A Summary of Research on the Realization Process of "Separation of Three Rights" of Rural Land

In order to comply with the needs of rural social and economic development,promote new industrialization,informatization,urbanization and agricultural modernization,and realize industrial transformation,the central government clearly puts forward that the traditional ' separation of two rights' mode of rural land( collectives have ownership and farmers have contracting management right) should be transformed into the ' separation of three rights' mode( collectives have ownership,farmers have contracting right,and operators have management right) to solve the problems of farmers’ financing difficulties and agricultural land abandonment,promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture,and improve land use efficiency. It is found that the following points should be noted in the later stage of realizing the ' separation of three rights' of rural land. Firstly,the transfer of farmland management right in the process of realizing the ' separation of three rights' faces market risk,system design flaws,policy coordination failures and other problems. Secondly,the impact of implementation of ' separation of three rights' on rural and social development should also be noted.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

Reform of Agricultural Land Transfer of Different Types of Farmers' Willingness

Since forty years of reform and opening up,China's rural landscape has undergone tremendous changes,and agricultural production manner is obviously improved,while farmers' living level is rose significantly.Rural land contracting and management right system plays a vital role in promoting rural economic and social development in China.In this paper,farmers under the background of the transfer of rural land contracting and management right are taken as research objects,and the difference of different types of farmers under the willingness of land transfer is analyzed.Finally,corresponding reform assumptions are proposed for transfer willingness of different types of farmers.

Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights:Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China

Henan is a large agricultural province and one of China’s major grain-producing areas. Agricultural land transfer and large-scale operations will have a profound impact on regional economic development and food security. This is a case study taken in Xiwan village in Qinyang city, Henan. This paper builds a transferring pricing model using land use rights assessment and characteristic correction of land contract and management rights. Results show that the transferring price of land contract and management rights should include the economic price, social price and corrected price. The use of a price model should focus on the distinction of theory and practical application. If there is no change in agricultural project,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price and social security price. If there is a change in agricultural projects,such as cropland into cash crops,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price, social price and corrected price. Because of the complexity of income distribution following the transfer, transferring gains should follow a rational distribution in the outflow side, inflow side, managers and land owner. The government should establish reasonable and orderly contracted management of land circulation transferring and use this to build a land transferring price system.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

集体经营性建设用地入市的规范路径研究——以入市合同的性质与效力为切入点

集体经营性建设用地的入市流转需要衔接以《土地管理法》为代表的公法规范和以《民法典》为代表的私法规范。集体经营性建设用地入市参照适用国有建设用地流转制度的同时,仍需关注集体经营性建设用地入市交易的特殊性。集体经营性建设用地入市牵涉多方面法律关系,入市过程伴随着一系列新型且复杂的法律关系与权利义务发生,需要厘清农村集体经济组织的主体资格及权责边界,以规范农村集体经营性建设用地入市的主体范畴。同时通过规范集体经营性建设用地入市的土地用途,形成与国有建设用地相协调的统一城乡土地交易市场体系,进而对出让合同和租赁合同的性质与效力重新认定,构建符合自身特性的入市合同规范。

乡村振兴战略下农村承包地“三权分置”的政策演进与研究综述

乡村振兴战略是新时代党对农村、农业、农民发展的新形势新任务新目标的重大判断,为新时代我国农业农村改革发展明确了重点、指明了方向。党的二十大报告进一步提出要“全面推进乡村振兴”。作为我国实现农业现代化建设和乡村振兴的必由之路,在乡村振兴战略实施的背景下“三权分置”制度的探索与实行必将得到深化。在乡村振兴战略下,明确实行“三权分置”的必要性,对乡村振兴和“三权分置”的政策演进和研究综述进行梳理,结合相关研究与实践中存在的问题,提出农村承包地“三权分置”研究的展望。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

基于集体所有制对农村体育的历史审视及学术反思

新中国成立后,在中国共产党领导下迅速形成的具有社会主义性质的集体所有制,既是组织农业生产的一项基本经济制度,也是治理农村社会的一项基本政治制度,还是改善农民生活的一项基本民生制度。因此,新中国成立后70多年来农村集体所有制的形成、改革与完善,必然左右着农村体育发展的方向和路径,决定着农村体育发展的组织与机制,制约着农村体育发展的规模与形式。该研究采用历史阐释和社会批判的方法,分析集体所有制在不同的历史时期对农村体育发展以何种原因和何种方式产生影响。结果显示:社会主义改造和“农业合作化运动”,使广大农民走上了集体化的合作道路,加速了农民对体育的社会主义认知;社会主义建设和人民公社体制,奠定了农村集体所有制的制度基础,为推动农村体育开展提供了基本的组织方式;改革开放和“家庭联产承包责任制”,重塑了农村的生产关系和社会结构,为农村体育提供了内在的需求与动力;新时代和农村土地制度改革的深化,推进了新型农业经营体系的形成,为农村体育提供了新的发展路径和走向。

契约化赋权:我国土地使用权建构的制度逻辑

土地权利研究应当关注“赋权”问题。现代产权制度的本质,并不在于国家是否保留土地所有权,而在于国家是否采取了契约化赋权的方式,并在此基础上形成了土地产权的契约观,从而建构一种“开放包容”的土地利用秩序。中国在改革开放后,以签订土地使用权出让合同的形式重建土地财产权,恰是采取了契约化赋权方式,并根据社保纳入情况,不断扩展契约化赋权的范围。这一做法有利于维护产权稳定,有利于树立契约型税理观,有利于强化民法对国家治理的作用,对于社会主义法治建设具有重要的积极意义。

从经营方式演化看中国农业现代化的前沿问题

在对家庭联产承包责任制改革确立农户主体地位及土地流转和规模化过程进行梳理的基础上,研究了正在蓬勃发展的几种有代表性的农业组织形式的特点和现代农业演化趋势,针对租佃高成本、超大规模垄断性经营和政府补贴等方面的问题,提出了相应的政策建议。

农村承包经营户破产能力证成与实现路径

我国“三农”领域基础法律制度是“三农”法治化发展的重要支撑和保障,但在回应建设高效农村市场、健全统一市场规则和制度体系方面仍显不足。农村承包经营户作为我国农村市场中占据绝对多数的生产经营主体,其市场退出机制至今仍处于缺位状态,一旦陷入债务危机,则难以顺利退出市场。因而,有必要对农村承包经营户破产能力问题进行证成,探讨其破产能力的实现路径。对此,一方面应从经济学理论维度、国家政策维度与法学维度,论证农村承包经营户的破产能力;另一方面,应在公法视域下,确定赋予农村承包经营户破产能力的基本遵循,探寻农村承包经营户破产的立法模式,明确《个人破产法》中农村承包经营户破产适用规则的特殊性以及农户破产后的土地经营权处置,全面保障我国农村承包经营户的合法权益。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市研究的热点、演进与展望——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

使用文献计量法和内容分析法对来自知网、万方、维普3大数据库的农村集体经营性建设用地入市的404篇研究文献作者、机构及热点进行分析,基于研究现状展望重点方向及前沿趋势。研究发现:研究人员和机构合作意识较弱,受学缘、地缘等因素影响未能形成较为明显的研究群体;“三块地”改革试点期呈现出百花齐放的研究态势,相关研究文献数量急剧上升,2019年至今为巩固改革成果期;现有研究聚焦于集体经营性建设用地入市的制度设计、与土地征收及宅基地制度改革的关系、地方实践、收益分配等主题。利益均衡视角下集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配机制的探索与优化、城乡融合发展视域下同地同权同价的实现条件及路径、农村三项土地制度改革的法理平衡及制度设计、集体经营性建设用地入市助推乡村振兴的地方模式及发展经验等方面仍需继续深化研究,也是未来的主要研究方向。

论进城落户农民承包地权益的法治保障

在统筹新型城镇化和乡村振兴、推动城乡融合及共同富裕的时代背景下,保障进城落户农民承包地权益是涉农改革的关键。集体成员身份的保留,是阐释进城落户农民承包地权益保障正当依据和法律边界的前提。当前,进城落户农民承包地权益保障面临权益冲突及身份认定、承包地财产权实现、承包地权益救济三大法治挑战。为此,应健全进城落户农民成员身份的认定与权益冲突的协调规则,兼顾进城落户农民承包地财产权益与保障功能的充分实现,构建以诉讼救济为兜底的多元救济机制。

发包方终止土地经营权流转合同探究

《农村土地承包法》第64条赋予了发包方终止土地经营权流转合同的权利,目的在于切实保护集体土地所有权,避免集体土地遭受损害。发包方终止土地经营权流转合同的权利属于形成权,但不是合同解除权,不仅适用于土地经营权流转合同,也适用于土地经营权再流转合同以及融资担保实现后流转的土地经营权,不适用于其他方式承包的承包合同。在土地经营权人擅自改变土地的农业用途、弃耕抛荒连续两年以上、给土地造成严重损害或者严重破坏土地生态环境的情形下,若承包方不行使合同解除权,则发包方有权终止土地经营权流转合同。发包方行使终止土地经营权流转合同的权利可以采取通知终止与诉讼终止两种方式行使。在合同终止后,土地经营权人应当向承包方返还承包地,地上物应当按照充分发挥物的效用原则处理,承包地的权利负担随之消灭,同时应当办理注销登记。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。