Transition energy and dipole oscillator strength for 1s^22p-1s^2nd of Cr^(21+) ion

The transition energies, wavelengths and dipole oscillator strengths of 1s^22p-1s^2nd （3 ≤ n ≤ 9） for Cr^21＋ ion are calculated. The fine structure splittings of 1s^2nd （n ≤ 9） states for this ion are also calculated. In calculating energy, we have estimated the higher-order relativistic contribution under a hydrogenic approximation. The quantum defect of Rydberg series 1s^2nd is determined according to the quantum defect theory. The results obtained in this paper excellently agree with the experimental data available in the literature. Combining the quantum defect theory with the discrete oscillator strengths, the discrete oscillator strengths for the transitions from initial state 1s^22p to highly excited 1s^2nd states （n ≥ 10） and the oscillator strength density corresponding to the bound-free transitions are obtained.

THE LINEAR CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ELECTRONIC TRANSITION ENERGY AND HAMMETT CONSTANTS FOR THE SUBSTITUTED PORPHYRIN-LIKE MACROCYCLE

The properties of absorption spectra are presented and the linear correlations of Hammett constants with the 0-0 transition energy(E_(o,o))of S_←S_o, and the ratios of oscillator strength(f/f)are used to probe the interactions betwee π-electron of aromatic maerocycles or metal ion of complexes with the sub- stituents on β-position of benzene ring for porphyrin-like maerocyclic compounds.

Assessment of challenges and strategies for driving energy transitions in emerging markets:A socio-technological systems perspective

The pursuit of improved quality of life standards has significantly influenced the contemporary mining model in the 21st century.This era is witnessing an unprecedented transformation driven by pressing concerns related to sustainability,climate change,the just energy transition,dynamic operating environments,and complex social challenges.Such transitions present both opportunities and obstacles.The aim of this study is to provide an extensive literature review on energy transition to identify the challenges and strategies associated with navigating transformations in energy systems.Understanding these transformations is particularly critical in the face of the severe consequences of global warming,where an accelerated energy transition is viewed as a universal remedy.Adopting a socio-technological systems perspective,specifically through the application of Actor Network Theory(ANT),this research provides a theoretical foundation while categorising challenges into five distinct domains and outlining strategies across these different dimensions.These insights are specifically tailored for emerging market countries to effectively navigate energy transition while fostering the development of resilient societies.Furthermore,our findings highlight that energy transition encompasses more than a mere technological shift;it entails fundamental changes in various systemic socio-economic imperatives.Through focusing on the role of social structures in transitions,this study makes a significant and innovative contribution to ANT,which has historically been criticised for its limited acknowledgement of social structures.Consequently,we propose an emerging market energy transition framework,which not only addresses technological aspects,but also integrates social considerations.This framework paves the way for future research and exploration of energy transition dynamics.The outcomes of this study offer valuable insights to policymakers,researchers,and practitioners engaged in the mining industry,enabling them to comprehend the multifaceted challenges involved and providing practical strategies for effective resolution.Through incorporating the social dimension into the analysis,we enhance the understanding of the complex nature of energy system transformations,facilitating a more holistic approach towards achieving sustainable and resilient energy transitions in emerging markets and beyond.

The Impact of the Energy Transition and Sustainable Development Goals on Mineral Resource Availability in Africa

Understanding and predicting the impact of the global energy transition and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on global mineral demand and African supply is challenging. This study uses a resource nexus approach to investigate and analyze the impact of this transition on energy and water demand and CO2 emissions using three annual material demand scenarios. The results indicate that African mining will consume more energy by 2050, leading to an increase in cumulative demand for energy (from 98 to 14,577 TWh) and water (from 15,013 to 223,000 million m3), as well as CO2 emissions (1318 and 19,561 Gg CO2e). In contrast, only a modest increase in energy demand (207 TWh) will be required by 2050 to achieve the SDGs. Therefore, the African mining industry should reduce its energy consumption and invest more in the renewable energy sector to support the global energy transition.

Gleaning insights from German energy transition and large-scale underground energy storage for China’s carbon neutrality

The global energy transition is a widespread phenomenon that requires international exchange of experiences and mutual learning.Germany’s success in its first phase of energy transition can be attributed to its adoption of smart energy technology and implementation of electricity futures and spot marketization,which enabled the achievement of multiple energy spatial–temporal complementarities and overall grid balance through energy conversion and reconversion technologies.While China can draw from Germany’s experience to inform its own energy transition efforts,its 11-fold higher annual electricity consumption requires a distinct approach.We recommend a clean energy system based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO)as a suitable pathway for achieving sustainable energy in China,given that renewable energy is expected to guarantee 85%of China’s energy production by 2060,requiring significant future electricity storage capacity.Nonetheless,renewable energy storage remains a significant challenge.We propose four large-scale underground energy storage methods based on ENSYSCO to address this challenge,while considering China’s national conditions.These proposals have culminated in pilot projects for large-scale underground energy storage in China,which we believe is a necessary choice for achieving carbon neutrality in China and enabling efficient and safe grid integration of renewable energy within the framework of ENSYSCO.

Characteristics of PM_(2.5) and Its Reactive Oxygen Species in Heating Energy Transition and Estimation of Its Impact on the Environment and Health in China——A Case Study in the Fenwei Plain

To reduce the adverse effects of traditional domestic solid fuel,the central government began implementing a clean heating policy in northern China in 2017.Clean coal is an alternative low-cost fuel for rural households at the present stage.In this study,18 households that used lump coal,biomass,and clean coal as the main fuel were selected to evaluate the benefits of clean heating transformation in Tongchuan,an energy city in the Fenwei Plain,China.Both indoor and personal exposure(PE)samples of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))were synchronically collected.Compared with the lump coal and biomass groups,the indoor PM_(2.5)concentration in the clean coal group is 43.6%and 20.0%lower,respectively,while the values are 16.8%and 21.3%lower,respectively,in the personal exposure samples.PM_(2.5)-bound elements Cd,Ni,Zn,and Mn strongly correlated with reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in all fuel groups,indicating that transition metals are the principal components to generate oxidative stress.Using a reliable estimation method,it is predicted that after the substitution of clean coal as a household fuel,the all-cause,cardiovascular,and respiratory disease that causes female deaths per year could be reduced by 16,6,and 3,respectively,in the lump coal group,and 22,8,and 3,respectively,in the biomass group.Even though the promotion of clean coal has led to impressive environmental and health benefits,the efficiencies are still limited.More environmental-friendly energy sources must be promoted in the rural regions of China.

China’s Energy Transition Pathway in a Carbon Neutral Vision

China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environment,and the economy into consideration,four carbon-neutral scenarios are proposed and compared for different emission peak times and carbon emissions in 2050.The results show that China’s carbon emissions will peak at 10.3–10.4 Gt between 2025 and 2030.In 2050,renewables will account for 60%of total energy consumption(calorific value calculation)and 90%of total electricity generation,and the electrification rate will be close to 60%.The energy transition will bring sustained air quality improvement,with an 85%reduction in local air pollutants in 2050 compared with 2020 levels,and an early emission peak will yield more near-term benefits.Early peak attainment requires the extensive deployment of renewables over the next decade and an accelerated phasing out of coal after 2025.However,it will bring benefits such as obtaining better air quality sooner,reducing cumulative CO_(2) emissions,and buying more time for other sectors to transition.The pressure for more ambitious emission reductions in 2050 can be transmitted to the near future,affecting renewable energy development,energy service demand,and welfare losses.

The role of capital deepening in China's energy transition

This paper provides a theoretical model to explain the causality between China's energy transition and capital deepening found by the empirical study.We prove that in the equilibrium,China's energy transition is endogenously determined by capital deepening due to the homogeneity of electricity and the monopolistic competition features of China's electricity market.Price effect,which is the effect of change in relative factor price,will affect energy transition only if the policy intervenes electricity price in terms of the primary sources from which it is generated.We propose that investment can promote energy transition by stimulating capital deepening which is biased to clean energy development.In this regard,our paper provides a new way of thinking for other developing countries to design an effective energy transition policy.

Supply-Side Solutions to China's Energy Transition

Compared with the first two energy transitions in human history, the current third energy transition is characterized by the changing concepts of development. Considering its energy mix dominated by fossil fuels, China is faced with a daunting task of transition. This paper discusses the following policy recommendations on China＇s energy transition, including building a renewables-friendly electric power system, developing smart grids and electric vehicles, promoting cross-regional electric power transactions, encouraging financial innovation, and creating new energy industry investment funds to broaden financing channels and diversify investment entities.

The Impacts of Global Energy Transition on Middle East Politics

Due to the symbiotic relations between oil and the contemporary Middle East, a global energy transition is bound to affect the Middle East's international status and the power structure among its countries. The power gap between rich and poor countries will widen, and the “big politics of small states” in countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Qatar may become more prominent. As economic development has become the top priority of national strategies, many hot spots in the Middle East have cooled down as relations between rival countries have eased and there are even signs of multilateral economic cooperation. Meanwhile, there are signs of vicious economic competition among related countries. With the decline of the Middle East's global importance, the United States and Europe are moving further away while the interdependence between Asia and the Middle East is increasing. Reforms to tackle the energy transition in the Middle East are a race against time, difficult, and uncertain, but the signs so far are positive.

Quanta of the Phase-Space Areas Given by Intervals of Energy and Time Associated with Electron Transitions

The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the difference Δn of the quantum numbers n labelling the beginning and end state of emission. It is shown that the phase-space areas formed by products of energy and time involved in the emission can be represented as a quadratic function of Δn multiplied by the Planck constant h.

On the Seasonal Transition and the Interannual Variability in Global Kinetic Energy at 500 hPa, Accompanied withAnomalies of Energy during the 1982 / 83 ENSO

Utilizing the material of monthly means of the three primary kinetic energy modes over the whote globe at 500 hPa during the nine years of 1980-1988, both the rapid seasonal changes and the interannual variability in tie general circulation in terms of the energy modes have been investigated, with special attention paid to the unusual year 1983, Two main results are obtained. One, there are remarkable seasonal rapid changes over the Northern Hemisphere, occurring ganerally in April and October. The other, among the nine years of 1980-1988, 1983 is the only one with unusual energy modes and remarkably abnormal seasonal changes.

A Synthesis of Energy Transition Policies in Finland and China

Since 2017,Finland and China have been developing a future-oriented partnership based on mutual economic and business interests.The starting point for this work is the recognition of significant differences in size,culture,and political as well as economic systems between the two sides.The Sino-Finnish cooperation in energy transition can provide a good example of mutually beneficial partnership where countries complement each other in terms of knowhow and resources.This paper brings together the main findings from the policy study on energy transition in Finland and China.It aims to identify potential policy initiatives for expanding Sino-Finnish cooperation towards green growth.

Fiscal and Tax Policy Research on Promoting Energy Transition in China under the"Dual Carbon"Goal

The"Dual Carbon"Goal is one of the critical strategic tasks in China's new stage of development,and fiscal and tax policies play an essential role in promoting the"dual carbon target"process.Currently,China's fiscal and taxation policies to encourage the realization of the"dual carbon"target are faced with problems such as the lack of budgetary and tax regulation means and the lack of investment in the energy conservation industry.Throughout the mature experience of Britain,the United States,Japan,and other countries,although different,they all chose to levy carbon tax and tax incentives as the path to promote energy transformation.To further encourage energy conversion,China can choose to establish a carbon tax mechanism and promote and improve low-carbon preferential policies and other diversified fiscal and tax policies.

Relativistic Reduction of the Electron-Nucleus Force in Bohr’s Hydrogen Atom and the Time of Electron Transition between the Neighbouring Quantum Energy Levels

The aim of the paper is to get an insight into the time interval of electron emission done between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom. To this purpose, in the first step, the formulae of the special relativity are applied to demonstrate the conditions which can annihilate the electrostatic force acting between the nucleus and electron in the atom. This result is obtained when a suitable electron speed entering the Lorentz transformation is combined with the strength of the magnetic field acting normally to the electron orbit in the atom. In the next step, the Maxwell equation characterizing the electromotive force is applied to calculate the time interval connected with the change of the magnetic field necessary to produce the force. It is shown that the time interval obtained from the Maxwell equation, multiplied by the energy change of two neighbouring energy levels considered in the atom, does satisfy the Joule-Lenz formula associated with the quantum electron energy emission rate between the levels.

Role of circular economy,energy transition,environmental policy stringency,and supply chain pressure on CO_(2)emissions in emerging economies

This paper investigates the effect of the circular economy on CO_(2)emissions growth by considering the role of energy transition,climate policy stringency,industrialization,and supply chain pressure from 1997 to 2020 using panel quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lags(QARDL)and the panel PMG.We employ cointegration association in the long run among the variables,and the results of the two models confirm this.Findings reveal that circular economy and climate policy stringency significantly negatively impact carbon emissions.On the other hand,the energy transition,industrialization,and supply chain pressures are crucial to determining CO_(2)emissions in the short and long run.The finding further explores that municipal waste generation recycling is considerable at the mean and upper 90th quantiles than the lower quantile.Therefore,the empirical results of the current study provide acumens for policymakers of advanced economies and emerging markets to maintain the balance among circular economy,energy transition,environmental policy stringency,and supply chain pressure for reducing CO_(2)emissions without halting economic growth and sustainable development.Furthermore,practical implications are reported through the lens of carbon neutrality and structural changes.

Geological conditions,genetic mechanisms and accumulation patterns of helium resources

Based on the methodology for petroleum systems and through the anatomy and geochemical study of typical helium-rich gas fields,the geological conditions,genesis mechanisms,and accumulation patterns of helium resources in natural gas are investigated.Helium differs greatly from other natural gas resources in generation,migration,and accumulation.Helium is generated due to the slow alpha decay of basement U-/Th-rich elements or released from the deep crust and mantle,and then migrates along the composite transport system to natural gas reservoirs,where it accumulates with a suitable carrier gas.Helium migration and transport are controlled by the transport system consisting of lithospheric faults,basement faults,sedimentary layer faults,and effective transport layers.Based on the analysis of the helium-gas-water phase equilibrium in underground fluids and the phase-potential coupling,three occurrence states,i.e.water-soluble phase,gas-soluble phase and free phase,in the process of helium migration and accumulation,and three migration modes of helium,i.e.mass flow,seepage,and diffusion,are proposed.The formation and enrichment of helium-rich gas reservoirs are controlled by three major factors,i.e.high-quality helium source,high-efficiency transport and suitable carrier,and conform to three accumulation mechanisms,i.e.exsolution and convergence,buoyancy-driven,and differential pressure displacement.The helium-rich gas reservoirs discovered follow the distribution rule and accumulation pattern of near helium source,adjacent to fault,low potential area,and high position".To explore and evaluate helium-rich areas,it is necessary to conduct concurrent/parallel exploration of natural gas.The comprehensive evaluation and selection of profitable helium-rich areas with the characteristics of"source-trap connected,low fluid potential and high position,and proper natural gas volume matched with helium’s"should focus on the coupling and matching of the helium"source,migration,and accumulation elements"with the natural gas"source,reservoir and caprock conditions",and favorable carrier gas trap areas in local low fluid potential and high positions.

Photoluminescence Properties and Energy Transfer from Ce^(3+) to Tb^(3+) in Zn_2SiO-_4 Host

Zn2Si O4︰Tb^3＋, Zn2 Si O4︰Ce^3＋, Zn2 Si O4︰Tb^3＋, Ce^3＋ phosphors were prepared by solidstate reaction at 1 150 ℃ for 2h under a weak reducing atmosphere. Moreover, the XRD patterns and photoluminescence spectra were recorded and the effects of Tb3＋ and Ce3＋ concentration on the luminescent properties of as-synthesized phosphors were investigated. The emission spectra under ultraviolet light（333 nm） radiation showed a dominant peak at 542 nm attributed to the 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb^3＋, which was enhanced significantly（about 45 times） by the co-doping of Ce^3＋, indicating that there occurred an efficient energy transfer from Ce^3＋ to Tb^3＋. According to the Dexter＇s energy transfer formula of multipolar interaction, it was demonstrated that the energy transfer between Ce3＋ and Tb3＋ was due to the electric dipolar-dipolar interaction of the resonance transfer.

Capacity Market Mechanism Design,Considering Network Optimization and Energy Transition

The coordination of enrgy transition,fixed cost recovery,and sufficient generation supply leads to a new challenge for a traditional capacity market mechanism.Moreover,in order to better match network expansion at the same time,it is crucial to redesign the capacity market mechanism considering system topology.In this paper,a novel capacity market mechanism is proposed considering spot market operations,network expansion,and energy transition,which can minimize the total cost of capacity investment,network expansion,and generation operations,while satisfying the energy transition constraints and topology circumstances.Specifically,the capacity market mechanism co-ordinated with spot market operations is illustrated,in which the energy transition and network constraints are embedded.Then,a bi-level optimization model is established where the trade organizers minimize the total cost of both investment and operations,subject to the spot power market simultaneously minimizing the local dispatching costs.The numerical results of a test system show that more economical capacity portfolios can be obtained by constructing reasonable transmission lines,thereby obtaining a more optimal market cost.A detailed multi-scenario simulation is further analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed market mechanism.

Development,challenges and strategies of natural gas industry under carbon neutral target in China

In the mid-21st century,natural gas will enter its golden age,and the era of natural gas is arriving.This paper reviews the development stages of global natural gas industry and the enlightenment of American shale gas revolution,summarizes the development history and achievements of the natural gas industry in China,analyzes the status and challenges of natural gas in the green and low-carbon energy transition,and puts forward the natural gas industry development strategies under carbon neutral target in China.The natural gas industry in China has experienced three periods:start,growth,and leap forward.At present,China has become the fourth largest natural gas producer and third largest natural gas consumer in the world,and has made great achievements in natural gas exploration and development theory and technology,providing important support for the growth of production and reserves.China has set its goal of carbon neutrality to promote green and sustainable development,which brings opportunities and challenges for natural gas industry.Natural gas has significant low-carbon advantages,and gas-electric peak shaving boosts new energy development;the difficulty and cost of development are more prominent.For the national energy security and harmonious development between economy and ecology under the carbon neutral goal,based on the principle of"comprehensive planning,technological innovation,multi-energy complementarity,diversified integration,flexibility and efficiency,optimization and upgrading",the construction of the production-supplystorage-marketing system has to be improved so as to boost the development of the natural gas industry.First,it is necessary to strengthen efforts in the exploration and development of natural gas,making projects and arrangement in key exploration and development areas,meanwhile,it is urgent to make breakthroughs in key science theories and technologies,so as to increase reserve and production.Second,it should promote green and innovative development of the natural gas by developing new techniques,expanding new fields and integrating with new energy.Third,there is a demand to realize transformation and upgrading of the supply and demand structure of natural gas by strengthening the layout of pipeline gas,liquefied natural gas and the construction of underground gas storage,establishing reserve system for improving abilities of emergency response and adjustment,raising the proportion of natural gas in the primary energy consumption and contributing to the transformation of energy consumption structure,realizing low-carbon resources utilization and clean energy consumption.