EFFECT OF AUSTEMPERING ON TRANSFORMATION INDUCED PLASTICITY OF HOT ROLLED MULTIPHASE STEELS

Effect of austempering on the transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） of hot rolled multiphase steel was investigated. Polygonal ferrite, granular bainite, and a large amount of stabilized retained austenite could be obtained in the hot rolled multiphase steel. Strain induced martensite transformation （SIMT） of retained austenite and TRIP effectively occur under straining owing to austempering after hot rolling, and mechanical properties of the present steel remain at a relatively high constant value for austempering at 400℃. The mechanical properties of the steel exhibited a good combination of tensile strength （791MPa） and total elongation （36%） because the stability of retained austenite is optimal when the steel is held for 20min.

Effects of Holding Temperature for Austempering on Mechanical Properties of Si-Mn TRIP Steel

A new type of high strength steel containing a significant amount of stable retained austenite was obtained by austempering immediately after intercritical annealing.This sort of low carbon steel only contains alloying elements of silicon and manganese rather than nickel and chromium.Its mechanical properties were enhanced considerably due to strain-induced martensite transformation and transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)of retained austenite when it was strained at temperatures between Msand Md,because retained austenite was moderately stabilized due to carbon enrichment by austempering.Austempering was carried out at different temperatures and 400 ℃ was found to be optimal.Tensile strength,total elongation and strength-ductility balance reached the maximum values and the product of tensile strength and total elongation exceeded 30 135 MPa % when the TRIP steel was held at 400 ℃ and strained at 350 ℃.

Effect of Silicon and Manganese on Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Plain TRIP Steel

A great deal of stabilized retained austenite can be obtained by means of austempering immediately after intercritical annealing in the low-carbon plain steel sheets which only contain alloying elements of silicon and manganese. Transformation from retained austenite to martensite may be induced by strain at a temperature ranging from 50 ℃ to 400 ℃ during tension testing. Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) may occur. Alloying of silicon improves the stability of retained austenite. Mechanical properties of the present TRIP steels containing manganese increase with increasing silicon amount when the amount of silicon is less than two percent.

Surface effect induced phase transformation by Mn removal during annealing and its textures in cold-rolled high manganese transformation-induced plasticity steel

The surface effect induced transformation texture during vacuum annealing of cold-rolled high manganese transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)steels was studied.Due to Mn removal occurring at the surface layer,γ→δdiffusional phase transformation leads to the formation of hard pancake-shaped ferrite grains due to solution strengthening at the surface and the centre layer remains as austenite+martensite after annealing.In the case of slow heating,{112}/{111}<110>textures for the surface ferrite were strengthened with the increase in temperature and holding time,indicating an inheritance of rolling textures.By increasing the heating rate of annealing,the rotated cube texture was developed in surface ferrite.This kind of multiphase sandwich structure with hard ferrite surface layer and tough austenite dominant centre can increase tensile strength and should also improve deep drawing properties,therefore providing new possibility of controlling properties for the application of high manganese TRIP steel.

耦合TRIP效应的TRIP型多相钢本构模型及其在冲压中的应用

提出了一个耦合TRIP(Transformation Induced Plasticity)效应和考虑材料各向异性的TRIP型多相钢的本构模型.TRIP效应通过与应力状态和塑性应变相关的马氏体动力学方程来描述.把所建立的TRIP钢本构模型在商业有限元软件中进行二次开发,对TRIP型多相钢的应力应变关系和成形性能进行了仿真计算,仿真结果与实验结果符合很好.由于TRIP效应减小了材料的弹性模量,因此在回弹仿真中考虑到弹性模量变化来提高回弹预测的精度,与传统的认为弹性模量在成形过程中保持不变的仿真结果相比,所建立的模型能够很好地说明TRIP钢回弹大的主要原因,为提高TRIP钢的成形性能和精度打下了理论基础.

退火温度对含稀土TRIP/TWIP钢性能的影响

分析了不同退火温度的TRIP/TWIP试验钢组织和性能。结果表明,在退火均热温度780℃时伸长率相对偏低,在800℃时屈服强度最高,退火均热温度对抗拉强度的影响较小,对伸长率的影响较大,不同退火均热温度下试验钢均没有明显屈服平台。试验钢的组织主要为奥氏体,变形前亚结构有退火孪晶出现,晶粒尺寸随着退火温度的升高而变得粗大,变形后形变孪晶数量随着退火温度的升高而增多。因TWIP效应和TRIP效应,试验钢具有高强度和高塑性。

临界热处理对低合金TRIP钢组织与力学性能的影响

研究了临界热处理工艺对基于奥氏体逆相变原理设计的Fe-0.1C-2.5Mn-0.6Ni低合金TRIP钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢经两相区临界退火仅能获得少量的残留奥氏体,且残留奥氏体含量随着退火温度的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势,740℃退火后钢中的残留奥氏体含量最高。试验钢临界退火后在高温回火处理过程中马氏体会通过逆相变转变成奥氏体,使得钢中的残留奥氏体含量大幅提高。680℃回火后,试验钢中的残留奥氏体含量达到最大值10.4%,钢的塑性和韧性由于相变诱发塑性(TRIP)效应而显著提高。与传统TRIP钢相比,本文研究的TRIP钢更适合于厚板材、厚壁管材的生产制造。

A macroscopic multi-mechanism based constitutive model for the thermo-mechanical cyclic degeneration of shape memory effect of NiTi shape memory alloy

A macroscopic based multi-mechanism constitutive model is constructed in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics to describe the degeneration of shape memory effect occurring in the thermo-mechanical cyclic deformation of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs). Three phases, austenite A, twinned martensite and detwinned martensite , as well as the phase transitions occurring between each pair of phases (, , , , and are considered in the proposed model. Meanwhile, two kinds of inelastic deformation mechanisms, martensite transformation-induced plasticity and reorientation-induced plasticity, are used to explain the degeneration of shape memory effects of NiTi SMAs. The evolution equations of internal variables are proposed by attributing the degeneration of shape memory effect to the interaction between the three phases (A, , and and plastic deformation. Finally, the capability of the proposed model is verified by comparing the predictions with the experimental results of NiTi SMAs. It is shown that the degeneration of shape memory effect and its dependence on the loading level can be reasonably described by the proposed model.

Temperature dependence of Lüders strain and its correlation with martensitic transformation in a medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel

The Luders deformation behavior in a medium Mn transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steel is investigated at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 ℃. It demonstrates that the Ltiders band appears at all testing temperatures but with varied Luders strains which do not change monoton ically with temperature. The martensitic transformation is simultaneously observed within the Ltiders band in varying degrees depending on the testing temperature. It is well verified that the martensitic transformation is not responsible for the formation of Luders band, and a reasonable explanation is given for the non-monotonic variation of Luders strain with increasing temperature.

Enhancement of ballistic performance enabled by transformation-induced plasticity in high-strength bainitic steel

High-strength bainitic steels have created a lot of interest in recent times because of their excellent combination of strength,ductility,toughness,and high ballistic mass efficiency.Bainitic steels have great potential in the fabrication of steel armor plates.Although various approaches and methods have been conducted to utilize the retained austenite(RA)in the bainitic matrix to control mechanical properties,very few attempts have been conducted to improve ballistic performance utilizing transformationinduced plasticity(TRIP)mechanism.In this study,high-strength bainitic steels were designed by controlling the time of austempering process to have various volume fractions and stability of RA while maintaining high hardness.The dynamic compressive and ballistic impact tests were conducted,and the relation between the effects of TRIP on ballistic performance and the adiabatic shear band(ASB)formation was analyzed.Our results show for the first time that an active TRIP mechanism achieved from a large quantity of metastable RA can significantly enhance the ballistic performance of high-strength bainitic steels because of the improved resistance to ASB formation.Thus,the ballistic performance can be effectively improved by a very short austempering time,which suggests that the utilization of active TRIP behavior via tuning RA acts as a primary mechanism for significantly enhancing the ballistic performance of high-strength bainitic steels.

中锰钢ART退火过程强塑机制的研究

中锰钢在逆转变奥氏体（Austenite Reverted Transformation,ART）退火处理后具有优异强塑性,符合第三代汽车用先进高强度钢的发展要求。本文分析了ART退火工艺与中锰钢强塑机制的关系,概述了退火温度和时间对其综合力学性能的影响,并讨论了中锰钢（4wt%~8wt%Mn）在塑性变形过程中的主要强塑机制。

低碳中锰Q690F高强韧中厚板生产技术

对低碳中锰Q690F高强韧中厚板进行了控扎控冷和热处理工艺试验,观察了显微组织,测定了拉伸和冲击性能,并阐述了其强韧化机制.结果表明:中锰钢的显微组织为亚微米尺度的回火马氏体+逆转变奥氏体的复合层状组织.中锰中厚板1/4厚度位置的屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率、-60℃冲击功分别为725 MPa,840 MPa,27. 7%,130 J.逆转变奥氏体发生相变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应产生的应变硬化是中锰钢主要的强化机制; TRIP效应吸收大量的应变能,推迟颈缩,增加均匀延伸率,是中锰钢主要的增塑机制; TRIP效应有效地提高了裂纹形成功和裂纹扩展功,是中锰钢主要的韧化机制.

Microstructure,mechanical properties,and wear resistance of VCp-reinforced Fe-matrix composites treated by Q&P process

A quenching and partitioning(Q&P) process was applied to vanadium carbide particle(VCp)-reinforced Fe-matrix composites(VC-Fe-MCs) to obtain a multiphase microstructure comprising VC, V8 C7, M3 C, α-Fe, and γ-Fe. The effects of the austenitizing temperature and the quenching temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the VC-Fe-MCs were studied. The results show that the size of the carbide became coarse and that the shape of some particles began to transform from diffused graininess into a chrysanthemum-shaped structure with increasing austenitizing temperature. The microhardness decreased with increasing austenitizing temperature but substantially increased after wear testing compared with the microhardness before wear testing; the microhardness values improved by 20.0% ± 2.5%. Retained austenite enhanced the impact toughness and promoted the transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) effect to improve wear resistance under certain load conditions.

Effect of Microstructure on Tensile Behavior and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in a Cold-Rolled Al-Containing TRIP Steel

In the present study, a quenching treatment prior to two-stage heat treatment was conducted on a Fe-0.28C-1.55Mn-2.06Al transformation-induced plasticity steel to tailor the final microstructure. Compared with the microstructure of the ferrite, bainite and blocky retained austenite obtained by conventional two-stage heat treatment, the microstructure subjected to quenching plus two-stage heat treatment was composed of the ferrite, lath bainite and film-like retained austenite. The corresponding tensile behavior and mechanical stability of retained austenite were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the mechanical stability of blocky retained austenite grains is lower and most of them transform to martensite during the tensile deformation, which leads to higher ultimate tensile strength and instantaneous work hardening exponent. Film-like retained austenite has relatively higher stability, which could cause sustained work hardening and high ductility as well as product of strength and elongation.

残留奥氏体含量对20SiMn2MoV钢强韧性的影响

采用新型Q-P-T（淬火-碳分配-回火）工艺对20SiMn2MoV钢进行热处理，通过改变淬火介质温度（QT）和碳分配＋回火时间（PT＋TT），改变其组织，旨在提高钢的强韧性。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和力学性能测试等手段，研究了新型Q-P-T工艺对20SiMn2MoV钢、微观组织及其对力学性能的影响。结果表明，20SiMn2MoV钢经Q-P-T工艺处理获得了板条马氏体＋含量较多的残留奥氏体，残留奥氏体含量为8％～11％；试样拉断后，测量试样中残留奥氏体的体积分数变化，显示了残留奥氏体量明显减少。通过对比应力-应变曲线发现，在缩颈前试样曲线斜率发生了明显变化．因此，20SiMn2MoV钢在拉伸过程中表现出明显的相变诱发塑性（TRIP）效应；淬火介质温度为110℃，碳分配90s时。钢的抗拉强度为1331MPa，伸长率达23．0％，强塑积为30613MPa％，具有优良的强韧性匹配．强韧性得到提高。

Effect of Thermomechanical Control Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-0.2C-1.44Si-1.32Mn Hot Rolled TRIP Steel

The effect of thermomechanical control processing（TMCP）on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-0.2C-1.44Si-1.32Mn hot rolled TRIP steel was investigated through experiments.Strain-induced transformation and transformation-induced plasticity behavior of retained austenite were analyzed.The results show that with multipass deformation,reduction per pass of more than critical deformation in austenite recrystallization region and total reduction of more than 58% in non-recrystallization region and high temperature section of two-phase region,austenite can be refined before γ→α transformation.It is beneficial to obtain refined ferrite grain in final microstructure.To obtain fine and uniform microstructure and excellent strength-ductility balance,a three-stage cooling process（laminar cooling-air cooling-ultra-fast cooling）after hot rolling was conducted.The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the investigated steel can reach 663 MPa and 41%,respectively.

固溶温度对节约型双相不锈钢TRIP/TWIP行为的影响

通过微拉伸、电子背散射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段,研究了具有亚稳奥氏体相的节约型双相不锈钢在1 000~1 200℃范围内不同固溶温度下的组织与性能的演变规律;探讨了固溶温度对形变诱导塑性(TRIP/TWIP)的作用机制。结果表明,随着固溶温度的升高,抗拉强度与伸长率均先升高后降低,而亚稳奥氏体相比例由74%(1 000℃)降低到37%(1 200℃);1 050℃固溶时,试验钢表现出最佳综合性能,抗拉强度达到960 MPa,伸长率达到62%,强塑积达到60 GPa·%。在经拉伸变形的微观结构中形变诱导马氏体与形变孪晶共存,表明试验钢中亚稳奥氏体相的变形机制主要受TRIP及TWIP共同控制,从而导致其塑性变形过程呈现多阶段应变硬化特征,而钢中铁素体相的变形机制主要变形为位错的滑移。

节约型双相不锈钢TRIP效应致塑性增量及其固溶温度依赖性

在Gleeble-3800试验机上进行了经1000~1200℃固溶处理后的节约型双相不锈钢(LDX)的拉伸变形实验,利用TEM分析了其加工硬化特性的微观机制,利用XRD测定计算了不同条件下形变诱导马氏体的饱和转变量。基于加工硬化规律对变形温度(室温~100℃)的敏感性,分别提出了室温变形时TRIP效应诱发塑性增量(或均匀延伸率增量)的量化指标:表观塑性增量(Δe)、单位体积马氏体诱发的平均塑性增量(Δe^→)及只与奥氏体稳定性有关的本征塑性增量(Δe^*),探讨了固溶温度对它们的影响规律。结果表明:LDX中形变诱导马氏体相变(SIMT)存有γ→ε→α′与γ→α′2种机制,引发TRIP效应并使LDX表现出"三阶段"加工硬化特征。不同固溶温度分别对应不同的临界变形温度(Md),使LDX在M_d温度变形时不存在TRIP,固溶温度越高,Md越低、Δe越小。随着固溶温度增加,Δe^→逐渐增加,而Δe^*则逐渐减小,即奥氏体越稳定,TRIP本征增量越小。此外,Δe^→与Δe^*均与奥氏体稳定性系数(k)间存在一定的线性关系。

Novel Co-free high performance TRIP and TWIP medium-entropy alloys at cryogenic temperatures

Recently,high-and medium-entropy alloys(HEAs and MEAs) have been found to exhibit excellent cryogenic mechanical properties,but most of them contain high-priced Co element.Therefore,developing HEAs or MEAs with high strength and ductility and relatively low cost is urgent.In this work,novel Cofree Fex Mn(75-x) Ni(10)Cr(15)(x=50 and 55 at.%) MEAs were developed,which exhibit a good combination of low cost,high strength and ductility at cryogenic temperature.It was found that the Fe(50)Mn(25)Ni(10)Cr(15)MEA exhibits a combination of cryogenic tensile strength of^0.98 GPa and ductility of^83 %.The excellent cryogenic mechanical properties were attributed to joint of twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) effects.The present study sheds light on developing low cost MEAs with high perfo rmance for cryogenic-tempe rature applications.

Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Low-Carbon Medium-Manganese Steel Produced by Heavy Warm Rolling

An ultrafine-grained(UFG) low-carbon medium-manganese steel was fabricated by the heavily warm rolling(HWR) and subsequent quenching, and the effects of annealing temperatures on microstructure and mechanical properties of the UFG HWRed steel were investigated. The results show that the HWRed steel exhibits simultaneous improvements in strength,uniform elongation and work hardening, which is mainly attributed to the refinement of martensitic microstructures. The HWRed steels comprise only a-phase when annealing at lower temperatures below to 550 °C and at higher temperatures above to 700 °C. Whereas, UFG c-austenite is formed by reverse transformation when the HWRed steel was annealed at intermediate temperatures from 550 to 700 °C and the volume fraction increases with increasing annealing temperatures,consequently resulting in a dramatic increase in ductility of the annealed HWRed steels. It was found that the transformed UFG austenite and ferrite remained ～500 nm and ～800 nm in size when the HWRed steel was annealed at 650 and700 °C for 1 h, respectively, showing an excellent thermal stability. Moreover, the HWRed steel annealed at 650 °C exhibits high strength-ductility combinations with a yield strength of 906 MPa, ultimate tensile strength(UTS) of1011 MPa, total elongation(TEL) of 51% and product of strength and elongation(PSE: UTS 9 TEL) of 52 GPa%. It is believed that these excellent comprehensive mechanical properties are closely associated with the UFG austenite formation by reverse transformation and principally attributed to the transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) effect.