An Empirical Study on Budgetary Slack, Operational Efficiency, and Transfer Value

Budgetary slack directly impairs a firm＇s budgetary management. Budgetary slack at a firm＇s business unit level makes the firm level budget like a building on sand. However, it is difficult to detect the existence and to evaluate the extent of budgetary slack at＇a firm＇s business unit level. Starting with the five-year historical data of a service delivery center in a U.S. Fortune 500 firm, this research develops a comprekensive approach for probing and assessing the budgetary slack in a firm＇s business units. The approach leverages operational efficiencies and transfer values of business units of a firm＇s internal transfer system. It also contributes to evaluating the rationale of the budget of a firm＇s business unit in the budgetary approval process.

Evaluation of the famous classic formula Sanhua decoction based on network pharmacology and multi-component quantitative analysis

Background:Sanhua decoction has significant effects in the treatment of stroke.The study of the Sanhua decoction material benchmark was carried out to analyze the value transfer relationship between the Chinese herbal pieces and the substance benchmark.Methods:Network pharmacology was employed to investigate the potential active components and molecular mechanisms of Sanhua decoction in the treatment of stroke.15 batches of Sanhua decoction lyophilized powder were prepared using traditional formulas and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to generate fingerprints of the Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks.Then,a multi-component quantitative analysis method was established,allowing for the simultaneous determination of ten components,to study the transfer of quantity values between pieces and substance benchmarks.Results:60 active ingredients were screened from Sanhua decoction by network pharmacology,of which gallic acid,magnolol honokiol,physcion,and aloe-emodin may have a greater effect than other active components.63 key targets and 134 pathways were predicted as the potential mechanism of Sanhua decoction in treating stroke.The fingerprint similarity of the Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks was found to be good among the 15 batches,confirming the 19 common peaks.The content of the 10 components was basically consistent.The components’transfer rates were within 30%of their respective means.Conclusions:This study provided a comprehensive and reliable strategy for the quality evaluation of Sanhua decoction substance benchmarks and held significant importance in improving its application value.

Exploring a Deep Analysis Method for “Click-Stream” Information from the Perspective of the Flow of Bidirectional Value of Customer Relations Based on Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Theory

Click-streams of online shopping are the tracks/trails of interactions between a customer and a vendor.We observe that it is of great importance both in theory and practice to explore a deep analysis method for analyzing click-stream information of an individual customer in a specific transaction for understanding the bidirectional value transfer within the machine-human interaction of an online store and for its personalization.We analyze the significance,the hierarchical structure and the characteristics of click-stream information and propose that Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory be the foundation of forming such a deep analysis method.Then we use the empirical context information of the click-stream to improve the naive interpretation put forward by Ricoeur.Moreover,we apply the Grounded Theory to extend the deep analysis of Ricoeur's theory of textual interpretation.The improved theory fits well with the needs of interpretation and the analysis of click-stream information.We exemplify and show the feasibility of this analysis method by using data collected(a single case)from a large study of human-computer interaction.

Sensitivity study of the SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor single event effect based on pulsed laser and technology computer-aided design simulation

The single event effect of a silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor(SiGe HBT) was thoroughly investigated. By considering the worst bias condition, the sensitive area of the proposed device was scanned with a pulsed laser.With variation of the collector bias and pulsed laser incident energy, the single event transient of the SiGe HBT was studied.Moreover, the single event transient produced by laser irradiation at a wavelength of 532 nm was more pronounced than at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Finally, the impact of the equivalent linear energy transfer of the 1064 nm pulsed laser on the single event transient was qualitatively examined by performing technology computer-aided design simulations, and a good consistency between the experimental data and the simulated outcomes was attained.

Synthesis of Large-scale Multistream Heat Exchanger Networks Based on Stream Pseudo Temperature

Effective temperature level of stream, namely stream pseudo temperature, is determined by its actual temperature and heat transfer temperature difference contribution value. Heat transfer temperature difference con-tribution value of a stream depends on its heat transfer film coefficient, cost per unit heat transfer area, actual tem-perature, and so on. In the determination of the suitable heat transfer temperature difference contribution values of the stream, the total annual cost of multistream heat exchanger network (MSHEN) is regarded as an objective func-tion, and genetic/simulated annealing algorithm (GA/SA) is adopted for optimizing the heat transfer temperature difference contribution values of the stream. The stream pseudo temperatures are subsequently obtained. On the ba-sis of stream pseudo temperature, optimized MSHEN can be attained by the temperature-enthalpy (T-H) diagram method. This approach is characterized with fewer decision variables and higher feasibility of solutions. The calcu-lation efficiency of GA/SA can be remarkably enhanced by this approach and more probability is shown in search-ing the global optimum solution. Hence this approach is presented for solving industrial-sized MSHEN which is difficult to deal by traditional algorithm. Moreover, in the optimization of stream heat transfer temperature differ-ence contribution values, the effects of the stream temperature, the heat transfer film coefficient, and the construc-tion material of heat exchangers are considered, therefore this approach can be used to optimize and design heat exchanger network (HEN) with unequal heat transfer film coefficients and different of construction materials. The performance of the proposed approach has been demonstrated with three examples and the obtained solutions are compared with those available in literatures. The results show that the large-scale MSHEN synthesis problems can be solved to obtain good solutions with the modest computational effort.

SYSTEM OF COINCIDENCE THEOREMS IN PRODUCT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES AND APPLICATIONS (Ⅰ)

A new notion of finite continuous topological space（in short, FC-space） with out convexity structure was introduced. A new continuous selection theorem was established in FC-spaces. By applying the continuous selection theorem, some new coincidence theorems for two families of set-valued mappings defined on product space of noncompact FC-spaces are proved under much weak assumptions. These results generalize many known results in recent literature. Some applications will be given in a follow-up paper.

Open Source Software Movement: A Challenging Opportunity for the Development of China's Software Industry

The software industries in developing countries are facing enormous challenges in order to grow amid fierce competition of import from the software makers in developed countries. Open source software (OSS) movement, which is a particular phenomenon in the software industries, seems to be a challenging opportunity for the developing countries that wants to move their own software industries up the value chain. This paper, using China as an example, identifies the issues that need to be addressed for the software industry, as well as the special characteristics of software products that need to be dealt with carefully. It proposes promoting OSS as a strategy the Chinese government should adopt to grow the software industry and the specific actions that should be taken.

Value Production,Value Transfer and Accumulation:A Political Economics Analysis of Uneven Regional Development in China

This paper aims to understand China’s uneven regional development in recent years on the basis of on political economics theories.We summarizes two theories from the political economics on uneven regional development-framework of production and framework of exchange-and unifi es them by theories of labor value and capital circulation.It means to show that uneven regional development will be explained with value production,value realization and capital accumulation,and their interactions as well.This framework can not only explain regional disparities in a static sense,but also presents dynamically developments of regional disparities-first rising and then falling.Empirical research finds China’s regional disparities result mainly from the value production gap.During the period of analysis,China went through a capital accumulation biased towards less developed regions,jointly shaped by market logic and government behavior.It made the effect of reducing regional disparities stronger than the“polarization effect”around 2007,producing a narrowing of disparities across regional development.

Mechanisms for Realizing the Economic Values of Ecosystem Services

The fact that ecosystem services have values that can be quantified has been widely accepted in recent years. Part of the economic values of ecosystem services have been realized partly by ecological compensation of fiscal transfer payments at different levels, trade and consumption of leisure tourism and ecological products, and carbon sequestration forest funds sponsored by non-governmental capital. However, it remains difficult to realize the economic value of ecosystem services as industrial products and support the coordinated and sustainable development of nature, economy and society. To reveal the role of ecological compensation, consumption of biological products, leisure tourism and ecosystem services trading in realizing the economic values of ecosystem services, we analyzed the composition, transfer and consumption pattern of ecosystem services. In order to provide theoretical and technological support for inter-regional ecological compensation, ecosystem service industry development and ecosystem services trade, the concept of ecosystem services credit and key problems with ecosystem services trading are proposed.

Toward development of ecosystem asset accounts at the national level

Ecosystem accounting has become one of the key components in the revision of international statistical standards.Expansion of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for ecosystem services follows the rapid progress of science in this area as well as expanding applications to sustainability challenges.In this contribution,we discuss approaches to accounting of ecosystem assets as a natural capital basis that is critical for ecosystem service delivery.Based on examples from the Czech Republic,a Central European country,we illustrate the construction of ecosystem extent accounts based on the methodology of Land and Ecosystem Accounting.This analysis is complemented by monetary ecosystem asset accounting through quantification of the present value of future ecosystem service flows.Ecosystem condition is represented by the Mean Species Abundance indicator,which gauges the direction of ecosystem naturalness.Based on the demonstration of approaches to ecosystem asset accounting,we discuss selected aspects of ecosystem condition measurements,valuation,and policy implications of ecosystem asset accounting at the national level.