Digital core based transmitted ultrasonic wave simulation and velocity accuracy analysis

Transmitted ultrasonic wave simulation （TUWS） in a digital core is one of the important elements of digital rock physics and is used to study wave propagation in porous cores and calculate equivalent velocity. When simulating wave propagates in a 3D digital core, two additional layers are attached to its two surfaces vertical to the wave-direction and one planar wave source and two receiver-arrays are properly installed. After source excitation, the two receivers then record incident and transmitted waves of the digital rock. Wave propagating velocity, which is the velocity of the digital core, is computed by the picked peak-time difference between the two recorded waves. To evaluate the accuracy of TUWS, a digital core is fully saturated with gas, oil, and water to calculate the corresponding velocities. The velocities increase with decreasing wave frequencies in the simulation frequency band, and this is considered to be the result of scattering. When the pore fluids are varied from gas to oil and finally to water, the velocity-variation characteristics between the different frequencies are similar, thereby approximately following the variation law of velocities obtained from linear elastic statics simulation （LESS）, although their absolute values are different. However, LESS has been widely used. The results of this paper show that the transmission ultrasonic simulation has high relative precision.

Time-Domain Full Waveform Inversion Using the Gradient Preconditioning Based on Transmitted Wave Energy

The gradient preconditioning approach based on seismic wave energy can effectively avoid the huge memory consumption of the gradient preconditioning algorithms based on the Hessian matrix. However, the accuracy of this approach is prone to be influ- enced by the energy of reflected waves. To tackle this problem, the paper proposes a new gradient preconditioning method based on the energy of transmitted waves. The approach scales the gradient through a precondition factor, which is calculated by the ‘ap- proximate transmission wavefield’ simulation based on the nonreflecting acoustic wave equation. The method requires no computing nor storing of the Hessian matrix and its inverse matrix. Furthermore, the proposed method can effectively eliminate the effects of geometric spreading and disproportionality in the gradient illumination. The results of model experiments show that the time-domain full waveform inversion (FWI) using the gradient preconditioning based on transmitted wave energy can achieve higher inversion accuracy for deep high-velocity bodies and their underlying strata in comparison with the one using the gradient preconditioning based on seismic wave energy. The field marine seismic data test shows that our proposed method is also highly applicable to the FWI of field marine seismic data.

Application of Gaussian Beam Summation Migration in Reflected In-seam Wave Imaging

The geological conditions for coal mining in China are complex,with various structural issues such as faults and collapsed columns seriously compromising the safety of coal mine production.In-seam wave exploration is an effective technique for acquiring detailed information on geological structures in coal seam working faces.However,the existing reflected in-seam wave imaging technique can no longer meet the exploration precision requirements,making it imperative to develop a new reflected in-seam wave imaging technique.This study applies the Gaussian beam summation(GBS)migration method to imaging coal seams'reflected in-seam wave data.Firstly,with regard to the characteristics of the reflected in-seam wave data,methods such as wavefield removal and enveloped superposition are employed for the corresponding wavefield separation,wave train compression and other processing of reflected in-seam waves.Thereafter,imaging is performed using the GBS migration technique.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for reflected in-seam wave imaging are validated by conducting GBS migration tests on 3D coal-seam fault models with different dip angles and throws.By applying the method to reflected in-seam wave data for an actual coal seam working face,accurate imaging of a fault structure is obtained,thereby validating its practicality.

Characteristics of transmitting channel wave in a coal seam

An embedded underground coal seam carries channel waves of low seismic velocity along a stratigraphic rock-coal-rock sequence.In a homogeneous and isotropic seam, seismic waves propagate as trapped waves within the seam, which leads to propagation of channel waves.We describe how to set up a field test for transmission in order to acquire channel waves in a coal seam.Because channel wave signals are non-stationary in their frequencies and amplitudes, a necessary velocity spectrum and wavelet transformation analysis are applied to interpret the characteristics of channel waves.The advantage of using a wavelet transformation is that different resolutions can be obtained at different times and different frequencies.According to analysis of the seismic signals acquired in the S7 sensor hole, it was clearly shown that the characteristics of channel waves are lower frequencies and attenuation which can guide an effective wave for detecting voids, boundaries and faults in coal seams with strong roofs and floors.

Study on Physical Models of In-Seam Seismic Wave

The propagation laws of in-seam seismic wave in coal seam in differeut situations are studied by means of in-seam seismic simulatiou tests. Some valuable conclusions are obtained, which are signiricant in guiding in-seam seismic prospecting in the future.

Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity.However,the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear.Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements（SEMO） that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface.Consequently,the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window.Thus,their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently.These analyses demonstrate that,contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface,there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface：a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism.That is,the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media.Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method,such as head wave travel-time tomography,and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas,such as the Tibetan Plateau.

A modified domain reduction method for numerical simulation of wave propagation in localized regions

A modified domain reduction method(MDRM) that introduces damping terms to the original DRM is presented in this paper. To verify the proposed MDRM and compare the computational accuracy of these two methods, a numerical test is designed. The numerical results of the MDRM and DRM are compared using an extended meshed model. The results show that the MDRM significantly improved the computational accuracy of the DRM. Then, the MDRM is compared with two existing conventional methods, namely Liao's transmitting boundary and viscous-spring boundary with Liu's method. The MDRM shows its great advancement in computational accuracy, stability and range of applications. This paper also discusses the influence of boundary location on computational accuracy. It can be concluded that smaller models tend to have larger errors. By introducing two dimensionless parameters, φ_1 and φ_2, the rational distance between the observation point and the MDRM boundary is suggested. When φ_1 >2 or φ_2>13, the relative PGA error can be limited to 5%. In practice, the appropriate model size can be chosen based on these two parameters to achieve desired computational accuracy.

Wave reflection, transmission and harmonics due to different submerged structures

Comparisons of wave reflection, transmission and harmonics due to different types of sub merged structures are investigated by a numerical method, the boundary-fitted coordinate (BFC) method. The types of submerged structures include a submerged horizontal plate, submerged breakwa ters (rectangular and trapezoidal) and a step-type structure (topography). First, the BFC method is ver ified by comparing the computed results with the experimental data, including wave surface elevations, reflected and transmitted wave heights, and amplitudes of higher harmonics, showing that the method is a reasonable one to predict wave deformations due to the submerged structures. Secondly, the wave sur face elevations and the higher harmonics over different submerged structures are compared. Thirdly, re flected and transmitted waves due to different submerged structures are investigated.

Approximate Calculation of Oblique Wave Transmission from A Single-Row of Rectangular Piles

Transmissions of oblique incident wave from a row of rectangular piles are analyzed theoretically. The incident angle of plane wave is taken as g = 90° , there then is the transmission coefficient ｜T｜ = 1 （This is a paradox）. In this paper, by means of the approximate relation between the transmitted and incident wave angle found from the shape of a slit, the paradoxical phenomenon is removed. On the basis of the continuality of the pressure and flux and the analysis of flow resistance at the row of rectangular piles, formulas of reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained. The transmission and reflection coefficients predicted by the present model quite agree with those of laboratory experiments in previous references

Model Test Research of Breakwater Core Material Influence on Wave Propagation

The interaction between waves and porous breakwater has an important theoretical significance and great application value of engineering.In this paper,the tests of the core material's influence in rubble mound breakwater on wave propagation are carried out.The relations among the transmitted wave height,incident wave element,and breakwater width are discussed.The calculation formula is obtained.The test results show that different core materials have obvious influence on wave propagation.

Determination of the parameters of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer using the normally-incident ultrasonic waves

This paper proposes a method of simultaneous determination of the four layer parameters （mass density, longitudinal velocity, the thickness and attenuation） of an immersed linear-viscoelastic thin layer by using the normally-incident reflected and transmitted ultrasonic waves. The analytical formula of the layer thickness related to the measured trans- mitted transfer functions is derived. The two determination steps of the four layer parameters are developed, in which acoustic impedance, time-of-flight and attenuation are first determined by the reflected transfer functions. Using the derived formula, it successively calculates and determines the layer thickness, longitudinal velocity and mass density by the measured transmitted transfer functions. According to the two determination steps, a more feasible and simplified measurement setups is described. It is found that only three signals （the reference waves, the reflected and transmitted waves） need to be recorded in the whole measurement for the determination of the four layer parameters. A study of the stability of the determination method against the experimental noises and the error analysis of the four layer parameters are made. This study lays the theoretical foundation of the practical measurement of a linear-viscoelastic thin layer.

Finite element simulation of steady state SH wave motion

A discrete local transmitting boundary is combined with a lumped-mass finite element technique for simulating steady SH wave motion in a layered and unbounded medium.The combination decouples any node of the finite element model from the others except those in its neighborhood,and an effective algorithm of the Gauss elimination in implementation of the method is then devised to reduce the main memory and computing time.The method and its accuracy are first analysed via simulating steady SH wave motion in layered elastic media,the effective algorithm is then introduced and illustrated by simple examples.

Assessment Model of Atmosphere Transmitting Influence on High-resolution Airborne SAR Stereo Positioning

The influence derived from atmosphere transmitting of radar wave, in the application of high-resolution airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) stereo positioning, may produce some phase errors, and eventually be introduced into positioning model. This paper described the principle of airborne SAR stereo positioning and the error sources of stereo positioning accuracy that arose from atmosphere transmitting, established a corresponding assess- ment model of atmosphere transmitting influence, and testified the model and the assessment principle taking the 1-m resolution airborne SAR images of Zigong City, Sichuan Province in China, as the test dataset. The test result has proved that the assessment model is reliable and reasonable. And, it has shown that the phase error arisen from time delay is the main error source during the atmosphere transmitting, which has much more influences on cross-track di- rection and introduces a stereo positioning error of about eight meters, but less on the along-track direction.

Effect of negative permittivity and permeability on the transmission of electromagnetic waves through a structure containing left-handed material

We investigate the characteristics of electromagnetic wave reflection and transmission by multilayered structures consisting of a pair of left-handed material (LHM) and dielectric slabs inserted between two semi-infinite dielectric media. The theoretical aspect is based on Maxwell's equations and matching the boundary conditions for the electric and magnetic fields of the incident waves at each layer interface. We calculate the reflected and transmitted powers of the multilayered structure taking into account the widths of the slabs and the frequency dependence of permittivity and permeability of the LHM. The obtained results satisfy the law of conservation of energy. We show that if the semi-infinite dielectric media have the same refractive index and the slabs have the same width, then the reflected (and transmitted) powers can be minimized (and maximized) and the powers-frequency curves show no ripple. On the other hand if the semi-infinite dielectric media have different values of refractive indices and the slabs have different widths, then under certain conditions the situation of minimum and maximum values of the mentioned powers will be reversed.

Hybrid absorbing boundary condition based on transmitting boundary and its application in 3D fractional viscoacoustic modeling

An accurate numerical simulation for wave equations is essential for understanding of wave propagation in the earth's interior as well as full waveform inversion and reverse time migration. However, due to computational cost and hardware capability limitations, numerical simulations are often performed within a finite domain. Thus, an adequate absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is indispensable for obtaining accurate numerical simulation results. In this study, we develop a hybrid ABC based on a transmitting boundary, which is referred to as THABC, to eliminate artificial boundary reflections in 3D second-order fractional viscoacoustic numerical simulations. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive weighted coefficient to reconcile the transmitting and viscoacoustic wavefields in THABC. Through several numerical examples, we determine that the proposed THABC approach is characterized by the following benefits. First, with the same number of absorbing layers, THABC exhibits a better ability in eliminating boundary reflection than traditional ABC schemes. Second, THABC is more effective in computation, since it only requires the wavefields at the current and last time steps to solve the transmitting formula within the absorbing layers. Benefiting from a simple but effective combination between the transmitting equation and the second-order wave equation, our scheme performs well in the 3D fractional Laplacian viscoacoustic numerical simulation.

夹心杆系统中一维弹塑性波演化精细分析(Ⅰ):典型加载波的透反射

准确地剖析反射波与透射波的形成过程与影响机理是SHPB(split Hopkinson pressure bar)精细化试验设计与精准数据处理的核心前提之一。针对夹心杆系统,分析矩形、梯形与半正弦三种典型入射波加载阶段系统中一维弹塑性波的传播与演化,定量研究试件中弹塑性波的传播、两个界面上弹塑性的透反射及其系列透反射波的相互作用影响。结果表明:首先,弹塑性波特别是应力波在弹塑性交界面上的透反射中占主要地位,纯弹性波的透反射与传播反而影响较小;其次,当入射波加载区间有一定的宽度时,杆2中弹性波在两个界面上的多次透反射对反射波造成衰减的同时对透射波进一步强化,这种衰减使得半正弦波对应的反射波峰值并不是在0.5个无量纲时间时,而是有所提前;第三,与传统SHPB分析中弹性波在界面上透反射的初步规律不同,无论是矩形波、梯形波还是半正弦波入射时,试件材料的杨氏模量与密度改变虽然明显影响其弹性波的阻抗比,但对透反射波波形及其峰值强度影响并不明显。研究结果可为SHPB的精细化设计与数据的精准分析提供科学依据。

Comparison of perfectly matched layer and multi-transmitting formula artificial boundary condition based on hybrid finite element formulation

The theory of perfectly matched layer （PML） artificial boundary condition （ABC）, which is characterized by absorption any wave motions with arbitrary frequency and arbitrarily incident angle, is introduced. The construction process of PML boundary based on elastodynamic partial differential equation （PDE） system is developed. Combining with velocity-stress hybrid finite element formulation, the applicability of PML boundary is investigated and the numerical reflection of PML boundary is estimated. The reflectivity of PML and multi-transmitting formula （MTF） boundary is then compared based on body wave and surface wave simulations. The results show that although PML boundary yields some reflection, its absorption performance is superior to MTF boundary in the numerical simulations of near-fault wave propagation, especially in comer and large angle grazing incidence situations. The PML boundary does not arise any unstable phenomenon and the stability of PML boundary is better than MTF boundary in hybrid finite element method. For a specified problem and analysis tolerance, the computational efficiency of PML boundary is only a little lower than MTF boundary.

海水速度结构的OBS透射走时层析反演

近年来,海洋高分辨率地震勘探领域取得了显著进展,对地震资料反演的精度要求日益严苛.为了提升后续处理的效率和准确性,获取更为精确的海水速度分布显得至关重要.然而,传统的走时层析方法在利用有限偏移距的海面拖缆数据时,往往难以达到理想的垂向分辨率,从而限制了海水速度建模的精确性.鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于OBS(海底地震仪)观测系统的透射波走时层析方法.该方法采用伴随状态法走时层析作为反演工具,利用OBS观测系统声压分量中的海水透射波走时信息,对海水速度结构进行精确反演.理论模型和实际资料实验结果表明,该方法能够准确建立海水速度模型,提高海水以下地层的成像效果.

行波管发射组件技术研究与实践

利用真空管峰值功率大、效率高等优势,对基于X波段行波管的高功率发射组件进行了研究。文中详细介绍了8通道发射组件设计、高压组件小型化封装及幅相一致性控制等关键技术,并基于以上技术研制了一种8通道X波段行波管发射组件。该组件采用一套电源同时给8只管子供电的集成化设计方法,既提高了组件功率密度,减小了发射组件体积,又能够满足雷达阵面的要求。通过对发射组件各通道幅相一致性调整,进行了8通道功率合成试验测试,试验数据达到预期的目的,进一步验证了文中所提技术的可行性。该组件是一种新型的行波管放大器发射组件,体积小,功率密度大,且价格相对便宜,为相控阵雷达发射单元提供了新的解决途径。