Transactive Demand Response Operation at the Grid Edge using the IEEE 2030.5 Standard

This paper presents a transactive demand response(TDR)scheme for a network of residential customers with generation assets that emphasizes interoperability within a transactive energy architecture.A complete laboratory-based implementation provides the first(to our knowledge)realization of a comprehensive TDR use case that is fully compliant with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)2030.5 standard,which addresses interoperability within a cybersecure smart energy profile(SEP)context.Verification is provided by a full system integration with commercial hardware using Internet Protocol(IP)-based(local area network(LAN)and Wi-Fi)communication protocols and transport layer security(TLS)1.2 cryptographic protocol,and validation is provided by emulation using extensive residential smart meter data.The demand response(DR)scheme is designed to accommodate privacy concerns,allows customers to select their DR compliance level,and provides incentives to maximize their participation.The proposed TDR scheme addresses privacy through the implementation of the SEP 2.0 messaging protocol between a transactive agent(TA)and home energy management system(HEMS)agents.Customer response is handled by a multi-input multi-output(MIMO)fuzzy controller that manages negotiation between the customer agent and the TA.We take a multi-agent system approach to neighborhood coordination,with the TA servicing multiple residences on a common transformer,and use a reward mechanism to maximize customer engagement during the event-based optimization.Based on a set of smart meter data acquired over an extended time period,we engage in multiple TDR scenarios,and demonstrate with a fully-functional IEEE 2030.5-compliant implementation that our scheme can reduce network peak power consumption by 22%under realistic conditions.

A Distributed Transactive Energy Mechanism for Integrating PV and Storage Prosumers in Market Operation

The decreasing cost of solar photovoltaics(PVs)and battery storage systems is driving their adoption in the residential distribution system,where more consumers are becoming prosumers.Accompanying this trend is the potential roll-out of home energy management systems(HEMSs),which provide a means for prosumers to respond to externalities such as energy price,weather,and energy demands.However,the economic operation of prosumers can affect grid security,especially when energy prices are extremely low or high.Therefore,it is paramount to design a framework that can accommodate the interests of the key stakeholders in distribution systems—namely,the network operator,prosumer,and aggregator.In this paper,a novel transactive energy(TE)-based operational framework is proposed.Under this frame-work,aggregators interact with the distribution grid operator through a negotiation process to ensure network security,while at the lower level,prosumers submit their schedule to the aggregator through the HEMS.If network security is at risk,aggregators will send an additional price component representing the cost of security(CoS)to the prosumer to stimulate further response.The simulation results show that the proposed framework can effectively ensure the economic operation of aggregators and prosumers in distribution systems while maintaining grid security.

Characteristics of a Transactive Phenomenon in Relationships among Older Adults with Dementia, Nurses as Intermediaries, and Communication Robot

Healthcare for older adults with dementia is an important healthcare problem in Japan and in other developed countries. Importantly, healthcare workers in Japan are also getting older. In order to address solutions to this problem, using robots is being realized and is starting to assist healthcare and welfare practice needs. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of a transactive phenomenon in relationships among older adults with dementia, with nurses as intermediaries and with a cognitive skill-aid robot. Subjects were two institutionalized older adults who were diagnosed with dementia using Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale-Revised;a Kabochan (Nodding Kabochan) fixed with a remote-controlled speaker, Pechat (Kabochan with Pechat). Measurements of autonomic nervous activity were done using wearable electrocardiography attached to the subjects for four hours. Heart Rate Variability data were assessed at various frequency bands using a HRV software tool. In a continuously recorded data, interbeat (R-R) intervals were obtained for a 1-min segment using the maximum entropy method. In this study, the two major spectral components of HRV, the variances of the low-frequency (LF: 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) band and high-frequency (HF: 0.15 - 0.4 Hz) band, were calculated. Activities and behaviors of subjects transacting with Kabochan were observed by the expert nurses and video-recorded. Throughout the transaction period, observations were recorded of patients’ behavior, words uttered and over-all contents of the transactive conversation with the Kabochan or Kabochan with Pechat. Identified characteristics were transactive relationship phenomenon;changes in autonomic nervous system activity of persons with dementia are expressed as per one minute, linguistic response of elderly people, transactive relations among Kabochan, Kabochan with Pechat, and nurses as intermediaries. These were exhibited as Figures: Situation 1, A Sense of Fear, Situation 2, A Pleasant Sensation, and Situation 3, Misunderstanding and Confusion. It also showed that autonomic nervous system activity of persons with communication skills is actively changing in older adults with dementia. Conversation of adding Pechat to the Kabochan illustrated that nurses as intermediaries showed emotional conversations as established by effectively manipulating the Pechat. Also, it was revealed that if Kabochan with Pechat uttered words about patient’s personal information in a conversation, the patient felt a sense of fear. The researchers suggest that when developing future communication robot for elderly with dementia, it is necessary to consider, for an effective conversation, transactive relationships including nurses as intermediaries. The role functions of these intermediaries have been shown of high versatility, indicating that situations such as these can also be controlled by other healthcare providers such as by occupational therapists.

Transactive Energy and Flexibility Provision in Multi-microgrids Using Stackelberg Game

Aggregating demand side flexibility is essential to complementing the inflexible and variable renewable energy supply in achieving low carbon energy systems.Sources of demand side flexibility,e.g.,dispatchable generators,storage,and flexible loads,can be structured in a form of microgrids and collectively provided to utility grids through transactive energy in local energy markets.This paper proposes a framework of local energy markets to manage this transactive energy and facilitate the flexibility provision.The distribution system operator aims to achieve local energy balance by scheduling the operation of multi-microgrids and determining the imbalance prices.Multiple microgrid traders aim to maximize profits for their prosumers through dispatching flexibility sources and participating in localised energy trading.The decision making and interactions between a distribution system operator and multiple microgrid traders are formulated as the Stackelberg game-theoretic problem.Case studies using the IEEE 69-bus distribution system demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model in terms of facilitating local energy balance and reducing dependency on the utility grids.

From demand response to transactive energy: state of the art

This paper reviews the state of the art of research and industry practice on demand response and the new methodology of transactive energy. Demand response programs incentivize consumers to align their demand with power supply conditions, enhancing power system reliability and economic operation. The design of demand response programs, performance of pilot projects and programs, consumer behaviors, and barriers are discussed.Transactive energy is a variant and a generalized form of demand response in that it manages both the supply and demand sides. It is intended for a changing environment with an increasing number of distributed resources and intelligent devices. It utilizes the flexibility of various generation/load resources to maintain a dynamic balance of supply and demand. These distributed resources are controlled by their owners. However, the design of transaction mechanisms should align the individual behaviors with the interests of the entire system. Transactive energy features real-time, autonomous, and decentralized decision making.The transition from demand response to transactive energy is also discussed.

Transactive control:a framework for operating power systems characterized by high penetration of distributed energy resources

The increasing number of distributed energy resources connected to power systems raises operational challenges for the network operator, such as introducing grid congestion and voltage deviations in the distribution network level, as well as increasing balancing needs at the whole system level. Control and coordination of a large number of distributed energy assets requires innovative approaches. Transactive control has received much attention due to its decentralized decision-making and transparent characteristics. This paper introduces the concept and main features of transactive control, followed by a literature review and demonstration projects that apply to transactive control. Cases are then presented to illustrate the transactive control framework. At the end, discussions and research directions are presented, for applying transactive control to operating power systems, characterized by a high penetration of distributed energy resources.

Security Constrained Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Transactive Energy Trading in Distribution Systems

Peer-to-peer(P2P)transactive energy trading offers a promising solution for facilitating the efficient and secure operation of a distribution system consisting of multiple prosumers.One critical but challenging task is how to avoid system network constraints to be violated for the distribution system integrated with extensive P2P transactive energy trades.This paper proposes a security constrained decentralized P2P transactive energy trading framework,which allows direct energy trades among neighboring prosumers in the distribution system with enhanced system efficiency and security in which no conventional intermediary is required.The P2P transactive energy trading problem is formulated based on the Nash Bargaining theory and decomposed into two subproblems,i.e.,an OPF problem(P1)and a payment bargaining problem(P2).A distributed optimization method based on the alternating direction method of multiplier(ADMM)is adopted as a privacy-preserving solution to the formulated security constrained P2P transactive energy trading model with ensured accuracy.Extensive case studies based on a modified 33-bus distribution system are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed security constrained decentralized P2P transactive energy trading framework in terms of efficiency improvement,loss reduction,and voltage security enhancement.

Transactive Energy Trading in Reconfigurable Multi-carrier Energy Systems

The penetration of multi-carrier energy systems in distribution system gains more and more concerns.In this paper,a bi-level transactive energy trading framework is proposed to improve the energy scheduling and operation efficiency for multi-carrier energy systems which are modeled as energy hubs(EHs).In the upper level,each EH in the distribution system not only makes energy scheduling decisions considering supplies and demands of local energy,but also trades energy with each other to further maximize their social welfare.The associated trading payment among EHs is made in a fair manner by applying Nash bargaining theory.We solve the bargaining problem by decomposing it into two subproblems:operation cost minimization problem and payment bargaining problem.Then,based on the trading decision,the nodal equivalent loads of EHs are sent to the distribution system operator(DSO)without publishing trading details.By applying the second-order cone programming(SOCP),DSO reconfigures the network to reduce the transmission loss of the system in the lower level.The network reconfiguration and the trading behavior of EHs interact and iterate until the convergence.Numerical studies on modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Energy Exchange Control in Multiple Microgrids with Transactive Energy Management

In recent years,the advent of microgrids with numerous renewable energy sources has created some fundamental challenges in the control,coordination,and management of energy trading between microgrids and the power grid.To respond to these challenges,some techniques such as the transactive energy(TE)technology are proposed to control energy sharing.Therefore,this paper uses TE technology for energy exchange control among the microgrids,and applies three operation cases for analyzing the energy trading control of four and ten microgrids with the aim of minimizing the energy cost of each microgrid,respectively.In this regard,Monte Carlo simulation and fast forward selection(FFS)methods are respectively exerted for scenario generation and reduction in uncertainty modeling process.The first case is assumed that all microgrids can only receive energy from the network and do not have any connection with each other.In order to maximize the energy cost saving of each microgrid,the second case is proposed to provide a positive percentage of cost saving for microgrids.All microgrids can also trade energy with each other to get the most benefit by reducing the dependency on the main grid.The third case is similar to the second case,but its target is to indicate the scalability of the models based on the proposed TE technology by considering ten commercial microgrids.Finally,the simulation results indicate that microgrids can achieve the positive amount of cost saving in the second and third cases.In addition,the total energy cost of microgrids has been reduced in comparison with the first case.

Blockchain-Enabled Cybersecurity Provision for Scalable Heterogeneous Network:A Comprehensive Survey

Blockchain-enabled cybersecurity system to ensure and strengthen decentralized digital transaction is gradually gaining popularity in the digital era for various areas like finance,transportation,healthcare,education,and supply chain management.Blockchain interactions in the heterogeneous network have fascinated more attention due to the authentication of their digital application exchanges.However,the exponential development of storage space capabilities across the blockchain-based heterogeneous network has become an important issue in preventing blockchain distribution and the extension of blockchain nodes.There is the biggest challenge of data integrity and scalability,including significant computing complexity and inapplicable latency on regional network diversity,operating system diversity,bandwidth diversity,node diversity,etc.,for decision-making of data transactions across blockchain-based heterogeneous networks.Data security and privacy have also become the main concerns across the heterogeneous network to build smart IoT ecosystems.To address these issues,today’s researchers have explored the potential solutions of the capability of heterogeneous network devices to perform data transactions where the system stimulates their integration reliably and securely with blockchain.The key goal of this paper is to conduct a state-of-the-art and comprehensive survey on cybersecurity enhancement using blockchain in the heterogeneous network.This paper proposes a full-fledged taxonomy to identify the main obstacles,research gaps,future research directions,effective solutions,andmost relevant blockchain-enabled cybersecurity systems.In addition,Blockchain based heterogeneous network framework with cybersecurity is proposed in this paper tomeet the goal of maintaining optimal performance data transactions among organizations.Overall,this paper provides an in-depth description based on the critical analysis to overcome the existing work gaps for future research where it presents a potential cybersecurity design with key requirements of blockchain across a heterogeneous network.

An Energy Trading Method Based on Alliance Blockchain and Multi-Signature

Blockchain,known for its secure encrypted ledger,has garnered attention in financial and data transfer realms,including the field of energy trading.However,the decentralized nature and identity anonymity of user nodes raise uncertainties in energy transactions.The broadcast consensus authentication slows transaction speeds,and frequent single-point transactions in multi-node settings pose key exposure risks without protective measures during user signing.To address these,an alliance blockchain scheme is proposed,reducing the resource-intensive identity verification among nodes.It integrates multi-signature functionality to fortify user resources and transac-tion security.A novel multi-signature process within this framework involves neutral nodes established through central nodes.These neutral nodes participate in multi-signature’s signing and verification,ensuring user identity and transaction content privacy.Reducing interactions among user nodes enhances transaction efficiency by minimizing communication overhead during verification and consensus stages.Rigorous assessments on reliability and operational speed highlight superior security performance,resilient against conventional attack vectors.Simulation shows that compared to traditional solutions,this scheme has advantages in terms of running speed.In conclusion,the alliance blockchain framework introduces a novel approach to tackle blockchain’s limitations in energy transactions.The integrated multi-signature process,involving neutral nodes,significantly enhances security and privacy.The scheme’s efficiency,validated through analytical assessments and simulations,indicates robustness against security threats and improved transactional speeds.This research underscores the potential for improved security and efficiency in blockchain-enabled energy trading systems.

A Novel High-Efficiency Transaction Verification Scheme for Blockchain Systems

Blockchain can realize the reliable storage of a large amount of data that is chronologically related and verifiable within the system.This technology has been widely used and has developed rapidly in big data systems across various fields.An increasing number of users are participating in application systems that use blockchain as their underlying architecture.As the number of transactions and the capital involved in blockchain grow,ensuring information security becomes imperative.Addressing the verification of transactional information security and privacy has emerged as a critical challenge.Blockchain-based verification methods can effectively eliminate the need for centralized third-party organizations.However,the efficiency of nodes in storing and verifying blockchain data faces unprecedented challenges.To address this issue,this paper introduces an efficient verification scheme for transaction security.Initially,it presents a node evaluation module to estimate the activity level of user nodes participating in transactions,accompanied by a probabilistic analysis for all transactions.Subsequently,this paper optimizes the conventional transaction organization form,introduces a heterogeneous Merkle tree storage structure,and designs algorithms for constructing these heterogeneous trees.Theoretical analyses and simulation experiments conclusively demonstrate the superior performance of this scheme.When verifying the same number of transactions,the heterogeneous Merkle tree transmits less data and is more efficient than traditional methods.The findings indicate that the heterogeneous Merkle tree structure is suitable for various blockchain applications,including the Internet of Things.This scheme can markedly enhance the efficiency of information verification and bolster the security of distributed systems.

A Fair and Trusted Trading Scheme for Medical Data Based on Smart Contracts

Data is regarded as a valuable asset,and sharing data is a prerequisite for fully exploiting the value of data.However,the current medical data sharing scheme lacks a fair incentive mechanism,and the authenticity of data cannot be guaranteed,resulting in low enthusiasm of participants.A fair and trusted medical data trading scheme based on smart contracts is proposed,which aims to encourage participants to be honest and improve their enthusiasm for participation.The scheme uses zero-knowledge range proof for trusted verification,verifies the authenticity of the patient’s data and the specific attributes of the data before the transaction,and realizes privacy protection.At the same time,the game pricing strategy selects the best revenue strategy for all parties involved and realizes the fairness and incentive of the transaction price.The smart contract is used to complete the verification and game bargaining process,and the blockchain is used as a distributed ledger to record the medical data transaction process to prevent data tampering and transaction denial.Finally,by deploying smart contracts on the Ethereum test network and conducting experiments and theoretical calculations,it is proved that the transaction scheme achieves trusted verification and fair bargaining while ensuring privacy protection in a decentralized environment.The experimental results show that the model improves the credibility and fairness of medical data transactions,maximizes social benefits,encourages more patients and medical institutions to participate in the circulation of medical data,and more fully taps the potential value of medical data.

ISO/TC 321电子商务标准化工作对非洲发展中国家的启示

This paper draws on the experience of the eighth plenary meeting of the ISO/TC 321, Transaction assurance in e-commerce, held in Hangzhou of China in November 2023, and explores potential ways in which developing countries in Africa can drive their development and contribute to global industrial progress by leveraging ISO/TC 321 standards. It provides practical recommendations for utilizing e-commerce standardization and related standards to stimulate economic growth and enhance business practices.

Transactive Energy Systems in Active Distribution Networks:A Comprehensive Review

Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources(DERs)introduced by different stakeholders,poses an immense challenge to power network operators.The traditional direct control of local DERs has the risk of violating preferences and privacies of stakeholders.A promising solution for supplydemand coordination is to utilize a transactive energy(TE)based energy management method to indirectly coordinate the local DERs,which enables the distribution-level energy providers,consumers,and prosumers to trade energy with each other through a transactive energy system(TES)trading platform.This paper provides a comprehensive review of a TES and presents a detailed classification from different perspectives,including TES participants,structure,commodity,clearing method,and solution algorithm.The presented detailed component-scale classification can be used as a reference for future TES designs.Finally,two additional market tools,i.e.,penalty mechanism and loss allocation mechanism,are discussed as future focus areas,which can be seen as necessary complements to a TES for ensuring feasibility and fairness of energy trading.

Blockchain-based Peer-to-Peer Transactive Energy System for Community Microgrid with Demand Response Management

Interest in transactive energy frameworks(TEFs)is proliferating due to the modern smart grid paradigm.This paper proposes a TEF,which applies auction-theory,incorporates a system of agents,and facilitates a transactive energy market(TEM)through an auctioneer.Further,it also enables peer-to-peer(P2P)energy trading among the residential buildings in community microgrid for possible monetary benefits.In this framework,there are three agents,namely,auctioneer,participants,and utility.The auctioneer is a managing agent modeled using auction theory to determine day-ahead internal market-clearing price and quantity.The participants are autonomous and rational decision-makers;they aim to minimize their electricity bills through the demand response(DR)management.Two types of architectures,one with the third-party agent demonstrated using the MATLAB environment and the other with the virtual agent(without third-party)implemented using the blockchain environment are presented.The simulation results reflect significant monetary benefits to each market participant,improved community selfsufficiency,self-consumption,and reduced reliance on the utility grid.

TRADE DEPENDENCIES AND TRANSACTION COSTS: THE OC-CUPATION OF DECELEA HIGHLIGHTS BOTH THE BENEFITS AND THE DRAWBACKS OF A MARITIME ECONOMY

Thucydides asserts that the occupation of Decelea by the Spartans in 413 BC made the grain supply for Athens costly by forcing the transport from land onto the sea.This calls into question the well-established consensus that sea transport was far cheaper than land transport.This paper contends that the cost of protecting supply lines-specifically the expenses associated with the warships which escorted the supply ships-rendered the grain transported on the new route exceptionally costly.In this paper,the benefits and drawbacks of a maritime economy,including transaction costs,trade dependencies,and the capabilities of warships and supply ships are discussed.

Reinforcement learning-driven local transactive energy market fordistributed energy resources

Local energy markets are emerging as a tool for coordinating generation, storage, and consumption of energyfrom distributed resources. In combination with automation, they promise to provide an effective energymanagement framework that is fair and brings system-level savings. The cooperative–competitive natureof energy markets calls for multi-agent based automation with learning energy trading agents. However,depending on the dynamics of the agent–environment interaction, this approach may yield unintended behaviorof market participants. Thus, the design of market mechanisms suitable for reinforcement learning agentsmust take into account this interplay. This article introduces autonomous local energy exchange (ALEX) asan experimental framework that combines multi-agent learning and double auction mechanism. Participantsdetermine their internal price signals and make energy management decisions through market interactions,rather than relying on predetermined external price signals. The main contribution of this article is examinationof compatibility between specific market elements and independent learning agents. Effects of different marketproperties are evaluated through simulation experiments, and the results are used for determine a suitablemarket design. The results show that market truthfulness maintains demand-response functionality, while weakbudget balancing provides a strong reinforcement signal for the learning agents. The resulting agent behavioris compared with two baselines: net billing and time-of-use rates. The ALEX-based pricing is more responsiveto fluctuations in the community net load compared to the time-of-use. The more accurate accounting ofrenewable energy usage reduced bills by a median 38.8% compared to net billing, confirming the ability tobetter facilitate demand response.

An Enhanced Security System Using Blockchain Technology for Strong FMC Relationship

Blockchain technology is a shared database of logs of all consumer transactions which are registered on all machines on a network.Both transactions in the system are carried out by consensus processes and to preserve confidentiality all thefiles contained cannot be changed.Blockchain technology is the fundamental software behind digital currencies like Bitcoin,which is common in the marketplace.Cloud computing is a method of using a network of external machines to store,monitor,and process information,rather than using the local computer or a local personal computer.The software is currently facing multiple problems including lack of data protection,data instability,and reliability.This paper aims to give the highest security for multiple user environments in cloud for storing and accessing the data in blocks.The users who are legitimate are only allowed for storing and accessing the data as like a secured block chain approach.As like the Blockchain which does not require a centralized system for transactions,the proposed system is also independent on centralized network interface.The decentralized system is developed in such a way to avoid counterfeiting.The system enables the fabricator to spend less or null resources to perform the validations for its direct operated stores.This ensures the product fabricator to avoid the circulation of its duplicate products.The customer as an end-user is also ensured to have only the genuine products from the fabricator.The Fabricator(F),Merchant(M)and consumer(C)forms an interconnected triangular structure without allowing any counterfeiting agents in their secured cloud chain.The pro-posed approach provides the stability in the security system of the cloud using the chaining mechanism within different blocks at each node.It takes roughly 4.7,6.2,and 7.5 ms,respectively,to register each node in the proposed system for 5,10,and 15 nodes.The overall registration time for each scenario is 11.9,26.2,and 53.1 ms,despite the fact that each node’s registration time was greatest for 10 nodes.By looking at the data,it’s clear that the number of nodes is a func-tion of time.

Evaluation method for assessing the auxiliary service transaction mechanism in regional power markets

Accurate and seamless auxiliary services in the power market can guarantee smooth and continuous power system operation. China’s new round of power system reform has entered a critical period, and reform implementation requires comprehensive improvements in the maturity of the supporting auxiliary service market. This study reviews the development status and evolution path of the European unified power market and the US regional power market, provides experience for the development of China’s regional power market, then identifies the key influencing factors of auxiliary service trading mechanism design in regional power markets. To analyze the rationality of the auxiliary service trading evaluation index, this paper established an evaluation model for assessing regional power markets. Using combined weight optimization, the gray correlation TOPSIS method was applied to comprehensively evaluate auxiliary service trading in the regional power market. Finally, the application of the proposed evaluation method was briefly analyzed to examine four regional power markets in China and evaluate the effectiveness of current market construction in different regions and provide suggestions for future market construction.