Ligamentum flavum hematoma following a traffic accident:A case report

BACKGROUND Ligamentum flavum hematoma(LFH)can cause compression of the spinal cord or nerve root,which results in neurological symptoms.We report a case of lumbar radicular pain due to LFH following a traffic accident.CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old man complained of left buttock and lateral thigh pain that was dull in nature after a traffic accident 18 d prior to presentation.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),taken 17 d after the traffic accident,revealed a mass lesion at the L4-5 Level.These MRI findings suggested subacute LFH.The patient’s pain was not alleviated with conservative treatment,including oral medication and epidural steroid injection.After a partial-hemilaminectomy and removal of LFH,the patient’s pain completely disappeared.CONCLUSION Because early operation for decompression is important for a good outcome,clinicians should be able to determine LFH from MRI results and be aware of the possibility of LFH,especially in patients with a history of trauma.

Analysis of Thorax Injuries in 112 Death Cases Caused by Traffic Accidents

Objective: To explore the characteristics and mechanisms of serious injuries of chest caused by road traffic accidents. Methods: Totally 112 autopsy cases with chest injuries in the urban of Jingzhou road traffic accidents were collected. Systematic review and analysis of the general information, postmortem examinations and assessments of chest injury had carried out from Feb. 2016 to Mar. 2018. Results: Average age of the victims was 52.2 years and the ratio of male to female deaths was 2.39:1. The proportion of motor-cyclists and pedestrians increased significantly. The overwhelming majority of accident vehicles were motorcycles and bicycles. Fractures of ribs and pulmonary contusion were the most common injuries. Craniocerebral and abdominal injuries were the most common associated injuries. Conclusion: Fractures of ribs and pulmonary contusion were the most common features of fatal road traffic injuries, often associated with vitreoretinal damage and serious multiple damages. These features reflect the characteristics of great violence in traffic accidents, which provides the evidence of identification of violent injuries.

The Accuracy Analysis of Measurement Tools for Traffic Accident Investigation

The objective of traffic accident reconstruction is to recreate the event, which is necessary for analyzing the collision dynamics that is used as evidence in court cases. Traffic accident reconstruction and a demonstration of the event require precise data pertaining to scene measurement. However, there are differences between the individual measuring tools and methods related to traffic accident investigation, just as there are differences between the extent of their use and measurement accuracy. The most commonly applied method is the measuring tape, followed by measurements with total stations and laser rangefinders, while photogrammetry is also becoming increasingly important. The advantages and disadvantages of individual tools and methods affect the required number of investigators, portability, measurement range, applicability depending on the amount of light and weather conditions, on the possibility of remote measurement, on data collection time, on the scope, on the option to later process, the collected data and above all on the accuracy of all gathered data. The latter is crucial for proving the guilt or innocence of traffic accident participants at court, as inaccurate data can lead to an unjust sentence. Measurement accuracy using the above mentioned tools and methods also varies depending on which ones are used, as well as on other factors.

Classification of Emergency Responses to Fatal Traffic Accidents in Chinese Urban Areas

Fatal traffic accidents in urban areas can adversely affect the urban road traffic system and pose many challenges for urban traffic management.Therefore,it is necessary to first classify emergency responses to such accidents and then handle them quickly and correctly.The aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation index system and to use appropriate methods to investigate emergency-response classifications to fatal traffic accidents in Chinese urban areas.This study used a multilevel hierarchical structural model to determine emergency-response classification.In the model,accident attributes,urban road network vulnerability,and institutional resilience were used as classification criteria.Each evaluation indicator was selected according to importance ranking and independence screening and was given an interpretation and a quantitative criterion.The Fuzzy Delphi Method was used to rank the importance of the evaluation indices and the combined weight of each index was calculated using the G1 method.Finally,the case of a fatal traffic accident was used to validate the model.The results showed that the multilevel hierarchical structural model,Fuzzy Delphi Method,and G1 method can effectively address the problem of emergency-response classification.Because of its simplicity and adaptability,the approach presented here could be useful for decisionmakers and practitioners for determining emergency-response classifications.

Traffic Accident Detection Based on Deformable Frustum Proposal and Adaptive Space Segmentation

Road accident detection plays an important role in abnormal scene reconstruction for Intelligent Transportation Systems and abnormal events warning for autonomous driving.This paper presents a novel 3D object detector and adaptive space partitioning algorithm to infer traffic accidents quantitatively.Using 2D region proposals in an RGB image,this method generates deformable frustums based on point cloud for each 2D region proposal and then frustum-wisely extracts features based on the farthest point sampling network(FPS-Net)and feature extraction network(FE-Net).Subsequently,the encoder-decoder network(ED-Net)implements 3D-oriented bounding box(OBB)regression.Meanwhile,the adaptive least square regression(ALSR)method is proposed to split 3D OBB.Finally,the reduced OBB intersection test is carried out to detect traffic accidents via separating surface theorem(SST).In the experiments of KITTI benchmark,our proposed 3D object detector outperforms other state-of-theartmethods.Meanwhile,collision detection algorithm achieves the satisfactory performance of 91.8%accuracy on our SHTA dataset.

Disability and Related Factors among Road Traffic Accident Victims in Benin: Study from Five Public and Faith-Based Hospitals in Urban and Suburban Areas

Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health issue in developing countries, where roads tend to be built haphazardly and accidents take a heavy toll on victims—including leaving them disabled. This study seeks to identify those factors that cause RTA victims to become disabled as a result of their injuries. Methods: This retrospective community-based study looked at RTA victims treated in five public and faith-based hospitals in Benin. Disability was evaluated using the Washington Group on Disabilities Statistics questionnaire. The independent variables were related to the victim’s socio-demographic traits, the circumstances of the accident, and post-crash response mechanisms. The proportions were compared using the chi-squared test, with a threshold of 5%. Results: The prevalence of disability among road traffic accident victims is 9.59% (CI 95%: 6.86% - 13.20%). The occurrence of disability is associated with age (p = 0.002), occupational group (p = 0.0077), the mode of transport used to transfer the victim (p p = 0.0035). The study also found that people fail to make sufficient use of post-crash response mechanisms. Conclusion: Public policy-makers should therefore focus on stepping up interventions to get more people using both protective equipment and post-crash response services.

Spatial Analysis of Traffic Accidents in the City of Medina Using GIS

The general objective of this research is to determine how to use the spatial analysis of traffic accidents in Medina Menorah City through geographic information systems. This research aimed to identify, locate and define the sites where traffic accidents are concentrated and determine the need to apply specific safety standards to reduce accidents and identify their causes thereof. This current research applied the analytical descriptive approach for its relevance with this specific research. This research collected traffic accidents data from the Ministry of the Interior, Department of General Traffic. That data captured the hotspots accidents in Medina Menorah City. Some of the most important results of the study are as follows: many roads were selected as High Accident Location HAL, such as Central Ring Roads, King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz Road, Prince Abdul Majid bin Abdul-Aziz Road, and King Abdulla bin Abdel-Aziz Road. The high-speed roads are heavily linked to the massive increase of traffic accident rates, and the increase in the street section length led to the soaring number of total accidents. The study recommended performing more studies and different highway safety studies to identify and locate accident patterns on road networks. Due to the fact that the accidents concentration is intensely focused on Medina City center and Prophet’s Mosque, it is a must to increase the number of public transportations to and from Prophet’s Mosque, particularly during the Hajj period, because of the fact that the visitors of Prophet’s Mosque is on the increase during the said period. This study can be applied in other cities because knowing the locations of traffic crash hotspots can provide us with valuable insights into the causes of accidents and this knowledge helps decision-makers to better assess the risk associated with accidents.

Analysis of Road Traffic Accident Costs in Sudan Using the Human Capital Method

In this study, we used the Human Capital (HC) accident analysis method, to determine the road traffic accident costs in Sudan in two successive years (2010 and 2011) with slight modifications to the recommended and known framework in the way it handles currently and future accident cost components. We evaluated and compared the significance and impact of the economic loss caused by road traffic accidents in Sudan using detailed information on road traffic accident casualties, classified by severity level, vehicle type, and other key parameters such as discount rates and medical and insurance information for Sudan in its entirety. The total cost of road traffic accidents in Sudan in 2010 was estimated at US $391 million, which represents 0.57% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while in 2011 the cost was calculated to reach US $413 million, representing 0.62% of GDP. Findings show that the amount of accident costs is estimated to a certain extent at less than 1% of the total GDP of the country in the two estimation years, but we believe that the evaluation process used fulfilled the eligibility criteria of HC studies and that the produced values for Sudan are valid and reliable. Unit costs for each crash severity level were also estimated in the two years such as death, disability, serious injury, slight injury, and vehicle damage. Death or fatality was equal to US $38,932 and 39,508;disability was equal to US $43,113 and US $45,165;serious injury was equal to US $6963 and US $7596;slight injury was equal to US $2570 and US $3198 and vehicle damage only was equal to US $2268 and US $2579 in the assessment years 2010 and 2011, respectively.

Cause analysis of expressway traffic accidents based on accident statistics of Hunan provincial expressway in 2012-2018

Based on the 2012–2018 accident statistics on the Hunan Provincial Expressway in China,this paper analyses the proportion to which various factors contribute to accidents,as well as the trends over time.From 2012 to 2018,the total number of general procedure handling accidents(i.e.major accidents)increased first and then decreased,while the number of accidents and deaths per 1000 kilometres decreased year by year.The total number of simple procedure handling accidents(i.e.minor accidents)increased year by year,but the number of accidents per 1000 kilometres remained relatively stable.Speeding,fatigued driving,improper driving operation,failure to maintain a safe distance from the preceding vehicle and pedestrians entering the expressway are the main causes of general procedure handling accidents.Failure to maintain a safe distance from the preceding vehicle as required and improper driving operation accounted for approximately 2/3 of the simple procedure handling accidents.In view of the accidents caused by these factors,how to use law enforcement,education,science and technology and facilities construction to further reduce the occurrence of expressway traffic accidents is discussed.

Traffic accidents of autonomous vehicles based on knowledge mapping:A review

As a characteristic representative of the new generation of vehicles,autonomous driving is expected to improve people's driving experience.The study on traffic accident of autonomous vehicles(AVs)helps provide suggestions for autonomous driving safety from multiple disciplines and perspectives,and provide support for formulating traffic accident treatment schemes.Knowledge mapping,as a cutting-edge research method in bibliometrics,scientifically and objectively displays the relevant research status using visual means.This paper uses CiteSpace 6.1.r3 to analyze 5068 related literature on the Web of Science database from 1991 to 2022 and finds out major thematic clusters,important documents and representative journals according to citation frequency.The results show that research on traffic accidents involving AVs focuses on accident preventing technologies,including how to avoid collisions,track lane-position,and enhance vehicle-toeverything(V2X)communication.This paper extracts the mean research topics and key points involved in the field and illustrates journals related to AVs and traffic accidents,which provides guidance for subsequent researchers to carry out in-depth research and contribute their papers.Popular journals are in disciplines of mathematics,systems,computer,economics,and social science.This paper also suggests scholars to consider the aspects of scene reconstruction,cause analysis,and injury of vulnerable road users,so as to investigate traffic accidents and put forward effective treatment schemes to reduce AV accidents,and ultimately improve road safety.

A Workable Solution for Reducing the Large Number of Vehicle and Pedestrian Accidents Occurring on a Yellow Light

Traffic intersections are incredibly dangerous for drivers and pedestrians. Statistics from both Canada and the U.S. show a high number of fatalities and serious injuries related to crashes at intersections. In Canada, during 2019, the National Collision Database shows that 28% of traffic fatalities and 42% of serious injuries occurred at intersections. Likewise, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) found that about 40% of the estimated 5,811,000 accidents in the U.S. during the year studied were intersection-related crashes. In fact, a major survey by the car insurance industry found that nearly 85% of drivers could not identify the correct action to take when approaching a yellow traffic light at an intersection. One major reason for these accidents is the “yellow light dilemma,” the ambiguous situation where a driver should stop or proceed forward when unexpectedly faced with a yellow light. This situation is even further exacerbated by the tendency of aggressive drivers to inappropriately speed up on the yellow just to get through the traffic light. A survey of Canadian drivers conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation found that 9% of drivers admitted to speeding up to get through a traffic light. Another reason for these accidents is the increased danger of making a left-hand turn on yellow. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA), left turns occur in approximately 22.2% of collisions—as opposed to just 1.2% for right turns. Moreover, a study by CNN found left turns are three times as likely to kill pedestrians than right turns. The reason left turns are so much more likely to cause an accident is because they take a driver against traffic and in the path of oncoming cars. Additionally, most of these left turns occur at the driver’s discretion—as opposed to the distressingly brief left-hand arrow at busy intersections. Drive Safe Now proposes a workable solution for reducing the number of accidents occurring during a yellow light at intersections. We believe this fairly simple solution will save lives, prevent injuries, reduce damage to public and private property, and decrease insurance costs.

GIS-based spatial analysis of urban traffic accidents： Case study in Mashhad, Iran

There is a growing concern in traffic accident rate in recent years. Using Mashhad city （Iran second populous city） traffic accident records as case study, this paper applied the combi- nation of geo-information technology and spatial-statistical analysis to bring out the influence of spatial factors in their formation. The aim of the study is to examine 4 clustering analyses to have a better understanding of traffic accidents patterns in complex urban network. In order to deploy the clustering technique in urban roads, 9331 point features for inner city traffic accidents during 12 months have been registered according to their x and y location in geographic information system （GIS）. The mentioned areas were analyzed by kernel density estimation （KDE） using ARCMAP and two other analyses using SANET 4th edition software so that the results of network analysis can be compared with traditional KDE method. In addi- tion, this research introduces five classifications for determining the eventfulness of the under study area based on standard deviation and to make priority in creating security in the area. The nearest neighbor and K-function output analysis consist of four curves and regarding the fact that for all fatal, injury and property damage only crashes, the observed value curve is above the 5% confidence interval. Accidents in the study region are more clustered than ex- pected by random chance. The importance of this study is to use GIS as a management system for accident analysis by combination of spatial-statistical methods.

Weather and traffic accidents in Hong Kong

The influence of rainfall and thermal stress in accident occurrence for the period 1985 through 1994 in Hong Kong was investigated. The existence of seasonal variations and weekly cycle was also examined. Daity accident and meteorological data were obtained from the Transport Department and the Hong Kong Observatory respectively. Utilizing regression analyses and ANOVA, it is discovered that seasonal variation was not important in contributing traffic accidents, and Saturday peak was not ascertained. A non linear relationship between accident occurrence and various rain conditions was found. Accident numbers increased till rain exceeded 50.0 mm. High traffic volume and low speed urban driving in Hong Kong can be the major cause of traffic accidents on rainy days. The impact of heat stress on accident occurrence was found to be statistically significant.

Trauma outcomes in nonfatal road traffic accidents:a Portuguese medico-legal approach

The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of nonfatal road traffic accidents by the victims’age group and sex.We used the Portuguese medico-legal rules for personal injury assessment,in the scope of the Civil Law in that country,which includes a three-dimensional methodology.This was a retrospective study including 667 victims of road traffic accidents aged 3–94 years old.Their final medico-legal reports all used the Portuguese methodology for personal injury assessment.Outcomes were analysed by the victims’age group(children,working-age adults,and older people)and sex.Road traffic accidents were generally serious(ISS mean 9.5),with higher severity in children and older people.The most frequent body sequelae were musculoskeletal(64.8%),which were associated with functional and situational outcomes.Temporary damage resulted in an average length of impairment of daily life of 199.6 days,171.7 days to return to work,and an average degree of quantum doloris(noneconomic damage related to physical and psychological harm)of 3.7/7.The average permanent damage was 7.3/100 points for Permanent Functional Deficit,0.43/3 for Permanent Professional Repercussion,2/7 for Permanent Aesthetic Damage,3.9/7 for Permanent Repercussion on Sexual Activity and 3.2/7 for Permanent Repercussion on Sport and Leisure Activities.Overall,19%of people became permanently dependent(10.6%needed third-party assistance).The medico-legal methodology used,considering victims’real-life situation,allows a comprehensive assessment.There were several significant differences among the three age groups but none between sexes.These differences and the impact of the more severe cases justify further detailed medico-legal studies in these specific situations on children,older people,and severely injured victims.

Hospital-based emergency department visits in children with motor vehicle traffic accidents: estimates from the nationwide emergency department sample

Background:The purpose of this study is to provide nationally representative estimates of children visiting hospital-based emergency departments(ED)for motor vechicle traffic accidents(MVTA)in the United States during the year of 2008.Methods:Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for 2008 was used.All pediatric(age<18 years)ED visits with external cause for injury ICD-9-diagnostic codes for MVTA were selected.Outcomes examined included discharge status following ED visit and presence of concomitant injuries.Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the estimates.Results:Totally 604027 hospital-based ED visits occurred in the United States among children(age≤18 years)due to MVTA.Following an ED visit,91%were discharged routinely,while 6%were admitted as inpatients into the same hospital.A total of 928 children died in the ED.A total of 34004 ED visits required inpatient admission into the same hospital and 768 patients died during hospitalization.Mean charge per ED visit was$1887 and total ED charges across the United States were close to$970 million.Among those admitted into the same hospital following ED visit(n=34004),the mean hospitalization charge was$53726 and total hospitalization charge across the entire United States were$1.8 billion.Conclusions:Study findings illustrate the burden associated with pediatric ED visits due to MVTA.Close to$970 million of hospital charges were incurred by children who made an ED visit due to a MVTA during 2008 and about$1.8 billion was incurred among those hospitalized following an ED visit.

A novel prediction model of traffic accidents based on big data

The occurrence of traffic accidents is regular in probability distribution.Using big data mining method to predict traffic accidents is conducive to taking measures to prevent or reduce traffic accidents in advance.In recent years,prediction methods of traffic accidents used by researchers have some problems,such as low calculation accuracy.Therefore,a prediction model of traffic accidents based on joint probability density feature extraction of big data is proposed in this paper.First,a function of big data joint probability distribution for traffic accidents is established.Second,establishing big data distributed database model of traffic accidents with the statistical analysis method in order to mine the association rules characteristic quantity reflecting the law of traffic accidents,and then extracting the joint probability density feature of big data for traffic accident probability distribution.According to the result of feature extraction,adaptive functional and directivity are predicted,and then the regularity prediction of traffic accidents is realized based on the result of association directional clustering,so as to optimize the design of the prediction model of traffic accidents based on big data.Simulation results show that in predicting traffic accidents,the model in this paper has advantages of relatively high accuracy,relatively good confidence and stable prediction result.

Analysis of risk factors contributing to road traffic accidents in a tertiary care hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study

Purpose: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a public health issue and cost a lot to individuals, families, communities and nations. Trauma care systems in India are at a nascent stage of development. There is gross disparity between trauma services available in various parts of the country. Rural area in India has inefficient services for trauma care, due to the varied topography, financial constraints, and lack of appropriate health infrastructure. The present study is to study the trends of occurrence of RTA cases by month, week and time of accident occurrence as well as to research the types of vehicle involved in accidents and other various risk factors related to them.Methods: During 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2017, a hospital-based and cross-sectional study of RTA victims was conducted. The patients were admitted in emergency department of Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, when stabilized, they were shifted to the orthopaedics and surgery ward.Results: In the study, 654 road accident victims were included, of which the majority were males (77.5%) and the most of them belonged to rural (67%). RTA victims according to the month of occurrence majority were found in January (12.5%) and evening was time of a day with maximum accidents (32.1%). Mortality cases of RTA victims based on type of road user and it shows decreasing trend of mortality of motor-cyclists (54.2%) followed by pedestrian (25.1%).Conclusion: There should be control over people driving vehicles under the influence of alcohol and drivers over-speeding and rash driving on urban roads as well as rural village roads.

Burden of road traffic accidents in Nepal by calculating disability-adjusted life years

Objective:To calculate the burden of road traffic accidents in Kathmandu Valley and then extrapolate this to the national level.Methods:A prospective study was performed to compute the burden of road traffic accidents by quantification of disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)using the Global Burden of Disease Study method on the basis of 1-year data from nine hospitals in Nepal and the Department of Foren-sic Medicine and cross-checked with the Nepal Traffic Directorate.Multiple methods were applied to the extrapolated population metrics of the burden of road traffic accidents in Nepal.Results:The total number of years of life lived in disability,years of life lost,and DALYs in Nepal were 38,848±194,119,935±1464,and 158,783±1658(95% confidence interval)re-spectively.The number of years lost because of morbidity and death was similar in Kathmandu Valley.Most(75%)of the DALYs resulted from years of life lost in Nepal.Males accounted for 73% of DALYs.Almost half(44%)of the DALYs were contributed by the group aged 15-29 years.Conclusion:This study is the first to calculate the burden of road traffic accidents in Nepal using Nepal’s own data.Nepal needs to develop and enhance its own system to identify significant public health issues so as to set national priorities for prevention of road traffic accidents.

Road Traffic Accident Fatalities and its Association with Key SocioDemographic Determinants in Nashik,Maharashtra:A Recurring Challenge

Background:Road traffic accidents are not a new phenomenon,rather ifs a disturbing occurrence which shows no sign of abating very soon.Rather,it remains one of those public health issues which even the most educated and civilized populations tend to ignore,primarily for the thrill of it.This study aims to identify the outcome associated with vehicular accidents and its association with socio-demographic factors.Method:This is a retrospective,record-based study of victims of road traffic accidents admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Nashik,Maharashtra.The data would include records from the 2018 to 2019.The variables will include the socio-demographic factors,site of injuries and its severity.A descriptive analysis would be done by SPSS software to find out the prevalence of vehicular accidents,association of site of injury with age and severity of the trauma.Ethical approval would be taken before the initiation of the study.Result:A total of486 victims ofRTAs were included from the medical records of the casualty of a tertiary care hospital,out of which 330 were from the year 2018 and 156 from 2019.A look at the sociodemographic profiles of the RTA victims showed that females comprised only 19.3%(2018)and 18.6%(2019)of the total victims in road traffic accidents,while majority,80.6%(2018)and 81.4%(2019)were males during the same period.Overall,we can also observe that both in 2018(38.5%)and 2019(50.6%)most of the road traffic accidents among the victims were of moderate grade.Conclusion:The need of the hour is to bring about a change from within through self-reflection of lawmakers,strict implementation of traffic rules and guidelines with hefty fines,lockup,and criminal punishment to habitual wrongdoers.

Evaluation of the status of the pre-hospital trauma care in road traffic accidents in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu

Objective:To evaluate the status of the pre-hospital trauma care in a road traffic accidents in a rural area of Kancheepuram district.Methods:A cross-sectional study of two months duration(June and July 2014)was conducted in the tertiary care hospital of a medical college,and its affiliated urban/rural health centers.Universal sampling was used and all road accident victims were enrolled as study participants.The required information was obtained with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire.Ethical clearance was obtained before the start of the study.SPSS version 18 was used for data entry and statistical analysis.Descriptive statistics were calculated for all the variables.Results:A total of 80(77.7%)study subjects were from the productive age group(15-45 years).Most of the accidents were reported at night time[43(41.7%)],on weekends[59(56.5%)],and involved two-wheelers[81(78.6%)].In addition,69 cases(67%)of the victims were not aware of the existence of emergency ambulance services,while only 6(5.8%)of the victims were brought to the hospital in an emergency ambulance.Conclusions:The study findings clearly suggest that the quality of the pre-hospital trauma care for road traffic accident victims in a rural area of Kancheepuram district lacks on multiple dimensions and there is an immense need to improve and strengthen the range of services to save the lives of the victims.