Study on Circulation and Management of Rural Land Use Right

Currently,agriculture and rural economy have entered a new development stage. According to market demands and comparative advantages of regional resources,strategic adjustment of agricultural structure and realizing transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture have become primary tasks. Land is the essential element of agricultural production,making innovation upon rural land use system and establishing flexible and effective land circulation system concern efficiency and optimization of agricultural resource allocation and development of rural element market. With more and more farmers engaged in secondary and tertiary industries,land left by those farmers is circulated to those farmers willing to do farming. Rural land circulation is inevitable trend of economic and social development,but it is a progressive process. To realize smooth rural land circulation,there must be standardized system.

Impact of Labor Transfer on Agricultural Land Use Conversion at Rural Household Level Based on Logit Model

Since land and labor force are primary resources to be used and controlled by rural households, the allocation of labor forces will influence land uses, and further lead to land use conversion. The present study used the Binary Logit model to investigate the influence of labor force transfer, characteristics of rural households, location, and land market on agricultural land use conversion at rural household level. This study was conducted based on 329 valid questionnaires, which were obtained in Changshu, Rudong, and Tongshan counties, respectively representing the southern, middle and northern areas of Jiangsu Province. The results showed that land market participation, location, zonal difference and labor transfer had strong influences on agricultural land use conversion. The participation of land market had a strong positive effect on land use conversion, especially for the farmland converted to the fishpond. The nearer to the county seat, the more conversion of land use occurred. Particularly, the labor force transfer caused by wage employment decreased this conversion probability, while the labor transfer caused by self-employment led to more conversion; and the increasing of income from labor transfer increased the conversion. Moreover, land use con- versions demonstrated zonal difference, which were more in Rudong and Changshu counties than in Tongshan County, and the factors influencing this conversion were different in the three regions.

A Summary of Research on the Realization Process of "Separation of Three Rights" of Rural Land

In order to comply with the needs of rural social and economic development,promote new industrialization,informatization,urbanization and agricultural modernization,and realize industrial transformation,the central government clearly puts forward that the traditional ' separation of two rights' mode of rural land( collectives have ownership and farmers have contracting management right) should be transformed into the ' separation of three rights' mode( collectives have ownership,farmers have contracting right,and operators have management right) to solve the problems of farmers’ financing difficulties and agricultural land abandonment,promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture,and improve land use efficiency. It is found that the following points should be noted in the later stage of realizing the ' separation of three rights' of rural land. Firstly,the transfer of farmland management right in the process of realizing the ' separation of three rights' faces market risk,system design flaws,policy coordination failures and other problems. Secondly,the impact of implementation of ' separation of three rights' on rural and social development should also be noted.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Dynamic transfer and driving mechanisms of the coupling and coordination of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency in China

The joint study of agriculture and rural areas is of great significance for safeguarding agricultural development,revitalizing rural areas,and enhancing farmers'well-being.This paper aims to assess the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the coupling and coordination degree of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency and their dynamic transfer law and driving mechanisms,based on panel data of 31 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions)in China from 2010 to 2020.The results showed:(1)Good coupling and coordination of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency,with reduced temporal differentiation degrees between regions;(2)Significant spatial autocorrelation between the overall coupling and coordination degrees of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency,forming cold spot and hot spot spatial patterns in the western and eastern parts,respectively,with a central transition area;(3)A spillover effect of the dynamic transfer process,with a manifested specific law as"club convergence","Matthew effect",and progressive development characteristics;(4)The key roles of the natural,social,economic,and policy indicators in the coupling and coordination development process of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency.However,the selected indicators showed substantial spatial differences in their influences on the coupling and coordination process between provinces.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

Developing the Commons: Models of Rural Land Trust in China

In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and divides them into government-led models and market-led models.The government-led models include the Yiyang Model in Hunan Province,and the Longgang Model in Hubei Province.The market-led models include the Suzhou Model in Anhui Province,and the Golden Field Series Model in Jiangsu Province.This paper compares their profit-sharing mechanisms with specific attention given to the incentives for the villagers.Findings suggest that the villagers’profits are limited in both models.The government-led models concern less about profits but more on reusing the desolated agricultural land.The market-led models are profit-driven therefore tend to exclude the villagers from the profit-sharing process.

Changes in Utilization of Contracted Land in Xundian County of Yunnan Province in the Background of Poverty Alleviation

The gradual migration of rural population to cities is an inevitable result of the sustainable development of China’s society and economy.Going out to work is not only a personal behavior of farmers in line with this historical trend,and in the present moment,it is also an important measure to win the battle against poverty.Xundian Yi and Hui Autonomous County is located in the northeast of Yunnan Province.It is one of the key counties in China’s poverty alleviation and development work.Through the implementation of special measures to increase labor income,a total of 125611 rural laborers were employed from 2014 to 2018,and as a result,a large number of farmers have been lifted out of poverty.However,under this model,the transfer of a large number of rural laborers also has an impact on the utilization of contracted land of migrant households,mainly demonstrated by land abandonment,decline in land use efficiency and decline in land productivity,which are not conducive to the sustainable use and protection of land resources.To this end,based on field research,this article analyzes the changes in the utilization of land of migrant households under the poverty alleviation model of working outside,as well as their impact.In addition,the questionnaire survey of the registered poverty-stricken households show that the area and productivity of land owned by households with migrant workers are on a downward trend compared to those before and those of households without migrant workers.Land transfer is a feasible means to solve this problem and to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and sustainable use of land resources.It is suggested that great attention should be paid to the contract and management issue of land left by migrant households,establishment of efficient guarantee mechanism,improvement of land utilization and promotion of saving and intensive use of land resources to bring the land resources to their proper value.

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。

试点地区农户跨村有偿实现宅基地资格权探究——基于安徽省凤阳县燃灯社区的考察

研究目的:探索宅基地农户资格权保障机制是新一轮农村宅基地制度改革重点探索的内容,研究在新一轮改革试点背景下跨村保障农民户有所居何以实现,为试点地区探索宅基地资格权的多种实现形式和深化农村宅基地制度改革提供有益参考。研究方法:基于安徽省凤阳县小溪河镇燃灯社区的考察,从公共池塘资源治理视角出发,借鉴IAD分析框架,分析试点地区农户跨村有偿实现宅基地资格权何以实现。研究结果:科学合理的村庄规划是农户跨村有偿实现宅基地资格权的前提;不同行动情境下约束各主体行为的规则框架是农户跨村有偿实现宅基地资格权的关键;宅基地常务理事会积极作为是农户跨村有偿实现宅基地资格权过程中的重要推动力。研究结论:在农村宅基地制度改革中,试点地区需要加快“多规合一”村庄规划的编制工作,重视发挥村民自治的作用,围绕保障农民基本居住权,在宅基地“三权分置”框架下进一步探索农户宅基地资格权的多种实现形式。

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

宅基地使用权流转的合宪性分析

随着宅基地“三权分置”政策和地方改革试点深入推进,宅基地使用权流转问题受到学界关注,相关论争背后是宅基地使用权流转的合宪性命题。现行立法坚持农户居住自用、禁止向集体外流转的基本立场,反映出成员居住保障、农地农用、涨价归公等基于集体所有制的目的制约,彰显宅基地作为“公共财产”需要“合理利用”的宪法意涵。同时,宅基地使用权应当是集体成员的一项基本财产权利,宅基地制度改革政策以“扩权赋能”为基本方向,正是还原了宅基地使用权的基本权利属性。宅基地使用权流转与坚持集体土地所有制并不矛盾,现行法上相关限制性规定不具有合宪性。宅基地使用权在赋权流转的同时,应基于“合理使用”受到规划和用途管制之限制。

基于信息化背景的农村土地经营权流转管理

近年来,随着农村经济的发展和城市化进程的加速,农村土地经营权流转现象日益普遍。农民通过土地流转,可以将自家的土地使用权转让给其他农户或农业企业,实现土地资源的优化配置,提高农业生产效率。随着信息化时代的到来,农村土地经营权流转管理也面临着新的挑战和机遇。本文旨在探讨信息化背景下农村土地经营权流转管理的现状、问题及发展趋势,以期为相关政策制定和实施提供参考。

不同模式农地整治权属调整对耕地细碎化的影响研究

基于湖北省483份农户问卷调查数据,采用双重差分模型(DID)分析单一权属调整模式、权属调整结合农地流转模式对耕地细碎化的影响,运用配对样本t检验比较两种模式对耕地细碎化治理效果的差异。结果表明:不同模式农地整治权属调整的实施,均能够显著降低耕地细碎化程度,权属调整结合农地流转模式对降低耕地细碎化的治理效果优于单一权属调整模式;当前权属调整工作开展并不充分,且农户的土地流转方式仍是自发、分散的,尚未达到实施农地规模化经营的目标。据此,应在完善权属调整的法制建设和规范管理的基础上,建立权属调整与农地流转的联结机制,推动土地空间重组与要素市场化配置有效结合,全面推进现代化农业高质量发展。

农地经营权流转、金融支农与农村居民收入

农地经营权流转有助于增加农村金融供给,推动乡村振兴。从金融支农视角探讨农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的作用与影响机制具有重要意义。基于2005—2020年我国30个省份(未含中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾、西藏地区)的面板数据,利用地理邻接关系空间权重矩阵构建SDM模型,定量分析农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的直接效应及其空间溢出效应,并从金融支农视角探讨农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的影响机制。研究发现,农地经营权流转有助于提高农村居民收入,且这种作用在农业生产效率高的地区更明显;农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的影响具有空间溢出效应,本地农地经营权流转有助于相邻地区农村居民收入的提高;农地经营权流转主要通过凸显农地金融资本属性、加大金融支农力度来提高农村居民收入。因此,推进农地经营权流转不仅有助于直接提高农村居民收入,而且有助于通过加大金融支农力度间接提高农村居民收入,推进农地经营权流转、坚持和完善农村基本经营制度,是促进农地规模经营、培育新型经营主体、提高农村居民收入的必经之路。应优化农地经营权流转管理制度,为提高农村居民收入提供良好的制度保障;以劳动力自由流动为基础推动农地经营权流转,充分调动农民参与农地经营权流转的积极性;进一步提升金融资源配置效率与金融支农服务水平,提高农地经营权流转中的金融支农绩效。

“三权分置”下农地与金融融合发展模式探究

“三权分置”改革为农地与金融的融合发展提供了制度基础。发展农地金融促进土地资源的合理配置,拓宽农业融资渠道,有利于乡村振兴的内生发展。本文基于我国已有的土地银行、土地信托、土地抵押贷款证券化、土地经营权抵押贷款等农地与金融融合发展模式比较分析认为:农地与金融融合的运行模式呈现多样性特点,且具备基本的风险补偿机制,初步建立起农地与金融融合发展制度体系。但进一步研究发现,我国农地与金融融合发展依然存在法律制度不完善、农村土地价值评估机制不完善、政府多环节介入以及农地流转市场不健全的问题。故而顺应数字乡村及农业现代化发展趋势,提出“新型经营主体+金融机构+大数据技术”模式、“农户+农村合作金融”模式以及“农业大户+土地银行+龙头企业”模式三种农地与金融融合发展模式建议。

农地财产权益与农民消费:来自就近城乡融合式发展家庭的实证研究

农民消费的合理激发对于整体经济活力的释放具有战略意义,特别是在城乡融合背景下,以农地财产权益为代表的消费动能问题研究,具有十分重要的意义。基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,以就近城乡融合式发展家庭为研究样本,采用工具变量(IV)等实证策略,就农地对家庭消费的影响进行评估。研究结果表明:总体上农地的财产权益显著增加了就近城乡融合式发展家庭的消费水平,并优化了家庭的消费结构;异质性分析发现,农地财产权益对年轻、中高收入、无房贷家庭的消费有显著的正向作用;进一步机制检验结果表明,不确定性带来的风险会影响农地的消费效用,有农地家庭参与农地转出可以促进家庭就业结构改善,提高家庭消费。以农地财产权益为视角研究就近城乡融合式发展家庭的消费问题有助于推进以县域为载体的新型城镇化,促进县域范围内要素双向流动和城乡融合发展,提高农民消费在整体经济发展中的作用。

集体经营性建设用地使用权流转合同的效力性强制规定研究

研究目的:释明和增设集体经营性建设用地使用权流转合同的效力性强制规定,明确法律后果,完善集体经营性建设用地使用权流转法律制度,为人民法院裁判纠纷提供确定性指引。研究方法:法律文本分析、法律规范解释和理论分析。研究结果:集体经营性建设用地兼具社会资源、集体所有、财产三重属性,释明和设置流转合同的效力性强制规定,必须符合公共利益、保障农民集体和成员利益、比例原则三项准则。研究结论:集体经营性建设用地使用权流转合同因违反特定规划、未采用公开竞价方式、低于政府规定的最低价而全部或部分无效。农民集体决议规则、地方政府同意规则、产业准入和环境保护的规定,并非集体经营性建设用地使用权流转合同的效力性强制规定。

农地确权对农民工市民化的影响:经验分析与实证检验

中国农村转移人口规模巨大,但转移速度逐渐放缓,从农地确权的角度探讨农村劳动力的转移潜力是否消耗殆尽很有必要。基于农地确权的制度实践,该论文旨在解构中国农村劳动力乡城转移的特殊性,将中国农村劳动力乡城转移视为包括四类主体(农民、农民工、新市民、市民)的三阶段(农村割舍、城市进入、城市融入)进程,利用2014年和2016年中国劳动力动态调查数据实证检验农地确权影响劳动力转移的阶段效应和滞后效应,进一步讨论其对劳动力家庭化迁移的影响。研究发现:(1)农地确权影响劳动力转移的效应存在阶段异质性,促进劳动力第二阶段身份转变而阻碍第一阶段产业转移和第三阶段社保转型。然而,农地确权在促进劳动力乡城转移上也有滞后性,确权时间满2年的劳动力家庭参与非农就业和城镇企业职工基本养老保险的概率分别提高16.9%和1.9%。(2)农地确权在影响劳动力家庭化迁移上具有分位异质性,能够显著提高低分位劳动力家庭的举家迁移比率而降低新生代农民工的迁移比率。基于此,政策设计重点在于:(1)分阶段、分类型推进农村劳动力乡城转移。一方面增强农地确权的农村推力,在转移第一、第二阶段不断完善土地流转、托管、退出机制以供给农民、农民工、新市民转移动力;另一方面增强城市转移拉力,在转移第二、第三阶段减小城市转移阻力,为农民工和新市民创造“留得下”的城市务工与生活环境。(2)根据群体确权时间分类施策。优先解决低分位“两栖型”劳动力家庭确权遗留问题,允许新一代农民工“带土(权)进城”,依托农地确权成果促进农村劳动力转移及市民化。

乡村振兴背景下农村土地流转问题思考

农村土地流转是土地使用权的流转,拥有土地承包经营权的农民将土地的经营或使用权转让给其他农户或组织,在保留承包权的基础上,由大型的农场主进行土地的承包使用,可以有效地促进农业机械化、规模化的发展,实现农业高质量、高产量、高效率的发展,对我国乡村振兴战略的推进也具有积极的促进作用,是目前我国农业现代化发展的重要方式。但在其实际的开展中,仍旧存在农民参与性不足、土地经营主体融资难度大、农村社保体系不健全等问题,影响农村土地流转的正常开展,也影响我国农业现代化的推进。该文通过阐述农村土地流转对乡村振兴战略发展的作用,分析目前我国农村土地流转现状及其存在的主要问题,提出乡村振兴背景下完善农村土地流转路径的策略,促进农村土地流转市场的稳定发展,推进乡村振兴战略的发展。