Transmission ratio (T_n) in the radian direction normal to joints in 2-D compressional wave propagation in rock masses

The transmission ratio along the radian direction normal to the joints was studied in the Universal Distinct Element Code （UDEC）. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength was generalized into a general curve, which was determined by two critical points. The relationship between the two critical points and the affecting factors, quantity of joints and the normalized normal stiffness of joints, were obtained. A prediction model of the transmission ratio in the radian direction normal to the joints was proposed. The proposed model was applied to a field explosion test. The estimated values of the peak particle velocity from the prediction model were compared with the field records. The comparisons showed that the prediction model of the transmission ratio in the direction normal to the joints in the process of 2-D compressional wave propagation through multiple parallel joints is reliable.

Designing the Instrument Crank-Coupler Mechanism of Linear Output with Least Transmission Ratio Error

Movement accuracy is the key factor to be considered in designing precision instrument linkage and mini-linkage mechanisms. Although manufacturing errors, elastic deformation, kinematic pair clearance and friction factors all will have synthesis effect on the position accuracy of the mechanical system, the essential factor to guarantee the movement precision remains the kinematic dimensions. Combining the classical theory of mechanical synthesis with the modern error theory and the numerical method, the authors put forward a systematic and complete process and method of computer aided design for the instrument crank-coupler mechanism in which the follower takes the linear displacement approximately within a certain limited domain, with the design result of least transmission ratio error.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a Chain Drive and a Two-step Helical Gearbox

This paper presents a study on optimum determination of partial ratios of mechanical drive systems using a chain drive and two-step helical gearbox for getting minimum size of the system. The chosen objective function was the cross section dimension of the system. In solving the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including a chain drive and two helical gear units and their regular resistance condition were analyses. From the results of the study, effective formulas for determination of the partial ratios of the chain drive and two-step helical gearboxes were introduced. As the formulas are explicit, the partial ratios can be calculated accurately and simply.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a V-belt and a Helical Gearbox with Second-Step Double Gear-Sets

This paper presents a study on the optimum determination of partial transmission ratios of a mechanical drive system using a V-belt and a helical gearbox with second-step double gear-sets in order to get the minimum size of the system. The chosen objective function was the cross section dimension of the system. In the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including a V-belt and a helical gearbox with second-step double gear-sets and their regular resistance condition were analysed. Based on the results of the study, effective formulas for calculation of the partial ratios of the V-belt and a helical gearbox with second-step double gear-sets were proposed. By using explicit models, the partial ratios can be determined accurately and simply.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a V-belt and a Three-Step Helical Gearbox

This paper introduces a new study on the optimum calculation of partial transmission ratios of a mechanical drive system using a V-belt and a three-step helical gearbox in order to get the minimum size of the system. The chosen objective function was the cross section dimension of the system. In solving the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including a V-belt and three helical gear units and their regular resistance condition were analysed. From the results of the study, effective formulas for determination of the partial ratios of the V-belt and three-step helical gearboxes were introduced. As using explicit models, the partial ratios can be determined accurately and simply.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Coupled Planetary Gearboxes

This paper presents a new study on optimum determination of the partial ratios of coupled planetary gear sets for getting minimum radial size of the gear sets. In this paper, based on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including two-row planetary gear sets and their regular resistance conditions, an explicit model for calculating the partial ratios of coupled planetary gear sets was proposed. In addition, by giving this effective model, the partial ratios can be calculated simply and accurately.

Optimum Calculation of Partial Transmission Ratios of Mechanical Driven Systems Using a V-belt and a Two-Step Bevel Helical Gearbox

This paper introduces a new study on the optimum calculation of partial transmission ratios of mechanical drive system using a V-belt and two-step bevel helical gearbox for getting minimum size of the system. In the paper, based on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including V-belt and a two-gear-unit of the gearbox, models for optimum calculation of the partial ratios of the V-belt and the gearbox were proposed. As the models are explicit, the partial ratios can be calculated accurately and simply.

Optimum Determination of Partial Transmission Ratios of Three-Step Helical Gearboxes for Getting Minimum Cross Section Dimension

This paper presents a new study on optimum calculation of partial ratios of three-step helical gearboxes. The chosen objective function is the cross section dimension of the gearbox. In solving the optimization problem, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated and equations on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including three gear units and their regular resistance condition are analyses. From the results of the study, effective formula for determination of the partial ratios of three-step helical gearboxes is introduced. As the formulas are explicit, the partial ratios can be calculated accurately and simply.

Transmission Degradation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Opened Cone Targets

Irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses with different energies, opened cone targets behave very differently in the transmission of incident laser pulses. The targets, each with an opening angle of 71° and an opening of 5 μm, are fabricated using standard semiconductor technology. When the incident laser energy is low and no pre-plasma is generated on the side walls of the cones, the cone target acts like an optical device to reflect the laser pulse, and 15% of the laser energy can be transmitted through the cones. In contrast, when the incident laser energy is high enough to generate pre-plasmas by the pre-pulse of the main pulse that fills the inner cone, the cone with the plasmas will block the transmission of the laser, which leads to a decrease in laser transmission compared with the low-energy case with no plasma. Simulation results using optical software in the low-energy case, and using the particle-in-cell code in the high-energy case, are primarily in agreement with the experimental results.

Experimental study of rock-breaking with an offset single cone bit

An experimental study of rock-breaking with an offset single cone bit was completed on the bit bench test equipment. Data such as transmission ratio, weight on bit （WOB）, rate of penetration （ROP） and torque on bit were acquired in the experiments. Based on analyzing the experimental results, several conclusions were drawn as follows. The transmission ratio of the offset single-cone bit changed slightly with rotary speed of bit, weight on bit and offset distance. The rate of penetration of the offset singlecone bit increased with increase of WOB and off＇set distance. The torque on bit increased with increase of offset distance under the same WOB and bit rotary speed, decreased with increase of bit rotary speed under the same WOB. The rock-breaking mechanism of the offset single-cone bit was a scraping action. This indicates that the offset single-cone bit is a chipping type bit.

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.

Study for the Forming Principle of Logix Gear Tooth Profile and Its Mesh Performance

In recent years, a new type of gear named Logix gea r was developed. Actually, the tooth profile of this new type of gear is composed of lots of micro-segment involute curves, and on the profile, there exist lots of points, which their relative curvatures are equal to zero. This can result in the sliding coefficient smaller between two meshed Logix gears, and the mesh ch aracteristic becomes almost rolling transmission from sliding transmission accor dingly. So, this new type of gear has lots of advantages such as higher contact intensity, longer useful life and can easily realize power transfer of bigger tr ansmission ratio than standard involute gear. Study results showed that the cont act fatigue strength is 3 times larger, the bend fatigue strength is 2.5 times l arger, and the minimum tooth number can be decreased to 3, much smaller than tha t of standard involute gear. In this paper, following studies had been done: 1) The formation principle of Logix gear tooth profile was studied. The theoreti cal models describing the geometrical formations of this type of gear and its re lative Logix rack had been deduced. 2) While cutting a Logix gear, its tooth profile is decided by its normal tooth profile of Logix rack. Besides the basic parameters of standard involute gear, L ogix rack has its own specific parameters such as preliminary pressure angle, re lative pressure angle, and preliminary referential circle radius etc. So, the in fluence of connatural parameters of Logix rack on the tooth profile of Logix gea r had been farther studied. Reasonable selection for these parameters had been d iscussed. 3) Several kinds of transition curves for gear’s tooth profile had been introdu ced, its selection used by Logix gear had been described, and also its mathemati cal description model had been deduced. 4) The mesh theories of Logix gears had been developed. It had been proved that the transmission performance between Logix gears coincides with E-W theorem as that of ordinary standard involute gears. The formula calculating superposition coefficient was deduced according to its definition. Different from standard inv olute gears, the parameter of gear number has no effect on the superposition coe fficient of the Logix gears. Accordingly, bigger ratio transmission can be acqui red by means of decreasing the gear number, and its minimum gear number can be r eached to 3, much smaller than the minimum gear number of ordinary standard invo lute gear: 14～17. This is very important to realize the miniaturization of prod uction design. 5) The CAD special software was developed to design all kinds of Logix gears, an d a solid design example was offered. To sum up, by means of above study, the system info about Logix gear had been de veloped and enriched. This has most significant impact on its widely promotion a nd practical application, on the improvement of carrying capacity, miniaturizati on, and life of kinetic transmission products.

Capacity and outage probability analysis of downlink MRT-SC in distributed antenna system

This paper investigates the downlink capacity distribution and the outage probability of the interested area of maximum ratio transmission-selection combining(MRT-SC) scheme in the distributed antenna system(DAS).Composite fading channels are assumed,which include path loss,lognormal shadowing and multi-path Rayleigh fading.Analytical approximations of the capacity's cumulative distribution function(CDF),the outage capacity,the mean capacity,and the outage probability of the interested area are derived by means of moment generation function(MGF) and Gauss-Hermite series expansion based approaches.The influence of antenna number,path loss exponent,and shadowing standard deviation on the capacity distribution are investigated.The simulation results agree with the analytical approximations well,and thus the analytical approximations are able to substitute the time-intensive Monte Carlo simulation for further investigation.

Science Letters:Average SNR of maximum ratio transmission with selection combining

Two kinds of selection combining schemes including generalized selection combining (GSC) and generalized order selection combining (GOSC) are investigated. In the GSC scheme, L strongest diversity branches from a total of R diversity branches are selected and coherently combined by maximal ratio combining. GOSC means that the Lth strongest diversity branch from R diversity branches is selected for reception. Closed-form expressions for the average signal-to-noise ratios of maximum ratio transmission with GSC and GOSC are derived in Rayleigh fading channels.

Route-asymmetrical light transmission of a fiber-chip-fiber optomechanical system

In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a route-asymmetrical light transmission scheme based on the thermal radiative effect, which means that forward and backward propagations of an optical device have different transmittances provided they are not present simultaneously. Employing a fiber-chipfiber optomechanical system, our scheme has successfully achieved a broad operation bandwidth of at least 24 nm and an ultra-high route-asymmetrical transmission ratio （RATR） up to 63 dB. The route-asymmetrical device has been demonstrated effectively with not only the continuous-wave （CW） light but also 10 Gbit/s on-off-keying （OOK） digital signals. Above mentioned unique features can be mostly attributed to the significant characteristics of the thermal radiative effect, which could cause a fiber displacement up to tens of microns. The powerful and significant thermal radiative effect opens up a new opportunity and method for route-asymmetrical light transmission. Moreover, this research may have important applications in all-optical systems, such as the optical limiters and ultra-low loss switches.

Kinematic synthesis and simulation of a vegetable pot seedling transplanting mechanism with four exact task poses

To obtain a picking and planting integrated transplanting mechanism(PITM)with ideal trajectory shape,reasonable operating attitude,and compact structure for vegetable pot seedling transplanting,a symmetrical structural PITM composed of two planetary carriers and driven by a cam-noncircular gear combination mechanism was proposed in this paper.In accordance with the requirements of transplanting agronomy,the shape of the motion trajectory and the attitude of the end tip of the clamping claw at several specific positions(the starting and end points of picking seedling,the starting point of pushing seedling,and a special point on the return segment)were planned.To make the clamping claws of PITM pass through a set of prescribed positions,the mechanism was simplified to an open-chain 3R mechanism.An accurate four-position-based method for solving the open-chain mechanism model was adopted to obtain the curves of its fixed hinge point(central point)and dynamic hinge point(circle point).The ratio of adjacent bars’lengths was analyzed to determine the feasible interval of the central and circle point curves and the reasonable link length.A desired closed transplanting trajectory that goes through the given points and the corresponding transmission ratio model of the open-chain mechanism was established.After the transmission ratio of each stage of gear and cam pairs was calculated and distributed,the prototype of PITM was designed and manufactured.Lastly,the effectiveness and feasibility of the design were verified through a preliminary experiment of the prototype.

Human-like Manipulation Planning for Articulated Manipulator

A new method based on human-likeness assessment and optimization concept to solve the problem of human-like ma- nipulation planning for articulated robot is proposed in this paper. This method intrinsically formulates the problem as a con- strained optimization problem in robot configuration space. The robot configuration space is divided into different subregions by human likeness assessment. A widely used strategy, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment （RULA） in applied ergonomics, is adopted here to evaluate the human likeness of robot configuration. A task compatibility measurement of the robot velocity transmission ratio along a specified direction is used as the target function for the optimization problem. Simple illustrative examples of this method applied to a two Degree of Freedom （DOF） planar robot that resembles the upper limb of a human are presented. Further applications to a humanoid industrial robot SDA10D are also presented. The reasonable planning results for these applications assert the effectiveness of our method.

Wheeled jumping robot by powermodulation using twisted string lever mechanism

This study introduces a wheeled robot platform with jumping ability.To realize jump movement,a twisted string lever mechanism is used,which is characterized by its compactness and variable gear ratio.Based on robot modeling and parameter calculation,the twisted string actuator shows its advantage when applied to situations such as jumping of robots,where explosiveness of output force matters.In this study,a wheeled bipedal robot equipped with the twisted string actuator is designed and fabricated.It weighs 16.0 kg and can perform jumps when it encounters obstacles.The prototype can jump up to a stage with a maximum height of 1.0 m using electric power,which is approximately 1.5 times the height of its stretched legs.