A cellular automaton model for a bridge traffic bottleneck

A cellular automaton （CA） model is proposed in this paper to analyze a bridge traffic bottleneck. The simulation results with this model show that there are several phase transitions in the traffic average density, velocity and flow for each lane under a periodic boundary condition. An unstable phase in the traffic average density and velocity for the upstream and downstream lanes of the bridge is shown in a range of initial traffic densities. The critical points of the phase transitions and the phenomenon of the unstable phase found in the simulation are also explained with the mean-field theory.

Identification and optimization of traffic bottleneck with signal timing

In urban transportation network, traffic congestion is likely to occur at traffic bottlenecks. The signal timing at intersections together with static properties of left-turn and straight-through lanes of roads are two significant factors causing traffic bottlenecks. A discrete-time model of traffic bottleneck is hence developed to analyze these two factors, and a bottleneck indicator is introduced to estimate the comprehensive bottleneck degree of individual road in regional transportation networks universally, the identification approaches are presented to identify traffic bottlenecks, bottleneck-free roads, and bottle- neck-prone roads. Based on above work, the optimization method applies ant colony algorithm with ef- fective green time as decision variables to find out an optimal coordinated signal timing plan for a re- gional network. In addition, a real experimental transportation network is chosen to verify the valida- tion of bottleneck identification. The bottleneck identification approaches can explain the features of oc- currence and dissipation of traffic congestion in a certain extent, and the bottleneck optimization meth- od provides a new way to coordinate signal timing at intersections to mitigate traffic congestion.

The effect of moving bottlenecks on a two-lane traffic flow

In this paper, we study the effect of moving bottlenecks on traffic flow. The full velocity difference （FVD） model is extended to the traffic flow on a two-lane highway, and new lane changing rule is proposed to reproduce the vehicular lane changing behavior. Using this model, we derive the fundamental current-density diagrams for the traffic flow with the effect of moving bottleneck. Moreover, typical time-space diagram for a two-lane highway shows the formation and dissipation of a moving bottleneck. Results demonstrate that the effect of moving bottleneck enlarges with the increase of traffic density, but the effect can be reduced by increasing the maximum velocity of heavy truck. The effects of multiple moving bottlenecks under different conditions are investigated. The effect becomes more remarkable when the coupling effect of multiple moving bottlenecks occurs.

西安市幸福路跨陇海铁路总体方案研究

随着城市发展以及对中心区域的提质优化,那些在中心城区中存在的特别难以优化提升且制约因素较多的断头路,近些年来越来越引起相关职能部门及领导的重视。本文通过对交通瓶颈区域的建设空间进行调查,分析总结了通道限制因素,以提高区域交通效率、均衡路网流量、增强交通服务功能等为目标,通过系统性地对交通状况进行分析,优化立交节点方案,强化通道的可实施性,以期为今后类似通道项目设计提供技术参考。

Traffic Congestion Mechanism in Two Ramp Systems

The aim of this paper is to study traffic properties in an on/off-ramp system with a bus stop close to the on/off ramp. The location of the bus stop in the on/off-ramp （thereafter downstream or upstream case） is discussed. The simulation results show that in the two ramp systems, the reasons for traffic congestions are different. In the on-ramp system, buses and cars coming from on-ramp interweave each other, while in the off-ramp system, buses interweave with cars exiting to off-ramp. Thus, in the on-ramp （off-ramp） system, the upstream （downstream） bus stop is helpful to reduce the interweaving situation. Moreover, the negative effect will disappear when the distance between the bus stop and the on/off-ramp is more than 20 cells （i.e. 150 m）. These qualitative findings may provide some suggestions on traffic management and optimization.

杨高路改建工程浦建路跨线桥节点出入口匝道布置方案研究

自《上海市城市总体规划(2017-2035年)》发布以来,上海的城市建设从快速发展向精细化治理、综合性改造的建设思路转变。以浦东新区杨高路(世纪大道-浦建路)道路改造工程为背景,工程实施完工后,根据实际的道路运营情况,分析交通瓶颈的起因,结合交通需求,研究增设匝道出入口布置方案,在保证杨高路复合型走廊功能的基础上,在有限的空间里实现功能的最大化,解决交通瓶颈问题。

面向高速公路连续瓶颈的协同可变限速控制

高速公路瓶颈处极易因通行能力受限而诱发交通拥堵,进而导致通勤时间延长、燃料消耗增加、驾驶舒适性降低,尤其是在连续多瓶颈处,更容易对道路网络造成连锁反应而大范围增加事故风险。既有拥堵控制策略聚焦于孤立瓶颈处拥堵消除,通过对多个瓶颈路段实施多个孤立瓶颈控制策略,由于控制策略间交通状态与控制参数缺乏协同,致使控制效果受限,且极易因策略协同失衡导致更为复杂的交通拥堵。本文提出一种基于模型预测控制方法的连续多瓶颈拥堵消除的协同可变限速控制策略:首先,针对连续多瓶颈主动管控场景改进元胞传输模型,以模拟高速公路多瓶颈生成、通行能力下降、随机交通流波动和可变限速控制状态与效果;其次,基于拉格朗日坐标系改进LWR模型,以精准预测交通拥堵场景下的交通流随机状态;再次,构建以多瓶颈路段总体交通运行状态作为输入的可变限速控制策略,并采用反馈式控制框架协同多瓶颈可变限速控制策略;最后,通过构建仿真实验测试了所提出控制策略消除连续瓶颈处拥堵的控制效率,并与其他控制策略进行了效果对比。实验结果表明,本文所提出的协同可变限速策略可有效消除连续瓶颈的多处拥堵,且控制效果显著优于其他控制策略,车辆总行程时间和总延误时间分别降低21.3%和70.6%。

W基于家庭通勤行为分析的共享停车优化研究

共享停车是缓解早高峰城市中心区域车位紧张的有效手段。基于瓶颈理论构建汇流瓶颈路网下个人与家庭混合出行的均衡出行模型,考虑共享停车影响下的出行行为决策,在多停车场条件下分析家庭与个人的通勤行为,比较通学通勤时间差的不同对各类出行者的出行时间及出行成本的影响,并基于均衡模型对共享停车规模进行优化,分析交易成本对出行行为选择的影响。研究发现:在多停车位竞争的情况下,用户会产生更多的早到成本,当通学通勤时间差较大时可以延缓系统高峰期,扩大共享车位规模可以达到对系统的优化。故政府应合理设置通学通勤时间差,在考虑社会总成本的情况下制定相关政策对共享停车规模进行优化,对共享交易成本进行管理从而实现资源的合理利用。

考虑自动驾驶专用道和组合管理策略的通勤行为建模及分析

考虑自动驾驶背景下新型多模式通勤方式并存的情景,设置存在自动驾驶汽车专用道,即传统汽车与自动驾驶汽车分离出行的双车道交通系统,基于瓶颈模型进行建模,分析实施可交易电子路票与鼓励合乘组合管理策略前后对路票市场价格、通勤者出行方式选择和自动驾驶汽车内生渗透率的影响,并以系统总成本改善效果最佳为目标,协同优化组合管理策略参数。研究表明:实施组合管理策略后,路票市场价格可唯一确定;部分独驾通勤者转向合乘出行,系统总车辆数减少,两车道的早高峰持续时间均缩短,交通拥堵得到改善;存在满足特定关系的组合管理策略参数使得系统总成本改善最佳,且能够得到系统最优时的私人自动驾驶汽车和共享自动驾驶汽车的市场渗透率。研究可为未来城市交通管理提供新的思路。

基于改进YOLOv5算法的道路交通参与者实时检测方法

从道路监控图像中快速准确地检测交通参与者对于智能交通系统监管道路目标具有重要意义。为解决传统YOLOv5目标检测算法对多种交通参与者目标检测精度低、重叠目标漏检等问题,研究了基于改进YOLOv5算法的道路交通参与者实时检测方法。为增强浅层网络提取图像特征信息能力,采用融合移动翻转瓶颈卷积(FusedMBC)代替原卷积结构,并通过自注意力机制学习交通参与者的纹理特征;为加强主干网络感知图像空间特征信息的能力,引入坐标注意力机制(CA),使主干网络更加关注图像中交通参与者的语义特征;为使普通卷积拥有感知构造能力,以增强激活空间的灵敏度,采用漏斗激活函数(FReLU)作为卷积层的激活函数,并能够使特征向量进行像素级建模;为增强网络对密集目标的空间特征信息提取能力,在特征融合网络中加入坐标注意力机制,通过注意力捕捉密集目标融合后的空间与通道特征信息,让网络精确定位各个目标。通过对车路协同自动驾驶数据集DAIR-V2X的交通参与者图像进行数据增强预处理,构建用于验证模型性能的测试集2000张并进行了算法验证。实验结果表明:①改进后的YOLOv5算法平均检测精度达到82.4%,平均召回率达到95%,平均检测速度达到204帧/s。②相比于原始YOLOv5,其在平均检测精度和平均检测速度分别提高了5.8%和33.3%,证实提出的方法能够实现快速准确地检测交通参与者,有助于提升智能交通系统监管交通参与者的能力。

Traffic flow of a roundabout crossing with an open boundary condition

This paper presents a cellular automaton traffic flow model with an open boundary condition to describe the traffic flow at a roundabout crossing with an inner roundabout lane and an outer roundabout lane. The simulation results show that the boundary condition, bottlenecks and the self-organization affect the traffic flow at the roundabout crossing. Because of the effect of bottlenecks, jams easily appear on the inner roundabout lane. To improve the capacity of the roundabout system, proper values of the enter probability α and the out probability βcan be chosen.

Evaluation of Merge Control Strategies at Interstate Work Zones under Peak and Off-Peak Traffic Conditions

Maintenance and rehabilitation projects of interstate facilities typically mandate lane closures. Lane closures require merging maneuvers that often result in reduced speeds and traffic bottlenecks. Work zone impacts on traffic operations are magnified when project durations are extended. Conventionally, work zone traffic control plans are developed to address work zone impacts. This study evaluated various merge control strategies at interstate work zones peak and off-peak traffic conditions and summarized related impacts. A comprehensive microscopic simulation model was developed in full consideration of driver/vehicle behavior at work zones. The analysis of simulation results revealed that merge control strategies, when implemented during peak and off-peak conditions, can preserve the level of service and provide favorable mobility, safety, and environmental impacts. In addition, results indicate that transportation agencies’ practice of scheduling work zone activities during the off-peak may not be the most optimum approach. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the need for evaluation of work zone scheduling practices in full consideration of agency, user, and project costs.

Bottleneck Merge Control Strategies for Work Zones: Available Options and Current Practices

Maintenance and rehabilitation projects of interstate facilities typically mandate lane closures. Lane closures require merging maneuvers that often result in reduced speeds and traffic bottlenecks. Conventionally, bottleneck merge control plans are developed to address bottlenecks impacts. However, there is a need to better understand the various merge control options and their potential impacts on traffic operations and safety. This study reviewed available options and current practices of bottleneck merge control strategies at work zones, and summarized transportation agencies’ considerations to mitigate adverse impacts. An extensive literature review was performed and a questionnaire survey was developed and used to gather relevant information. Input was solicited from all US State Departments of Transportation. Responses from 27 States revealed that transportation agencies currently rely on experience when selecting a bottleneck merge control strategy and often do not consider influence on construction activities. Thus, a gap was identified between bottleneck merge control and construction plans. Another gap was identified regarding the lack of formal criteria or guidelines for selecting a bottleneck merge control strategy. These gaps need to be addressed through investigating the influence of bottleneck merge control strategies on construction activities, and the development of formal criteria for effective selection of such strategies.

无人驾驶停车共乘缓解瓶颈拥堵研究

利用无人驾驶车辆利于共乘和自行停车的特点,提出了一种新的高效的通勤模式——无人驾驶停车共乘。首先,基于扩展的瓶颈模型,解析了该出行模式下瓶颈处通勤行为的均衡特征,建立了共乘率、停车收费与出行成本(包括瓶颈排队、工作延误、共乘隐私损失及共乘下车延误)之间的定量关系,给出了可诱导至系统最优的拥堵收费方案。然后,实施了数值实验,证明了模型的有效性,探究了模型中关键参数对出行费用的影响。最后,提供了该通勤模式可以应用的实际场景。解析和数值实验结果均表明,该通勤模式可缩短早高峰出行的持续时长,简化出行过程,从而大幅减少出行费用和换乘停车场规模,可为未来解决城市交通拥堵和市中心停车位缺乏等难题提供借鉴。

高速公路连续瓶颈混合交通流可变限速与换道协同控制方法

为缓解高速公路连续瓶颈区车辆强制换道造成的通行能力下降的问题,减轻瓶颈之间的相互干扰,提出了面向智能网联车辆(connected and automated vehicles,CAVs)与普通车辆混行情况的高速公路连续瓶颈可变限速与换道协同控制策略。对传统的细胞传输模型(cell transmission model,CTM)进行改进,使其更好地预测考虑了可变限速地混合交通流状态;基于实验模拟,得到了不同交通需求场景下合理的换道控制段长度,通过对瓶颈上游车流进行预先换道提醒,缓解因强制换道引发的通行能力下降现象,进而提高可变限速控制的效果,同时利用可变限速对高交通需求下的流量进行调控,为换道控制段内车辆能够完成预先换道提供保障;构建了连续瓶颈下协同控制框架,并以最小化总行程时间和速度差为目标,优化连续瓶颈的交通运行性能;分析了3种CAVs渗透率对协同控制的影响。结果表明:相比于无控制和可变限速控制,在协同控制下总行程时间分别降低了54.76%和33.05%,总速度差分别减少了86.84%和29.58%。此外,CAVs对协同控制性能和道路运行状况有着积极作用。当CAVs渗透率为0.5时最低限速值由渗透率为0时的30 km/h提高至60 km/h,当渗透率为1时限速值始终保持在自由流速度,随着CAVs渗透率的增加协同控制下系统的总行程时间可从239.64 h减少至158.86 h。研究可为高速路连续瓶颈和未来含CAVs的混合交通流主动管控提供参考。

上海虹桥高铁站停车库交通组织与动态管理研究

超大型地下车库因其车位数量多、内部空间大,容易出现出入口处拥堵、内部绕行严重、双向寻车位低效等问题。以上海虹桥高铁站地下车库为研究案例,首先,分析虹桥站地下停车库的布局以及拥堵成因,并从理想交通运行角度,提出超大型停车库交通组织与动态管理的“无瓶颈、低损耗”的工作原则;其次,对照该原则,从流线设计、交通设施设置、日常管理等方面对虹桥站车库交通组织与动态管理问题进行剖析,并提出“去瓶颈、减损耗”的针对性改进措施。研究成果已在实践中得到应用。

组合匝道瓶颈下交通流相变研究

针对组合匝道瓶颈附近发生的交通崩塌现象,提出了概率论主方程模型用以描述该现象。基于三相交通流理论,分析得出初始非均匀自由流中交通崩塌现象发生的本质是自由流到同步流的一阶相变,同时假设了一个确定性的局部扰动始终位于瓶颈附近,该扰动造成了过加速效应对于速度适应效应的竞争劣势。然后构建了合适的概率论主方程模型,并进一步推导得到了交通拥堵的平均迟滞时间和相变概率的表达式。理论结果的进一步分析表明:入口匝道流量的增加将加快交通流相变的进程,出口匝道流量对维持交通流的稳定性有促进作用,并且主干道流量对自由流波动影响较小,因此控制入口匝道流量的汇入对维持组合匝道瓶颈处初始自由流的稳定性非常重要。

面向宽窄交替航道的船舶交通元胞自动机模型

为了提高宽窄交通航道的通行效率,针对宽窄交替的结构特点,以基尔运河为例,根据其航道宽窄段交替结构的特点,建立了双向船舶交通流元胞自动机模型,研究基尔运河的船舶交通流仿真。根据基尔运河的实际结构建立元胞空间,并基于固定闭塞理论和移动闭塞理论建立演化规则。基尔运河的结构导致大型船舶无法在狭窄的区间内同时通过,为了描述该现象,在元胞自动机模型中建立了合适的等待规则。在仿真分析中,主要讨论了不同船舶入流率、大小船舶比例、船舶间安全距离的影响。在仿真结果的基础上,进一步研究了基尔运河船舶交通流改善的瓶颈识别和改进策略。结果表明,基尔运河窄段长度过长是瓶颈所在,其使得运河内船舶大量停泊等待。

高速公路改扩建工程周边路网交通瓶颈识别

为满足日益增加的交通需求和提高通行质量,同时保障高速公路区域路网和作业区的交通正常运行,有必要开展高速公路改扩建工程周边路网交通均衡诱导研究,对改扩建高速公路上过载的交通流量进行分流和转移。准确地识别高速公路周边路网的交通瓶颈路段,是进行高速公路改扩建工程周边路网交通均衡诱导的重要基础。在对国内某高速公路改扩建工程周边路网交通运行状况调研的基础上,耦合了速度-密度关系模型和服务水平法,构建了交通瓶颈识别模型。然后,基于所构建的交通瓶颈识别模型,结合周边路网的通行能力和不同时段的服务水平,对周边路网不同时段下的交通瓶颈路段进行识别。

车联网环境下匝道汇入区瓶颈换道优化

高快速路汇入区(即合流区)瓶颈是交通流运行的咽喉,汇入瓶颈交通流失效会加剧拥堵,诱发交通振荡以及事故率上升等一系列问题。与现有研究大都通过调节匝道汇入车辆行为或主线车辆速度进而试图改善汇入区交通流问题不同,该研究聚焦于瓶颈汇入区上游主线车辆,通过动态调节汇入区上游主线车道车辆分布,提升汇入区通行能力。具体而言,研究提出一种可以对网联车(CV)进行双向换道建议的混合整数线性规划模型,该方法不依赖于交通流基本图设定的临界密度,通过实时计算每一辆个体CV的向左、向右或保持车道决策以优化车道流量分布,减少汇入车辆干扰,提升汇入效率。基于VISSIM交通仿真软件,通过二次开发搭建了汇入区瓶颈换道优化实时仿真评估系统,并对该方法进行了验证,测试不同流量组合和不同CV渗透率下算法的有效性。各车道时空轨迹表明该换道建议优化方法可以有效减小汇入车辆冲突,车均延误分析结果表明在单车道平均流量1550~1800 veh·h^(-1)区间,即汇入瓶颈失效关键流量区段,换道建议优化方案相比原方案能显著改善汇入区的运行效率,车均延误可降低10%~50%左右。CV渗透率敏感性分析表明,在较低的0.2~0.5渗透率下即可达到减小延误的目标。