Bladder paraganglioma after kidney transplantation:A case report

BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is associated with an increased risk of tumors in the urinary bladder.Among all the pathological types of tumors in the bladder,paraganglioma,which arises from extra-adrenal paraganglia and consists of chromaffin cells,is rare.Paragangliomas might cause severe clinical symptoms due to catecholamine hypersecretion or mass compression.Bladder paragangliomas are rare,especially those appearing after kidney transplantation.Here,we report a case of bladder paraganglioma developing after kidney transplantation.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old woman received a kidney transplant 12 years ago and took oral immunosuppressants(cyclosporine,mizoribine,and methylprednisolone)for regular post-transplant treatment.The patient felt no discomfort and she came to the hospital for a routine checkup.A mass located in the bladder was incidentally discovered by computed tomography,and she underwent surgical treatment.A 2 cm×2 cm invasive mass was found in the trigone of the bladder and the mass was removed.The diagnosis of paraganglioma was confirmed by morphology and immunophenotyping.The patient had a good prognosis and is still alive.CONCLUSION Paraganglioma can grow in the bladder,which might cause no clinical symptoms.The diagnosis mainly depends on morphology and immunophenotyping.Surgical resection is an important treatment option for such patients.

Chondroitinase ABC combined with Schwann cell transplantation enhances restoration of neural connection and functional recovery following acute and chronic spinal cord injury

Schwann cell transplantation is considered one of the most promising cell-based therapy to repair injured spinal cord due to its unique growth-promoting and myelin-forming properties.A the Food and Drug Administration-approved Phase I clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate the safety of transplanted human autologous Schwann cells to treat patients with spinal cord injury.A major challenge for Schwann cell transplantation is that grafted Schwann cells are confined within the lesion cavity,and they do not migrate into the host environment due to the inhibitory barrier formed by injury-induced glial scar,thus limiting axonal reentry into the host spinal cord.Here we introduce a combinatorial strategy by suppressing the inhibitory extracellular environment with injection of lentivirus-mediated transfection of chondroitinase ABC gene at the rostral and caudal borders of the lesion site and simultaneously leveraging the repair capacity of transplanted Schwann cells in adult rats following a mid-thoracic contusive spinal cord injury.We report that when the glial scar was degraded by chondroitinase ABC at the rostral and caudal lesion borders,Schwann cells migrated for considerable distances in both rostral and caudal directions.Such Schwann cell migration led to enhanced axonal regrowth,including the serotonergic and dopaminergic axons originating from supraspinal regions,and promoted recovery of locomotor and urinary bladder functions.Importantly,the Schwann cell survival and axonal regrowth persisted up to 6 months after the injury,even when treatment was delayed for 3 months to mimic chronic spinal cord injury.These findings collectively show promising evidence for a combinatorial strategy with chondroitinase ABC and Schwann cells in promoting remodeling and recovery of function following spinal cord injury.

A Rat Model of Autologous Oral Mucosal Epithelial Transplantation for Corneal Limbal Stem Cell Failure

Purpose: To establish an animal model of autologous oral mucosa grafting for limbal stem cell deficiency.Methods: The study was carried from August to October2012. Fourteen SD rats were randomly and evenly allocated to study group A and control group B. Limbal stem cell deficiency was established by alkali burn in the right eye of each rat in both groups. Rats in group A received autologous oral mucosa strip transplantation following the chemical burn. Rats in group B did not receive surgery after the chemical burn.Topical antibiotics and dexamethasone were used in all rats.Corneal clarity, corneal fluorescein staining, oral mucosal graft survival, and complications at postoperative days 1,3,7,14 were observed.Results: The oral mucosa strip graft was detached in one rat in group A. Reepithelialization was observed starting from the graft position and was completed within 14 days in the remaining 6 eyes in group A. However, persistent corneal epithelium defect was observed in all eyes in group B, among which corneal melting and perforation was observed in 2 eyes and corneal opacification with neovascularization was observed in the remaining 5 eyes.Conclusion: Autologous oral mucosa strip grafting for limbal stem cell deficiency can be achieved by a rat model following chemical burn. The fate of the transplanted oral mucosal epithelial cells warrants further study.

Progress in pancreas transplantation and combined pancreas-kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND: Pancreas transplantation (PT) has proved effective but it is associated with a high risk of surgical complications and technical failure. Duct management and venous drainage are identified as major issues. Improvements in immunosuppression and prophylaxis greatly have contributed to surgical progress. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of the PubMed database (1996-2005) was conducted and research articles on PT reviewed. RESULTS: More than 23 000 PTs have been performed throughout the world. The majority (83%) were performed in combination with kidney transplantation [simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK)]. Pancreas graft survival rates at one year were 85% for 2001-2003 SPK cases, 79% for pancreas after kidney transplantation (PAK) cases, and 76% for pancreas transplantation alone (PTA) cases. For the 1999-2003 cases, enteric drainage was done in 79% of the SPK cases and bladder drainage in 21%. Patient survival rates, pancreas and kidney graft survival rates, and pancreas graft immunological failure rates did not differ significantly in enteric versus bladder drainage cases. All the available data fail to demonstrate a definitive advantage of portal drainage over systemic drainage. From 1993 to 2002, the use of rabbit antithymocyte globulin increased from 0 to 37%; the use of daclizumab increased from 0 to 16%; and the use of basiliximab increased from 0 to 25%. In 1993, 98% of SPK recipients received cyclosporine; but this was decreased to 9% in 2002. Tacrolimus (FK506) usage has increased from 0 (1993) to 87% (2002) of SPK recipients. Sirolimus (SIR) usage has increased from 0 (1993) to 18% (2002) of SPK recipients. CONCLUSIONS: PT remains an effective therapy for treatment of type I diabetes mellitus. Enteric drainage is currently predominant in SPK, but bladder drainage is still largely used. Portal drainage is as safe as systemic drainage, but there is still no convincing evidence about whether it is immunologically or metabolically convenient. The combined of FK506 and mycophenolate mophetil (MMF) is the preferred maintenance immunosuppression in PT. Sirolimus may be a good alternative as a second agent in recipients of PT under FK506 therapy.

Protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in intestinal barrier permeability after heterotopic intestinal transplantation

AIM: To explore the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSCs) in the small intestinal mucosal barrier following heterotopic intestinal transplantation (HIT) in a rat model.

Pelvic lipomatosis and renal transplantation:A case report

BACKGROUND Pelvic lipomatosis is a rare disease of unknown etiology,characterized by the overgrowth of pelvic adipose tissue that causes compression of the urinary tract including the bladder and ureters,rectum and blood vessels.The patient may progressively develop obstructive uropathy which could subsequently lead to renal failure.At present,there are no reports of renal transplantation due to uremia caused by pelvic lipomatosis.The ideal management of patients with pelvic lipomatosis after renal transplantation is not yet well-established due to the lack of literature and follow-up data.CASE SUMMARY We report a 37-year-old male patient with pelvic lipomatosis who received a successful living donor renal transplantation on July 22,2015.The operation was complicated as the iliac vessels and bladder were wrapped entirely in excessive abnormal fat.The external iliac artery and vein were located using ultrasonographic guidance.The adipose tissue around the right bladder was removed as far as possible,and the graft ureter was reimplanted into the bladder,using the Lich-Gregoir technique.At 22 mo after transplantation,graft percutaneous nephrostomy was performed under ultrasonographic guidance for urinary diversion due to hydronephrosis of the graft kidney.Follow-up at four years showed that the renal allograft function was stable.CONCLUSION When patients with pelvic lipomatosis develop renal failure,renal transplantation could be a feasible treatment strategy.

Exocrine drainage in vascularized pancreas transplantation in the new millennium

The history of vascularized pancreas transplantation largely parallels developments in immunosuppression and technical refinements in transplant surgery. From the late-1980 s to 1995, most pancreas transplants were whole organ pancreatic grafts with insulin delivery to the iliac vein and diversion of the pancreatic ductal secretions to the urinary bladder(systemic-bladder technique). The advent of bladder drainage revolutionized the safety and improved the success of pancreas transplantation. However, starting in 1995, a seismic change occurred from bladder to bowel exocrine drainage coincident with improvements in immunosuppression, preservation techniques, diagnostic monitoring, general medical care, and the success and frequency of enteric conversion. In the new millennium, pancreas transplants are performed predominantly as pancreatico-duodenal grafts with enteric diversion of the pancreatic ductal secretions coupled with iliac vein provision of insulin(systemic-enteric technique) although the systemic-bladder technique endures as a preferred alternative in selected cases. In the early 1990 s, a novel technique of venous drainage into the superior mesenteric vein combined with bowel exocrine diversion(portal-enteric technique) was designed and subsequently refined over the next ≥ 20 years to recreate the natural physiology of the pancreas with firstpass hepatic processing of insulin. Enteric drainage usually refers to jejunal or ileal diversion of the exocrine secretions either with a primary enteric anastomosis or with an additional Roux limb. The portal-enteric technique has spawned a number of newer and revisited techniques of enteric exocrine drainage including duodenal or gastric diversion. Reports in the literature suggest no differences in pancreas transplant outcomes irrespective of type of either venous or exocrine diversion. The purpose of this review is to examine theliterature on exocrine drainage in the new millennium(the purported "enteric drainage" era) with special attention to technical variations and nuances in vascularized pancreas transplantation that have been proposed and studied in this time period.

A Review of Progress in the Construction and Application of Human-Derived Xenograft Models for Bladder Cancer

The patient-derived xenografts (PDX) model is an animal model established by transplanting primary tumors or fresh tumor tissues of patient origin directly into immunodeficient mice, which preserves the heterogeneity and survival microenvironment of the primary tumor and is widely used in preclinical and precision medicine research of tumors. This article reviews the construction of the PDX model of human bladder cancer and the progress of the application of the PDX model in bladder cancer.

Translation of basic science into clinical medicine in man-agement for neurogenic bladder

Neurogenic bladder （ NB） dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury （ SCI ） or diseases of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves is a major medical and social problem. Traditional treatments to NB include medication, injection of Botulinum toxin A into the detrusor, neuromodulation and surgery. There are also emerging approaches, such as tissue engineering, stem cell transplantation and gene therapy. In recent years, we have carried out explorations in both therapeutic areas and tried to translate basic research into clinical practice. This paper reviews our work in this regard, and provides references for future research.

Combined use of retroperitoneal laparoscopy and bladder resectoscope to treat renal and ureteral tumor occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney (report of 5 cases)

To evaluate the operative characteristics and efficacy of retroperitoneoscopic resection of renal,ureter and partial bladder for the treatment of native renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell cancer occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney.Methods In 5 cases of renal transplantation,there were 2 cases of right native renal pelvic cancer,1 case of right native renal pelvic and ureter cancer and 2 cases of right ureter cancer respectively.The transplanted kidney was in the same iliac fossa side of the tumor.All 5 patients were subjected to nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision by retroperitoneoscopic technique.Results Five operations were completed successfully.The operative time was 180 to 280 min,and the blood loss was 50 to 200 ml.The recovery of intestinal function after operation was 12 to 36 h.The urine output was 1 500 to 4 000 per day.Postoperative serum creatinine was still normal.The mean hospital stay after operation was 4.5 days.Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision is a good method to treat the native renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell cancer occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney.The procedure is safe and less invasive,which provides a good protection of transplanted kidney.12 refs.

Mucosa-associated microbiota alterations in primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)before and after liver transplantation-who is calling the shots?

Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is an immune-related chronic cholangiopathy associated with high rates of progression to liver cirrhosis and the need for liver transplantation.Since PSC is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),several studies have investigated the role of the gut-liver axis in PSC and emerging evidence indicates that gut and bile microbiota are associated with the onset and progression of PSC[reviewed in(1)].

Gut microbiota and its implications in small bowel transplantation

The gut microbiota is mainly composed of a diverse population of commensal bacterial species and plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, immune modulation and metabofism. The influence of the gut microbiota on solid organ transplantation has recently been recognized. In fact, several studies indicated that acute and chronic allograft rejection in small bowel transplantation （SBT） is closely associated with the alterations in microbial patterns in the gut. In this review, we focused on the recent findings regarding alterations in the microbiota following SBT and the potential roles of these alterations in the development of acute and chronic allograft rejection. We also reviewed important advances with respect to the interplays between the microbiota and host immune systems in SBT. Furthermore, we explored the potential of the gut microbiota as a microbial marker and/or therapeutic target for the predication and intervention of allografl rejection and chronic dysfunction. Given that current research on the gut microbiota has become increasingly sophisticated and comprehensive, large cohort studies employing metagenomic analysis and multivariate linkage should be designed for the characterization of host-microbe interaction and causality between microbiota alterations and clinical outcomes in SBT. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the role of gut microbiota in the development of allograft rejection and other transplant-related complications and introduce novel therapeutic targets and treatment approaches in clinical practice.

淋巴瘤患者行干细胞移植联合CD30嵌合抗原受体T细胞输注治疗的护理

目的 总结6例复发/难治性CD30阳性淋巴瘤患者进行自体干细胞移植联合抗CD30嵌合抗原受体T细胞输注治疗的护理经验。方法 对6例复发/难治性CD30阳性淋巴瘤患者,完善治疗前的护理评估,重点落实预处理毒性、细胞因子释放综合征以及植入综合征的护理,并将心理支持及健康教育纳入整个治疗过程。结果 6例患者均成功植入造血干细胞,外周血中检测到持续性CAR30转基因,其中5例完全缓解,1例部分缓解。5例出现细胞因子释放综合征,均为Ⅰ级,未观察到神经毒性。随访20.4(12.1,34.4)个月,患者均存活并保持其反应性。结论 自体干细胞移植联合抗CD30嵌合抗原受体T细胞输注治疗具有良好的耐受性和高度活性,护理在治疗各阶段以及毒副反应管理中发挥重要作用。

2021版《儿童肿瘤及造血干细胞移植病人口腔黏膜炎的预防指南》解读

对2021版《儿童肿瘤及造血干细胞移植病人口腔黏膜炎的预防指南》进行解读,介绍口腔黏膜炎的定义、分级以及预防措施,以期为医务人员理解指南并在临床实践中更好地应用提供便利。

局部带蒂黏膜附着龈重建术和游离龈移植术在口腔种植修复中的疗效

目的探讨局部带蒂黏膜附着龈重建术和游离龈移植术在口腔种植修复中的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2018年10月至2020年10月收治的92例口腔种植修复患者的病案资料,根据手术治疗方式选择情况的不同,分为重建组(n=46,采取局部带蒂黏膜附着龈重建术)和游离组(n=46,采取游离龈移植术)。评价2种治疗方式的临床效果,比较2组手术前后的菌斑指数、视觉模拟评分(VAS)、出血指数、角化龈宽度。结果2组口腔种植修复患者的种植成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重建组术后3、6个月菌斑指数,术后1周VAS评分,术后3个月出血指数与游离组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术后菌斑指数、VAS评分、出血指数较术前均显著下降(P<0.05)。重建组术后3、6个月的角化龈宽度低于游离组(P<0.05)。结论局部带蒂黏膜附着龈重建术和游离龈移植术在口腔移植修复中均能达到显著效果,利于种植牙移植固定,且术后菌斑指数、VAS评分、出血指数均显著下降,但后者角化龈宽度移植效果更显著,两种术式各有优劣势,应结合患者具体病情合理选择适宜术式。

膀胱大细胞淋巴瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的通过分享1例膀胱原发的间变型淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)阴性间变大细胞淋巴瘤(ALK-ALCL)患者在宁波市杭州湾医院泌尿外科和血液科的诊疗过程,提高对ALK-ALCL的认识和诊治水平。方法回顾性分析该例患者的临床资料和诊疗过程,并结合文献复习探讨该疾病的发病特点、诊治方案和预后。结果该例患者为青少年男性,以反复肉眼血尿伴右侧腰痛为首发症状,影像学检查显示膀胱肿物,经膀胱肿瘤电切术予以减瘤,同时明确病理为ALK-ALCL,经过化疗及自体造血干细胞移植后患者病情持续缓解,且复查过程中肿瘤未见复发。结论膀胱原发的ALK-ALCL十分罕见,临床上容易误诊和漏诊,本例患者成功的诊疗经验可供临床参考。

4R危机管理理论在自体造血干细胞移植患者口腔黏膜炎防护中的应用

目的:在4R危机管理理论指导下,探索护理方案对自体造血干细胞移植患者口腔黏膜炎(oral mucositis,OM)的预防和治疗效果。方法:按照干预时间点不同,纳入2019年5月—2020年12月40例移植患者为对照组,2021年1月—2023年1月68例移植患者为试验组。与对照组相比,试验组应用4R危机理论,采取更加全面的风险管理措施。比较2组患者OM发生率、分级、恢复经口进食时间、住院时间和对护理工作的满意度,评估预防和治疗效果。采用SPSS 27.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:试验组移植患者OM发生率为76.5%,显著低于对照组的100%(P<0.05);试验组OM重度(Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级)发生率为11.8%,而对照组为65.0%,试验组显著低于对照组(P<0.001)。2组患者临床护理满意度相比,试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.001)。2组患者住院时间和恢复经口进食时间相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:应用4R危机管理策略,可显著降低OM在自体造血干细胞移植患者中的发生率和严重程度,提高移植患者口腔护理管理质量,减轻患者痛苦,促进康复预后,改善生活质量,提高护理满意度。该策略具有广泛的临床推广价值。

HER2在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达及临床分析

目的 探讨HER2(人类表皮生长因子受体2)在膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌疾病与正常膀胱黏膜组织的表达及临床分析。方法 选择2021年11月—2022年12月在泰州市第二人民医院接受诊疗的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者32例作为观察组研究对象,选择同期在医院接受诊疗的正常膀胱黏膜组织患者32例作为对照组研究对象,均利用免疫组化法对HER2蛋白表达进行检测,统计比较阳性检出率。另外结合观察组患者病理学分级、年龄分布、肿瘤直径等信息比较HER2蛋白表达的阳性率差异。结果 观察组患者HER2蛋白表达阳性率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。病理学分级高级别患者HER2蛋白表达阳性率明显高于低级别患者(P<0.05),不同年龄患者HER2蛋白表达阳性率对比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。另外,肿瘤直径超过2.0cm患者HER2蛋白表达阳性率明显高于肿瘤直径不足2.0cm患者(P<0.05)。结论 通过检验HER2蛋白表达阳性率可用于临床诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌疾病,且患者病理分级、肿瘤直径对HER2表达有直接影响,为临床提供可靠依据,值得运用推广。

清肠温中方联合粪菌移植对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜免疫的调控作用

目的:探究清肠温中方联合粪菌移植对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜免疫应答的调控作用。方法:将30只健康的SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠按照1∶4的比例随机分为空白组(6只)、干预组(24只)。空白组小鼠全程自由饮用无菌水,并自第8天起给予无菌水灌胃,同时收集新鲜粪便,便制作粪便滤液;干预组自由饮用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)溶液7天建立UC模型后,随机分为模型组、清肠温中方组、粪菌移植组、清肠温中方联合粪菌移植组(联合组),各组干预7天。观察小鼠一般情况,测量体质量、检测粪便潜血、记录粪便性状,计算疾病活动指数。干预结束后处死小鼠,结肠石蜡切片HE染色,光镜下观察组织病理学改变;取脾脏,运用流式细胞术检测γδT细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞;取小鼠结肠组织,运用RT-qPCR检测TLR2 mRNA、pIgR mRNA的表达,Elisa检测sIgA的含量。结果:与空白组小鼠相比,DSS诱导结肠炎小鼠呈现明显的肠道炎症,主要表现为不同程度的便血、体质量下降、大便稀溏等;而当DSS停用后,各项临床表征开始缓解,各干预组小鼠呈现相对快速地恢复过程,疾病活动指数及组织病理学评分较模型组小鼠明显降低(P<0.05)。对肠黏膜免疫相关指标检测结果发现,模型组小鼠γδT细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞含量及结肠TLR2 mRNA表达明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),结肠pIgR mRNA、结肠sIgA表达较空白组明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。经过1周的治疗后,各干预组小鼠γδT细胞、CD4^(+)T细胞、结肠TLR2 mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05),结肠pIgR mRNA、结肠sIgA表达明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);其中联合组改善肠黏膜损伤方面更为明显。结论:清肠温中方联合粪菌移植可通过影响肠黏膜免疫应答,改善溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的肠道炎症,促进肠黏膜损伤的修复。

Cell-based therapies for limbal stem cell deficiency: a literature review

Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)is characterized by the insufficiency of limbal stem cells to maintain the corneal epithelium.Severe cases of LSCD may be treated with limbal transplantation from healthy autologous or allogeneic limbal tissue.Multiple cell-based therapies have been studied as alternative treatments to improve success rates and minimize immunosuppressive regimens after allogeneic transplants.In this review,we describe the success rates,and complications of different cell-based therapies for LSCD.We also discuss each therapy’s relative strengths and weaknesses,their history in animal and human studies,and their effectiveness compared to traditional transplants.Methods:PubMed was searched for publications using the terms LSCD,cell-based therapy,cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation(CLET),cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation(COMET),and mesenchymal stem cells from 1989 to August 2022.Inclusion criteria were English language articles.Exclusion criteria were non-English language articles.Key Content and Findings:current cell-based therapies for LSCD are CLET and non-limbal epithelial cells.Non-limbal epithelial cell methods include COMET,conjunctival epithelial autografts,and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells(MSCs).Moreover,several alternative potential sources of non-limbal cells have described,including induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs),human embryonic stem cells(hESCs),human dental pulp stem cells,hair follicle bulge-derived epithelial stem cells,amniotic membrane epithelial cells,and human umbilical cord lining epithelial cells.Conclusions:Cell-based therapies are a promising treatment modality for LSCD.While CLET is currently the only approved cell-based therapy and is only approved in the European Union,more novel methods have also been shown to be effective in human or animal studies thus far.Non-limbal epithelial cells such as COMET are also an alternative treatment to allogeneic transplants especially as a surface stabilizing procedure.iPSCs are currently being studied in early phase trials and have the potential to revolutionize the way LSCD is treated.Lastly,cell-based therapies for restoring the limbal niche such as mesenchymal stem cells have also shown promising results in the first human proof-of-concept study.Several potential sources of non-limbal cells are under investigation.