Improved BP Neural Network for Transformer Fault Diagnosis

The back propagation (BP)-based artificial neural nets (ANN) can identify complicated relationships among dissolved gas contents in transformer oil and corresponding fault types, using the highly nonlinear mapping nature of the neural nets. An efficient BP-ALM (BP with Adaptive Learning Rate and Momentum coefficient) algorithm is proposed to reduce the training time and avoid being trapped into local minima, where the learning rate and the momentum coefficient are altered at iterations. We developed a system of transformer fault diagnosis based on Dissolved Gases Analysis (DGA) with a BP-ALM algorithm. Training patterns were selected from the results of a Refined Three-Ratio method (RTR). Test results show that the system has a better ability of quick learning and global convergence than other methods and a superior performance in fault diagnosis compared to convectional BP-based neural networks and RTR.

Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis Using Fuzzy Reasoning Spiking Neural P Systems

This paper presents an intelligent technique to fault diagnosis of power transformers dissolved and free gas analysis (DGA). Fuzzy Reasoning Spiking neural P systems (FRSN P systems) as a membrane computing with distributed parallel computing model is powerful and suitable graphical approach model in fuzzy diagnosis knowledge. In a sense this feature is required for establishing the power transformers faults identifications and capturing knowledge implicitly during the learning stage, using linguistic variables, membership functions with “low”, “medium”, and “high” descriptions for each gas signature, and inference rule base. Membership functions are used to translate judgments into numerical expression by fuzzy numbers. The performance method is analyzed in terms for four gas ratio (IEC 60599) signature as input data of FRSN P systems. Test case results evaluate that the proposals method for power transformer fault diagnosis can significantly improve the diagnosis accuracy power transformer.

Microearthquake reveals the lithospheric structure at midocean ridges and oceanic transform faults

Mid-ocean ridge and oceanic transforms are among the most prominent features on the seafloor surface and are crucial for understanding seafloor spreading and plate tectonic dynamics,but the deep structure of the oceanic lithosphere remains poorly understood.The large number of microearthquakes occurring along ridges and transforms provide valuable information for gaining an indepth view of the underlying detailed seismic structures,contributing to understanding geodynamic processes within the oceanic lithosphere.Previous studies have indicated that the maximum depth of microseismicity is controlled by the 600-℃isotherm.However,this perspective is being challenged due to increasing observations of deep earthquakes that far exceed this suggested isotherm along mid-ocean ridges and oceanic transform faults.Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these deep events,and we suggest that local geodynamic processes(e.g.,magma supply,mylonite shear zone,longlived faults,hydrothermal vents,etc.)likely play a more important role than previously thought.

Fault Attribute Reduction of Oil Immersed Transformer Based on Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm

The original fault data of oil immersed transformer often contains a large number of unnecessary attributes,which greatly increases the elapsed time of the algorithm and reduces the classification accuracy,leading to the rise of the diagnosis error rate.Therefore,in order to obtain high quality oil immersed transformer fault attribute data sets,an improved imperialist competitive algorithm was proposed to optimize the rough set to discretize the original fault data set and the attribute reduction.The feasibility of the proposed algorithm was verified by experiments and compared with other intelligent algorithms.Results show that the algorithm was stable at the 27th iteration with a reduction rate of 56.25%and a reduction accuracy of 98%.By using BP neural network to classify the reduction results,the accuracy was 86.25%,and the overall effect was better than those of the original data and other algorithms.Hence,the proposed method is effective for fault attribute reduction of oil immersed transformer.

Spreading rate dependence of morphological characteristics in global oceanic transform faults

We quantified the systematic variations in global transform fault morphology,revealing a first-order dependence on the spreading rate.(1)The average age offset of both the full transform and transform sub-segments decrease with increasing spreading rate.(2)The average depth of both the transform valley and adjacent ridges are smaller in the fast compared to the slow systems,reflecting possibly density anomalies associated with warmer mantle at the fast systems and rifting at the slow ridges.However,the average depth difference between the transform valley and adjacent ridges is relatively constant from the fast to slow systems.(3)The nodal basin at a ridge-transform intersection is deeper and dominant at the ultraslow and slow systems,possibly reflecting a lower magma supply and stronger viscous resistance to mantle upwelling near a colder transform wall.In contrast,the nodal high,is most prominent in the fast,intermediate,and hotspot-influenced systems,where robust axial volcanic ridges extend toward the ridge-transform intersection.(4)Statistically,the average transform valley is wider at a transform system of larger age offset,reflecting thicker deforming plates flanking the transform fault.(5)The maximum magnitude of the transform earthquakes increases with age offset owing to an increase in the seismogenic area.Individual transform faults also exhibit significant anomalies owing to the complex local tectonic and magmatic processes.

Decadal Seismicity before Great Earthquakes—Strike-Slip Faults and Plate Interiors: Major Asperities and Low-Coupling Zones

Decadal forerunning seismic activity is examined for very large, shallow earthquakes along strike-slip and intraplate faults of the world. It includes forerunning shocks of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.0 for 21 mainshocks of Mw 7.5 to 8.6 from 1989 to 2020. Much forerunning activity occurred at what are interpreted to be smaller asperities along the peripheries of the rupture zones of great mainshocks at transform faults and subduction zones. Several great asperities as ascertained from forerunning activity agree with the areas of high seismic slip as determined by others using geodetic, mapping of surface faulting, and finite-source seismic modeling. The zones of high slip in many great earthquakes were nearly quiescent beforehand and are identified as the sites of great asperities. Asperities are strong, well-coupled portions of plate interfaces. Different patterns of forerunning activity on time scales of up to 45 years are attributed to the sizes and spacing of asperities (or lack of). This permits at least some great asperities along transform faults to be mapped decades before they rupture in great shocks. Rupture zones of many great mainshocks along transform faults are bordered either along strike, at depth or regionally by zones of lower plate coupling including either fault creep forerunning activity, aftershocks and/or slow-slip events. Forerunning activity to transforms in continental areas is more widespread spatially than that adjacent to oceanic transforms. The parts of the San Andreas fault themselves that ruptured in great California earthquakes during 1812, 1857 and 1906 have been very quiet since 1920;moderate to large shocks have been concentrated on their peripheries. The intraplate shocks studied, however, exhibited few if any forerunning events, which is attributed to the short period of time studied compared to their repeat times. The detection of forerunning and precursory activities for various time scales should be sought on the peripheries of great asperities and not just along the major faults themselves. This paper compliments that on decadal forerunning activity to great and giant earthquakes along subduction zones.

Structural characteristics and deep-water hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Scotian Basin, Eastern Canada

Commercial hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in shallow-water areas of the Scotian Basin, Eastern Canada. However, knowledge about the structure and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of the basin is still insufficient, which constrains the oil and gas exploration in deep-water areas. Based on comprehensive data of magnetic anomalies, seismic survey, and drilling, this study determines the structure characteristics of the Scotian Basin and its hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in deep waters and evaluates the deep-water hydrocarbon exploration potential. The transform faults and basement structures in the northern basin control the sedimentary framework showing thick strata in east and thin strata in west of the basin. The bowl-shaped depression formed by thermal subsidence during the transitional phase and the confined environment (micro basins) caused by salt tectonics provide favorable conditions for the development of source rocks during the depression stage (also referred to as the depression period sequence) of the basin. The progradation of large shelf-margin deltas during the drift phase and steep continental slope provide favorable conditions for the deposition of slope-floor fans on continental margins of the basin. Moreover, the source-reservoir assemblage comprising the source rocks within the depression stage and the turbidite sandstones on the continental margin in the deep waters may form large deep-water turbidite sandstone reservoirs. This study will provide a valuable reference for the deep-water hydrocarbon exploration in the Scotian Basin.

Junction and Evolution of the Qinling,Qilian and Kunlun Orogenic Belts

As the main part of the “central mountain system” in the continent of China, the Qinling, Qilian and Kunlun orogenic belts have been comprehensively and deeply studied since the 1970s and rich fruits have been reaped. However, these achievements were mostly confined to an individual orogenic belt and the study of the mutual relationship among the three orogenic belts was obliged to depend on comparative studies. Different views were produced therefrom. The material composition and structural features of the junction region show that there are several epicontinental and intracontinental transform faults developed in different periods. Restricted by these transform faults, the large-scale lateral movements and, as a consequence, complicated magmatism and tectonic deformation took place in the orogenic belts. According to these features, the authors put forward a three-stage junction and evolution model and point out that there is not a single junction zone traversing from west to east but that the three orogenic belts have been joined progressively by the epicontinental and intracontinental transform faults.

Seismotectonics in the Pamir:An oblique transpressional shear and south-directed deep-subduction model

The 3-D geometry of the seismicity in Hindu Kush-Pamir--western China region has been defined by seismic records for 1975-1999 from the National Earthquake Information Center, the U.S. Geological Survey, and over 16,000 relocated earthquakes since 1975 recorded by the Xinjiang seismic network of China. The results show that most Ms≥ 5.0 hypocenters in the area are confined to a major intracontinental seismic shear zone （MSSZ）. The MSSZ, which dips southwards in Pamir has a north- dipping counterpart in the Hindu Kush to the west; the two tectonic realms are separated by the sinistral Chaman transform fault of the India-Asia collisional zone. We demonstrate that the MSSZ constitutes the upper boundary of a south-dipping, actively subducting Pamir continental plate. Three seismic concentrations are recognized just above the Pamir MSSZ at depths between 45-65 km, 95-120 km, and 180-220 km, suggesting different structural relationships where each occurs. Results from focal mechanism solutions in all three seismological concentrations show orientations of the principal maximum stress to be nearly horizontal in an NNW-SSE direction. The south-dipping Pamir subduction slab is wedge-shaped with a wide upper top and a narrow deeper bottom; the slab has a gentle angle of dip in the upper part and steeper dips in the lower part below an elbow depth of ca. 80--120 km. Most of the deformation related to the earthquakes occurs within the hanging wall of the subducting Pamir slab. Published geologic data and repeated GPS measurements in the Pamir document a broad supra-subduc- tion, upper crustal zone of evolving antithetic （i.e. north-dipping） back-thrusts that contribute to northsouth crustal shortening and are responsible for exhumation of some ultrahigh-pressure rocks formed during earlier Tethyan plate convergence. An alternating occurrence in activity of Pamir and Chaman seismic zones indicates that there is interaction between strike-slip movement of the Chaman transform fault system and deep-subduction of the Pamir earthquake zone. Pamir subdnction-related seismicity becomes shallower in depth with increasing distance east of the transform fault. Therefore, sinistral movement of the Chaman transform fault appears to be influencing continental deep-subduction in the Pamir region and may provide an explanation for the unusual south-dipping geometry of the intracontinental Pamir plate.

NEW METHOD OF EXTRACTING WEAK FAILURE INFORMATION IN GEARBOX BY COMPLEX WAVELET DENOISING

Because the extract of the weak failure information is always the difficulty and focus of fault detection. Aiming for specific statistical properties of complex wavelet coefficients of gearbox vibration signals, a new signal-denoising method which uses local adaptive algorithm based on dual-tree complex wavelet transform （DT-CWT） is introduced to extract weak failure information in gear, especially to extract impulse components. By taking into account the non-Gaussian probability distribution and the statistical dependencies among wavelet coefficients of some signals, and by taking the advantage of near shift-invariance of DT-CWT, the higher signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） than common wavelet denoising methods can be obtained. Experiments of extracting periodic impulses in gearbox vibration signals indicate that the method can extract incipient fault feature and hidden information from heavy noise, and it has an excellent effect on identifying weak feature signals in gearbox vibration signals.

3D Velocity Structure and Its Tectonic Implications in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

3D structure of the crust and upper mantle in the studied area has been analyzed from surface wave tomography. The velocity distribution in the uppermost crust is symmetrical on two sides of the central line of the sea, and coincides with the structure of crystalline basement. The essential difference in tectonics between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea mainly lies in that the velocity structures of their lower crust and upper mantle are identical to those of South China and North China respectively. In the upper mantle there exists a high-velocity zone with a nearly EW strike from the Hangzhou Bay, China, to the Tokara Channel, Japan, along about the latitude of 30°N. It is found that between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea there are systematical differences in geomorphology, geology, seismicity, heat flow, quality factor and gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies, which is related to both left-lateral shear dislocation and right-lateral tear of the Benioff zone from the Hangzhou Bay to the Tokara Channel.It is inferred that the East China Sea was formed by Cenozoic back-arc extension. The boundary between the North China and South China crustal blocks stretches along the southern piedmont of Mts. Daba-Dabie-Hangzhou Bay-Tokara Channel, and the subduction zone at the Okinawa trench is the eastern boundary of the South China crustal block. The movements of the Pacific plate, Indian plate and upper mantle rather than the Philippine plate subduction have played a dominant role for the modern tectonic movements in East Asia.

PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION OF CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATION IN ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF ROLLING BEARING

Morlet wavelet is suitable to extract the impulse components of mechanical fault signals. And thus its continuous wavelet transform （CWT） has been successfully used in the field of fault diagnosis. The principle of scale selection in CWT is discussed. Based on genetic algorithm, an optimization strategy for the waveform parameters of the mother wavelet is proposed with wavelet entropy as the optimization target. Based on the optimized waveform parameters, the wavelet scalogram is used to analyze the simulated acoustic emission （AE） signal and real AE signal of rolling bearing. The results indicate that the proposed method is useful and efficient to improve the quality of CWT.

Plates Boundary and Structural Geology of Balochistan and Indus Basins through Field Observations on Chaman Transform Fault and Western Indus Suture (Pakistan): Dinosaurs from Pakistan with Attributed Bones and Key Features: Titanosaurs from India with Updated Assessment on Jainosaurus

The plate boundary between Balochistan and Indus basins is found on the position where Western Indus Suture and Chaman Transform fault converge in the south (Uthal-Bela-Ornach-Nal-Basima). From Basima to northward the both structures bifurcate and separate more than 50 km in the Zhob region, the Chaman Transform fault lies in the west as straight way in flysh and slates of Balochistan basin, and Western Indus suture lies in the east mostly straight and wide (more than 20 km wide) galaxy way like belt (gentle wavy in the central portion from Quetta to Zhob). Plate boundary between Balochistan basin and Indus basin lies in the Western Indus suture. The both structures are about 1000 - 1500 km trends northward. The northward bending of strikes in the southern Balochistan basin (from Arabian sea to Kharan) on the western flank of Chaman transform fault and dragging of Kharan limestones revealed left lateral strike slip fault. The structures of Balochistan basin are mostly imbricated while the structure of Indus basin is mostly folded. Different basins in Pakistan yielded dinosaurs and diverse Mesozoic vertebrates like poripuchian titanosaurian sauropods, vitakrisaurid abelisaurian theropods, induszalimids, sulaimanisuchid and mithsaraikistanid mesoeucrocodiles, saraikisaurid pterosaurs, wasaibpanchid bird, madtsoiid snake, zahrisaurid plesiosaur and some fishes. From Pakistan 10 titanosaurs were named while from India 5 titanosaurs were named and discussed here. The updated assessment for the attribution of bones to Jainosaurus septentrionalis resulted the braincase its type or in other case braincase and scapula referable to Isisaurus colberti matching its long articular surface for coracoid of distal scapula. Key bones which were previously referred to Jainosaurus septentrionalis belong to mostly Gspsaurus pakistani and Balochisaurus malkani (stocky titanosaurs) and a few bones to Isisaurus colberti and Pakisaurus balochistani (slender titanosaurs).

Tectonic dynamics and correlation of major earthquake sequences of the Xiaojiang and Qujiang-Shiping fault systems, Yunnan, China

The N-S trending Xiaojiang fault zone and the NW-SE trending Qujiang-Shiping fault zone are adjacent active fault systems and seismogenic zones associated with strong and major earthquakes in Yunnan, China. To understand the interaction of the two fault systems, and its probable influence on earthquake occurrences, this paper conducts a synthetic study based on data of active tectonics, historical earthquakes, relocated small earthquakes, GPS station velocities and focal mechanism resolutions. The study makes several conclusions. （1） The active southward motion of the western side of the Xiaojiang fault zone （i.e. the side of the Sichuan-Yunnan block） has a persistent and intensive effect on the Qujiang-Shiping fault zone. The later fault zone has absorbed and transformed the southward motion of the western side of the former fault zone through dextral strike-slip/sheafing as well as transverse shortening/thrusting. （2） Along the Xiaojiang fault zone, the present sinistral strike-slip/sheafing rate decreases from 10 and 8 mm/a on the northern, central and central-southern segments to 4 mm/a on the southern segment. The decreased rate has been adjusted in the area along and surrounding the Qujiang-Shiping fault zone through reverse-dextral faulting and distributed sheafing and shortening. （3） The tectonic-dynamic relation between the Xiaojiang fault zone and the Qujiang-Shiping fault zone is also manifested by a close correlation of earthquake occurrences on the two fault zones. From 1500 to 1850 a sequence of strong and major earthquakes occurred along the Xiaojiang fault zone and its northern neighbor, the Zemuhe fault zone, which was characterized by gradually accelerating strain release, gradually shortening intervals between M≥7 events, and major releases occurring in the mid to later stages of the sequence. As a response to this sequence, after an 88-year delay, another sequence of 383 years （from 1588 to 1970） of strong and major earthquakes occurred on the Qujiang-Shiping fault zone, and had the same features in accelerating strain release and its temporal course. （4） Since there has been no M≥7 event for 177 years on the Xiaojiang fault zone, the potential risk of a strong or major earthquake occurring on this fault zone in the future should be noticed and studied further.

Processes of initial collision and suturing between India and Asia

The initial collision between Indian and Asian continents marked the starting point for transformation of land-sea thermal contrast,uplift of the Tibet-Himalaya orogen,and climate change in Asia.In this paper,we review the published literatures from the past 30 years in order to draw consensus on the processes of initial collision and suturing that took place between the Indian and Asian plates.Following a comparison of the different methods that have been used to constrain the initial timing of collision,we propose that the tectono-sedimentary response in the peripheral foreland basin provides the most sensitive index of this event,and that paleomagnetism presents independent evidence as an alternative,reliable,and quantitative research method.In contrast to previous studies that have suggested collision between India and Asia started in Pakistan between ca.55 Ma and50 Ma and progressively closed eastwards,more recent researches have indicated that this major event first occurred in the center of the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone(YTSZ) between ca.65 Ma and 63 Ma and then spreading both eastwards and westwards.While continental collision is a complicated process,including the processes of deformation,sedimentation,metamorphism,and magmatism,different researchers have tended to define the nature of this event based on their own understanding,an intuitive bias that has meant that its initial timing has remained controversial for decades.Here,we recommend the use of reconstructions of each geological event within the orogenic evolution sequence as this will allow interpretation of collision timing on the basis of multidisciplinary methods.