The prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus infection in blood donors

INIRODUCIIONA newly discovered DNA virus,transfusiontransmitted virus (TTV),was reported as a cause ofpost-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology inJapan.In order to investigate TTV prevalence insouthern China,a study was carried out amongblood donors,patients with liver diseases andhemodialysis to determine the epidemiologicalcharateristics.

Transfusion transmitted virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine

The present review gives an updated overview of transfusion transmitted virus （TTV）, a novel agent, in relation to its molecular characteristics, epidemiological features, modes of transmission, tissue tropism, pathogenesis, role in various diseases and its eradication from the body. TTV, a DNA virus, is a single stranded, non-enveloped, 3.8 kb long DNA virus with a small and covalently closed circular genome comprising 3852 bases. It was tentatively designated Cirdnoviridae virus.TTV genome sequence is heterogeneous and reveals the existence of six different genotypes and several subtypes. TTV has been reported to transmit not only via parenteral routes, but also via alternate routes. This virus has been detected in different non-human primates as well. At present, TTV is detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） with no other available diagnostic assays. It shows its presence globally and was detected in high percent populations of healthy persons as well as in various disease groups. Initially it was supposed to have strong association with liver disease; however, there is little evidence to show its liver tropism and contribution in causing liver diseases. It shows high prevalence in hemodialysis patients, pointing towards its significance in renal diseases. In addition,TTV is associated with several infectious and non-infectious diseases. Though, its exact pathogenesis is not yet clear, TTV virus possibly resides and multiplies in bone marrow cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs）. Recently, attempts have been made to eradicate this virus with interferon treatment. More information is still needed to extricate various mysteries related to TTV.

Transfusion transmitted virus infection in general populations and patients with various liver diseases in south China

INTRODUCTIONAlthough several specific detecting methods hadbeen applied to determine the hepatitis virus,therewas a lot of cryptogenic hepatitis without anyknown hepatitis infectious marker.Theprevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) (also knownas GB-C virus) infection has been reported to be 5%-13% in patients with non-A-E hepatitis andcirrhosis,however,there is little evidencesuggesting that HGV causes hepatitis in human.

Clinical Characteristics of Transmitted Transfusion Virus Infection in Children

Clinical characteristics of transmitted transfusion virus (TTV) infection and its pathogenicity in children were evaluated. Serum TTV DNA from 118 children (mean age : 7.8±2 8 years) was detected by nested PCR. The product of PCR was cloned and sequenced. The positive rate for serum TTV DNA in 20 healthy children, 9 cases of acute hepatitis, 51 cases of chronic hepatitis, 24 cases of nephritis or nephrotic syndrome and 14 cases of hypoplastic anemia or acute leukemia was 20 %, 11 %, 29 %, 42 % and 21 % respectively, but there was no significant difference in TTV DNA frequency among them ( P >0.05). Of the 16 patients receiving immunosuppressive agent for a long time, 7 (44 %) were positive for TTV DNA, and of the 17 cases not receiving immunosuppressive agent, 5 (29 %) were positive with the difference being not significant ( P >0.05). Essential characteristics were pathogen carrier or asymtomatic infection in children with TTV infection. Long term employment of immunosuppressive agent did not increase the incidence in TTV infection. There was still high prevalence in TTV infection in healthy children not receiving blood product, suggesting the possibility of non hematogenous transmitted transfusion in TTV transmission.

Expression Comparisons of Pathogenesis-Related(PR) Genes in Wheat in Response to Infection/Infestation by Fusarium, Yellow dwarf virus(YDV) Aphid-Transmitted and Hessian Fly

Expression profiles of ten pathogenesis-related （PR） genes during plant defense against Fusarium, Yellow dwarf virus （YDV） aphid-transmitted and Hessian fly （Hf） were compared temporally in both resistant and susceptible genotypes following pathogen infection or insect infestation. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） revealed that PR1, PR2, PR3, PR5, PR6, PR8, PR9, and PR15 appeared to be induced or suppressed independently in response to Fusarium, YDV aphid-transmitted or Hf during the interactions. The PR gene（s） essential to defense against one organism may play little or no role in defense against another pathogen or pest, suggesting the alternative mechanisms may be involved in different interactions of wheat- Fusarium, wheat-YDV aphid-transmitted and wheat-Hf. However, strong up- or down-regulation of PRl2 and PR14 encoding low molecular membrane acting protein, defensin and lipid transfer protein （LTP）, respectively, had been detected after either pathogen infection or insect infestation, therefore showed broad responses to pathogens and insects. It was postulated that low molecular proteins such as defensins and LTPs might play a role in the early stages of pathogenesis in the signaling process that informs plants about the attack from biotic stresses. In addition, a synergistic action between different PR genes might exist in plants to defense certain pathogens and insects on the basis of comprehensive expression profiling of various pathogenesis-related genes revealed by qRT-PCR in this study.

Transfusion-transmitted virus co-infection in other types of hepatitis and its genotypes

OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) co-infection in other virus infected patients and its genotypes. METHODS: A conservative sequence of ORFl in the TTV genome was selected as primers and TTV DNA was measured in students and other hepatitis patients by using microplate nucleic acid hybridization and ELISA. The results were statistically analyzed. Nucleotide sequence of divergence >50% was used as color probe for distinguishing TTV genotypesⅠorⅡ. RESULTS: TTV DNA was detected in the sera from 2 (3.3%) of 60 students, 2 (14.3%) of 14 patients with non A-non E hepatitis, 6 (12%) of 50 patients with chronic hepatitis B, and 4 (16%) of 25 patients with liver cirrhosis, respectively. Statistical difference was observed between the patient group and the student group (P<0.05), but no significant difference in age, gender, serum ALT levels and TBiL between TTV DNA positive and negative patients (P>0.05). TTV genotype Type Ⅰ was by far the most frequent viral genotype (66.7%), followed by type Ⅱ (25%), and mixed infection (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the routes of TTV infection may be similar to those of HBV and HCV, and concurrent infection with HBV, HCV are common. TTV co-infection could not affect the clinical features of patients with liver diseases and the pathological process. TTV is not a main causative factor for patients with non A-non E hepatitis. Further study is needed to clarify the role of TTV in patients with non A-non E hepatitis.

The Sexually Transmitted Insect Virus, Hz-2V

Hz-2V is one of only a very few sexually transmitted viruses currently known in insects. Replication of this insect pathogenic virus results in sterility of infected moths rather than mortality. The sterility of the infected host is a consequence of virus directed malformation of adult reproductive tissues, which in females results in cellular proliferation and hypertrophy of these tissues. Virus replication has additional ramifications in infected females. Infected females produce more mating pheromones and attract more mates than healthy females, ultimately facilitating virus transmission and enhancing viral fitness. The molecular mechanisms used by the virus to manipulate the host to enhance its fitness are yet to be determined. Unraveling the underlying principles of these mechanisms promises to enhance our understanding of insect reproductive physiology, as well as provide molecular tools for use in novel approaches in sterile insect control programs.

THE INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT POPULATION'S TRANSFUSION-TRANSMITTED VIRUS-DNA IN SHAANXI PROVINCE

Objective To investigate transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) infection among population of different groups in Shaanxi Province.Methods A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers from ORF1 of TTV genome was established to detect TTV DNA in serum of the patients.Results TTV DAN was detected in the sera of 3 of 50 cases of general population(6%), 2 of 30 cases of vocational blood donors(6.7%),21 of 97 cases with Type B hepatitis(21.6%),9 of 35 cases of Type C hepatitis (25.7%),and 23 of 40 cases with non A^non G hepatitis(57 5%).Conclusion There is TTV infection among general population in Shaanxi Province.TTV may be an important agent to cause non A^non G hepatitis .And the patients with HBV or HCV can have overlapping TTV infection.

Occurrence Regularity of Myzus persicae and Aphid- transmitted Virus Disease in Zhenyuan County of Guizhou

[ Objective] The paper provided a reference for establishment of effective prevention mechanism against aphids in Zhenyuan tobacco area. [ Melllod ] The initial population quantity of aphids in early spring, migration of winged aphids, occurrence regularity and damage status of Myzus persicae and aphid-transmit- ted virus （PVY ＋ CMV） were investigated in Zhenyuan County from 2014 to 2015 using 10-point checkerboard sampling method, yellow dish trapping method and 5-point sampling method. [ Result] The total amount of aphids in Brassica campestris was the largest among overwintering hosts, with an average of 18.44 speci- men/plant. The migration of winged aphids presented bimedal pattern; the population dynamics of wingless aphids presented unimodal pattern, and the occurrence peak was from May to June. [ Conclusion] Field control against M. persicae in tobacco fields should be conducted from mid May to early June.

Is transfusion-transmitted dengue fever a potential public health threat?

Dengue is an arboviruses due to single-stranded enveloped ribonucleic acid viruses, named dengue viruses(DENV), that include four serotypes and are mainly transmitted via the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes(A. aegypti and A. albopictus). The distribution of the disease was historically limited to intertropical areas; however, during the last thirty years, the perimeter of the disease extended considerably and temperate areas are now at risk of outbreaks. The present global burden of dengue is considerable: 2.5 billion people over more than 100 countries are concerned; 50 to 100 million infections occur every year, with a number of fatal cases of approximately 20000. Although frequently asymptomatic or limited to a mild fever, dengue is responsible for severe cases mainly consecutive to the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications that can lead to shock and death, notably in children from poorresource settings. The place of DENV as a transfusiontransmitted pathogen has been recognized only in 2008. At the present time, only five cases of transfusiontransmitted dengue, including one case of dengue hemorrhagic fever, have been formerly documented. This review provides a general overview of dengue, its viruses and their vectors. It replaces the disease in the context of other viral diseases transmitted by arthropods. It discusses the threat of dengue on the supply of blood products in endemic and non endemic areas. Finally, it describes the specific and non specific measures available for improving the security of blood products with regards to this emerging risk. Interestingly, in 2009, the American Association of Blood Banks placed DENV in the highest category of emerging infectious agents for their potential impact on transfusion recipient safety for the next years in North America.

Prospective study of mono-strand DNA virus(TTV) transmission byblood transfusion

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) in blood donors, bloodrecipients and the incidence of TTV transmission by blood transfusion. Methods: TTV DNA and serum of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 130 blood recipients were detected, and TTV in their 340 corresponding blood donors was also detected. Results: There were 10. 6% (36/340) donors infected TTV, and thesame conditions in 8. 5 % (11/130) blood recipients before trans fusion. Eighteen cases (15. 1% ) were found to beTTV-positive after transfusion in the 119 blood recipients without TTV before, at least one of the correspondingdonors was found to be TTV-positive. There were 46 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis virus infection, 45 ofthem with HCV infection (including 7 cases co-infected with TTV) and two with HBV infection (including one coinfected with .HCV and one co-infected with TTV). The recipient with TTV and HBV co-infection and 3 of the 7cases with TTV and HCV infection had a ALT levels higher than 90 U/L, but only 2 cases of the 1O isolated TTVinfection had a mild ALT elevation. Conclusion: The result showed that prevalence of TTV was rather high inblood donors and hospitalized patients, and isolated TTV infection seems not related with significant ALT elevation.

Women and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa

Despite efforts to control the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), these infections are still highly prevalent in the developing world, especially in Africa where the prevalence and incidence of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is also very high. Unfortunately, women bear the disproportionate burden of both STIs and HIV in this region. Early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of STIs is therefore crucial in this population given the strong evidence that some STIs have been shown to facilitate the transmission of HIV. This review summarizes the epidemiology, and management of the common STIs affecting African women, and the health complications associated with these infections in the era of emerging antimicrobial resistance.

Sexually transmitted infections of the anus and rectum

Sexually transmitted infections(STIs) represent a significant public health concern.Several STIs,once thought to be on the verge of extinction,have recently reemerged.This change is thought to be partially related to an increase in STIs of the anus and rectum.Importantly,the global human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) epidemic has contributed to the emergence of particular anorectal lesions that require specialized approaches.In this report,we review common anorectal STIs that are frequently referred to colorectal surgeons in the United States.Epidemiology,clinical presentation,and management are summarized,including the latest treatment recommendations.The particularity of anorectal diseases in HIV/AIDS is addressed,along with recent trends in anal cytology and human papillomavirus vaccination.

Recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a university hospital in Taiwan

BACKGROUND Little is known about the engagement in hepatitis C virus(HCV)care and completion of HCV treatment in people living with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)(PLWH)who have HCV coinfection in the Asia-Pacific region.Examining the HCV care cascade can identify barriers to the completion of HCV treatment and facilitate achievement of HCV micro-elimination in PLWH.AIM To investigate the care cascade of incident HCV infections among PLWH in Taiwan.METHODS PLWH with incident HCV infections,defined as HCV seroconversion,were retrospectively identified by sequential anti-HCV testing of all archived blood samples at National Taiwan University Hospital between 2011 and 2018.All PLWH with incident HCV infections were followed until December 31,2019.The care cascade of HCV examined included all incident HCV-infected patients,the percentages of anti-HCV antibodies detected by HIV-treating physicians in clinical care,plasma HCV RNA load tested,HCV RNA positivity diagnosed,referral to treatment assessment made,anti-HCV treatment initiated,and sustained virologic response achieved.Those who had HCV seroconversion during the interferon(IFN)era(2011–2016)and the direct-acting antiviral(DAA)era(2017–2018)were analyzed separately.The duration of HCV viremia—from the date of seroconversion to viral clearance by treatments or until the end of observation—and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)during the HCV viremic period were estimated.RESULTS During the study period,287 of 3495(8.2%)PLWH(92.3%being men who have sex with men)who were HCV-seronegative at baseline developed HCV seroconversion by retrospective testing of all archived blood samples.Of the 287 incident HCV infections,277(96.5%)had anti-HCV antibodies detected by HIV-treating physicians,270(94.1%)had plasma HCV RNA determined and 251(87.5%)tested positive for HCV RNA.Of those with HCV viremia,226(78.7%)were referred to treatment assessment,215(74.9%)initiated anti-HCV treatment,and 202(70.4%)achieved viral clearance.Compared with that in the IFN era,the median interval from HCV seroconversion by retrospective testing to detection of HCV seropositivity by HIV-treating physicians was significantly shorter in the DAA era{179 d[interquartile range(IQR)87-434]vs 92 d(IQR 57-173);P<0.001}.The incidence rate of STIs in the DAA vs the IFN era was 50.5 per 100 person-years of follow-up(PYFU)and 38.5 per 100 PYFU,respectively,with an incidence rate ratio of 1.31(95%confidence interval 0.96-1.77),while the duration of HCV viremia was 380 d(IQR 274-554)and 735 d(IQR 391-1447)(P<0.001),respectively.CONCLUSION While anti-HCV therapies are effective in achieving viral clearance,our study suggests more efforts are needed to expedite the linkage of PLWH diagnosed with incident HCV infections to HCV treatment.

A 10 Years Comparative Study to Assess Trends in Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections among Blood Donors at Gwalior, India

Introduction: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) threaten safety of the recipients and the community as a whole and are the subject of real concern worldwide. Aims and Objectives: To know the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections amongst the blood donors, to evaluate the changing trends of TTIs and to compare these observations within the study as well as with the other relevant studies. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India, from January 2004 to December 2013 (ten years). Materials and Methods: In this study 122,006 voluntary and replacement donations were screened for TTIs;HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis, Malaria and their seroprevalence was calculated. Further study was divided in Group “A” (from 2004 to 2008) and Group “B” (from 2009 to 2013) to compare the results. Results: Out of total 122,006 blood units collected, 79,750 (65.3%) were voluntary and 42,256 (34.7%) were replacement donors. The seropositivity of TTIs in the entire study, in group “A” and in Group “B” was 3.26% (3985/122,006) (p = 0.000005), 2.25% (1238/54,874) (p = 0.000005) and 4.09% (2747/67,123) (p = 0.000005) respectively. In Group “A” and “B” seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria was 0.29%, 1.16%, 0.61%, 0.06%, 0.11% and 0.13%, 3.15%, 0.24%, 0.17%, 0.03% respectively. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there was significant increase in seroprevalence of HBV and syphilis whereas decreasing pattern in HIV, HCV and Malaria was observed in last five years as compared to previous five years among the blood donors.

海南地区输血传播疾病病毒核酸检测窗口期残余风险评估

目的分析11年来海南地区无偿献血人群核酸检测(NAT)结果、评估HBV、HCV和HIV的NAT检测后残余风险。方法收集本中心2012年1月-2022年12月的无偿献血者NAT检测结果数据,利用新发感染率-窗口期残余风险模型对献血者进行HBV、HCV和HIV窗口期残余风险评估。结果2012年1月-2022年12月,海南地区无偿献血者捐献的血液中,来自初次献血者的占比45.02%(522684/1161042)、重复献血者(含固定献血者)占54.98%(638358/1161042),固定献血者占30.48%(354227/1162042);NAT总阳性率为0.19%(2151/1161042);NAT检测后HBV窗口期残余风险为62.54/百万,HCV残余风险为0.431/百万,HIV残余风险为0.791/百万。结论海南地区无偿献血者开展NAT检测明显降低HCV残余风险,输血传播HBV、HCV、HIV的窗口期残余风险处于较低的水平。

云南怒江番茄种植新区番茄病毒检测及病毒种传特性

病毒病对番茄生产造成严重危害,近年来在番茄种植新区发生严重,疑似为种子带毒传播。本研究通过对云南省怒江州番茄种植新区的番茄病毒病样品采用RNA-seq高通量测序,RT-PCR验证的方法检测病毒种类;对番茄病果种子进行超薄切片制样透射电子显微镜观察,将病果种子播种后对种苗进行RT-PCR带毒检测。结果表明,RNA-seq高通量测序及RT-PCR检测到的病毒有番茄环纹斑点病毒(tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus, TZSV)、番茄黄斑驳相关病毒(tomato yellow mottle-associated virus, TYMaV)、辣椒脉斑驳病毒(chili veinal mottle virus, ChiVMV)、南方番茄病毒(southern tomato virus, STV)。透射电镜观察到种胚细胞及胚乳细胞中分布典型的正番茄斑萎病毒属Orthotospovirus病毒粒体。病果种子播种28 d后的种苗具有病毒病症状,通过RT-PCR检出TZSV、ChiVMV、STV,检出率分别为60%、100%、80%。上述研究结果为TZSV通过种子传播提供了有利的证据,并为源头防控番茄病毒病提供了依据。

病原体感染与不孕不育的机制研究进展

不孕不育是一个重大的全球健康问题。导致男女双方不孕不育的因素多样,具体致病机制尚未阐明,但病原体感染是其共有的外部因素,且交叉性感染需夫妻双方同时治疗。该文就病原体感染对生殖系统与妊娠结局的影响及机制进行综述,分别从沙眼衣原体、解脲支原体、淋病奈瑟球菌、幽门螺杆菌、单纯疱疹病毒、TORCH、人乳头瘤病毒、金黄色葡萄球菌、结核分枝杆菌进行论述,为临床治疗不孕不育提供一定的理论指导,对于提高有生育需求人群的生活质量具有积极的临床意义。导致不孕不育的病原体种类繁多,截至目前仍有未被发现的病原体,未来仍需对不孕不育的致病病原体进行进一步研究。

男男性行为人群甲型肝炎流行情况研究进展

甲型肝炎(甲肝)是由甲肝病毒(hepatitis A virus,HAV)引起的急性病毒性肝炎,主要经粪-口途径传播。自20世纪末甲肝疫苗出现,全球不同国家和地区甲肝发病率大大降低。但近年欧洲许多国家和美洲、亚洲、大洋洲的一些国家或地区均发生甲肝暴发,主要发病的人群为男男性行为者(men who have sex with men,MSM),不同国家和地区MSM人群的HAV毒株存在关联,引起广泛关注。本文对甲肝在MSM人群中的流行情况进行综述,并探讨相关防控措施。

血浆宏病毒组学中降低非病毒核酸方法的探索研究

目的探究常用的降低非病毒核酸方法对血浆病毒组丰度的影响。方法应用3种建库流程、5种离心条件、2种滤器、4种酶和4种含量氯仿处理定量投入伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)和猪细小病毒(PPV)各2.16 mL的模拟宏病毒组血浆标本共21.6 mL,累计54份标本,随后提取病毒核酸、用qPCR定量检测线粒体DNA(mtDNA)和病毒、构建二代测序(NGS)文库并应用NGS测序仪测序,测序数据用Kraken Py2.0软件做比对并做物种注释分析,得到每个片段对应的物种分类信息以分析降低非病毒核酸的不同方法对微生物和2种指示病毒相对丰度的影响。结果NGS测序仪测序:306.27 GB raw data,193.17 GB clean data,所有的测序数据Q20>90%、Q30>85%,碱基错误率0.03%,GC含量中位数为45.02%。DNA建库流程提高了微生物序列占比和PRV丰度[(91.8±0.5)%](P<0.05);RNA建库和合并建库提高了RNA病毒——瘟病毒(Pestivirus)的丰度,PRV丰度分别为(17.7±3.3)%和(8.1±1.5)%。5种离心条件处理后mtDNA Ct值增加、人类序列降低至占比<(89.5±1)%、微生物序列升高至占比>(2.4±0.03)%(P<0.05);在4℃、100 g离心30 min后PRV丰度提升至(40.6±6)%,再于4℃、4000 g离心45 min后PRV丰度下降至(4.1±0.01)(P<0.05)。依次使用0.22和0.45μm滤器使mtDNA增加至Ct值>25.56±0.13,人类序列降低至占比<(86.1±0.6)%,微生物序列占比升高至(3.1±0.1)%和(3.4±0.2)%,PRV Ct增加至25.77±0.20、25.56±0.13,PRV丰度下降至(1.6±0.3)%、(4.1±0.7)%(P<0.05)。DNaseⅠ和Benzonase使PPV Ct值增加至25.65±0.06、25.36±0.45,人类序列占比分别下降至(81.7±5.6)%、(72.8±6.7)%,微生物序列占比和PRV丰度分别上升至(11.0±4.1)、(16.1±4.7)%,(55.8±2.3)%、(39.0±8.9)%(P<0.05);RNase A处理后使PRV Ct值增加至25.20±0.11,人类序列占比降低至(85.4±5.6)%(P<0.05);溶菌酶无降低非病毒核酸效果。1%、5%、10%和20%氯仿使mtDNA和PRV Ct值增加至不低于27.17±0.21、25.68±0.04(P<0.05),10%氯仿处理后将微生物序列占比提升至(3.1±1.2)%(P<0.05);1%和5%氯仿分别使PRV丰度上升至(48.7±13.3)%、(42.1±5.5)%(P<0.05),10%和20%氯仿分别使PRV丰度下降至(1.0±0.5)%、(3.4±2.8)%(P<0.05),4种氯仿对PPV丰度无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论本研究中4℃、5000 g离心10 min适于提升指示病毒组整体的丰度,4℃100 g离心30 min适于提高与PRV性质相似病毒含量;0.45μm滤器、DNaseⅠ和Benzonase及低浓度氯仿均能有效降低血浆中非病毒核酸序列占比从而提升指示病毒组丰度。血浆宏病毒组中降低非病毒核酸的不同方法对病毒浓度和丰度的影响与病毒基因组种类、病毒大小和是否具有包膜等密切相关,具有病毒特异性。