pattern questionnaires.Using three sets of digital imaging software,each digital image was exposure-and white balance-corrected,and finally L*(luminance),a*(red-green balance),and b*(yellow-blue balance)values of the tongues werecalculated.To examine intra-and inter-rater reliabilities and criterion validity of the color analysis method,three raters were asked to calculate color parameters for 20 digital image samples.Finally,four hierarchical regression models were formed.RESULTS:Color parameters showed good or excellent reliability(0.627-0.887 for intra-class correlation coefficients)and significant criterion validity(0.523-0.718 for Spearman's correlation).In the hierarchical regression models,age was a significant predictor of Yin deficiency(β=0.192),and b*value of the tip of the tongue was a determinant predictor of Yin deficiency,Phlegm,and Heat patterns(β=-0.212,-0.172,and-0.163).Luminance(L*)was predictive of Yin deficiency(β=-0.172)and Cold(β=0.173)pattern.CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that color analysis of the tongue using the L*a*b*system is reliable and valid,and that color parameters partially serve as symptom pattern predictors in EAM practice.

江西教堂建筑群空间形态研究——以余江区锦江镇天主教堂建筑群为例

近代江西的教堂类建筑起初多以建筑群落的形式存在。经过多年的变迁后,目前保存完整的教堂建筑群已寥寥无几,大多仅保留经堂,附属建筑多被拆除。本文对江西余江区锦江镇天主教堂建筑群及江西现存主要天主教堂建筑群进行了调查研究。在建筑总平面布局方面,从锦江天主教堂建筑群入手,对江西各地的天主教堂建筑群的平面布局特点与建筑组合形式进行对比归纳。在建筑单体方面,着重选取了建筑群中具有代表性的建筑,围绕不同的建筑组构要素进行研究分析,总结建筑群中西结合特点。从建筑平面功能上来看,建筑群的单体建筑与中式传统建筑十分接近,都是将矩形平面与外廊结合。从建筑结构上来看,建筑群的大部分建筑多采用穿斗式、插梁式木构梁架,属于传统的中式大木作做法。建筑材料大量运用本地盛产的红色砂岩和青砖,显示了外来文化冲击下本土建筑自身的发展与变化。

抽纱绣与白线绣的特征与联系

抽纱绣是近代欧洲织绣工艺传入我国后与我国刺绣技术融合发展逐渐形成的一门特殊刺绣工艺,广泛分布于我国沿海省份。对比中英文基本概念、工艺特点、艺术特点及选材特点,并综合分析实地考察案例。结果表明,中国抽纱绣与欧洲白线绣存在着高度的相似性,抽纱绣的主要原始工艺为白线绣,并在发展历程中逐渐形成了自己的特色与体系。

建筑类型学视角下满洲里地区历史俄式砖石建筑特征分析

历史建筑作为时代繁荣和文明更替的见证者,承载着深刻的历史内涵。满洲里砖石建筑体系,经受地域气候和历史背景等因素的综合塑造,呈现出鲜明的特色和丰富的类型。文章通过实地调查测绘、文献查阅整理等基础研究方法,选取40余处代表满洲里历史砖石建筑遗址。在类型学原型理论的指导下,对这些建筑的材料、装饰和结构等方面进行原型提取和对比分析,以期得出系统的总结和归纳。并在文章结论思考部分点明了气候、资源、技术是其建筑形态特征的主导因素;民族、文化、居住者地位使建筑形态多样化、个性化;建筑智慧的长期积累与更新,创造了低能耗、低成本的地域营造模式。研究丰富了内蒙古地区传统建筑文化语言及形态,为边远地区历史建筑保护研究工作起到了推动作用。

“五星出东方利中国”织锦元素在现代服装设计中的创新应用

为促进“五星出东方利中国”织锦的创造性转化,增强民族自信,并实现织锦的创新性发展,本研究通过结合资料与实物的方法对该织锦的纹样、色彩和铭文元素进行研究,并结合流行趋势对这些元素进行创新设计,提出以“五星出东方利中国”织锦元素在现代服装设计中应用的方法与思路,为优秀传统文化的现代设计提供了参考范式。结果表明,“五星出东方利中国”织锦中内涵丰富的纹样、古朴沉静的色彩及寓意独特的铭文具有极高的识别度与转化度,其在现代服装设计中的创新应用不仅可实现对“五星出东方利中国”织锦的保护与传承,还促进其文化创新活力,有助于弘扬传统文化价值精髓并培养大众文化情怀。

坚持师范传统与高等教育学科建设相结合——刘佛年的高师办学实践与探索

刘佛年教授是我国著名教育家和教育学家。作为高等教育的管理者与实践者,他呼吁高校自主权,提出“师范性与学术性相统一”的高师办学思想,首创教育科学学院与教育研究班。他认识到建设高等教育学科对于指导高等教育实践的重要性,率先在华东师大建设高等教育学科,并与潘懋元共同筹建了中国高等教育学会,培养高等教育学科研究生,推动了高等教育学科的发展。刘佛年还为师范大学高等教育学科的发展指明了方向,认为师范大学高等教育学科基于内生逻辑的建设过程使其区别于综合大学,师范传统融于高等教育学科也使其独具特色,并与综合大学的高等教育学科共同构成了我国高等教育学的基本特色与重要组成部分,所以,应当坚持师范大学传统,共同发展高等教育学科。

黔东少数民族地区寨英古镇的建筑类型及其适应性特征研究

寨英古镇位于黔东区域,是一座有着600余年建置史的军事商贸古镇。通过对古镇的大小商号、会馆、民居、作坊类等建筑的归类,并分析其现存传统建筑所携带的文化信息,总结寨英古镇建筑对山地地形以及少数民族文化的适应性特征,阐述寨英古镇建筑丰富而独特的特征,为更为科学的保护寨英古镇建筑群提供理论依据。

试析全球安全倡议视域下东亚海上非传统安全合作

东亚地区是海洋利益集中、海洋矛盾复杂的地区。随着对东亚外交的塑造力和引领力增强,中国提出全球安全倡议,为海洋命运共同体的构建提供理念指引。目前东亚海洋领域践行全球安全倡议有其逻辑路径。而海上非传统安全合作是落实全球安全倡议的契机和纽带。东亚海上非传统安全合作呈现多领域的共建方式,未来可通过“一体两翼”即中日韩合作、中国与东盟合作为两翼,建立均衡、有效和可持续的东亚海上安全架构,为最终建立海上综合安全保障机制打下基础。以海上非传统安全合作为视角践行全球安全倡议,是思考中国在东亚地区分享海洋发展机遇、共同应对海洋威胁挑战、推进东亚海洋合作、建立海洋命运共同体的新途径和新方法。

布里顿三部教堂寓意剧的创作意识

20世纪具影响力的英国作曲家爱德华·本杰明·布里顿于1964-1968年创作了三部较为特殊的教堂寓意剧《麻鹬河》《火窑剧》《浪子》。这三部曲最显著的共性就是对东方音乐元素的借鉴。这些作品的创作意识来自两个方面:一,受到远东之行东方音乐文化影响;二,来自布里顿内心深处“为民创乐”思想意识。

北京东堂室内历史环境保护与修复策略的研究

全国重点文物保护单位东堂,是北京四大天主教堂之一,具有历史、艺术和使用价值。本文首先详细调查了东堂的历史沿革,对东堂的使用现状、室内历史环境的病害情况展开实地调研。然后从空间形态和布局、材质与色彩、光环境三个方面,归纳总结了东堂的室内环境和装饰艺术特点。在此基础上,剖析了东堂的历史价值和使用价值,根据文物古迹保护的原则,制定了适用于东堂室内环境保护与修复的目标,并提出了相应的保护与修复的策略,为未来保护修复实践提供依据和参考。

东方传统图形元素在现代标志设计中的应用

针对现代标志设计语言愈来愈"国际化"的发展趋势,指出了标志设计更要具有个性化,并且具有民族特色的标志设计成为了现代标志设计的特色风格。通过探讨现代经典标志中的吉庆祥和及传统民族的图形元素,总结了在标志设计中应注重挖掘本土个性的设计理念,这对标志设计的发展有着重要的意义和作用,对东方传统文化艺术的发展也具有一定的推动作用。