Sulfur Distribution and Transport Studies in East Asia Using Eulerian Model

A three-dimensional regional Eulenan model of sulfur deposition and transport is developed.Processes treated in the model include emission,transport,diffusion,gas-phase and aqueous-phase chemical process,dry deposition,ramout and washout of sulfur.A 'looking up table' method is provided to deal with the gas-phase chemical process including sulfur transfer Dry-depositon velocity considers the influence of underlying surface,wind,degree of stability by parameterization Model calculated values reasonably agrees with observation.Distribution of sulfur deposition and transport in East Asia are also analyzed in this paper Some amount of sulfur emission of different countries transport across boundaries,but the main origin of sulfur deposition in each country in East Asia is from itself.Furthermore.some transport paths on different layers and outlet or inlet zones are found.According to sulfur balance and budget we concluded that sulfur outlets are bigger than inlets across boundary and emissions are more than deposition in most places of East Asia

Simulation Study on the Interannual Variation of the Transport and Distribution of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Larvae and Juveniles Using Individual-Based Model

An individual-based model of Scomber japonicus in the East China Sea(ECS)was developed to simulate the effects of physical environment on the transport and distribution of eggs,larvae and juveniles of S.japonicus from 1978 to 2013.The results showed that there were interannual differences in the transport and distribution of eggs,larvae and juveniles of S.japonicus in the ECS due to different physical environments from 1978 to 2013,and this difference was extremely obvious in some specific years.The current in the drift path of eggs and juveniles controlled and affected the transport process and distribution characteristics.In April,the distribution of eggs and larvae was mainly controlled by the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC).The number of eggs and larvae transported into the northeastern waters of the ECS was positively correlated with the intensity of TWC.In May,it was mainly regu-lated by the TWC and the Tsushima Strait Warm Current(TSWC).In June,the number of larvae and juveniles entering the Tsushima Strait and the Pacific Ocean was determined by the TSWC.In general,in the years with high number of larvae and juveniles into the Tsushima Strait,the catch of 0-year-old S.japonicus was also higher.In addition,the number of larvae and juveniles entering the Tsushima Strait in El Niño years was less than that in La Niña years.In July,the transport was mainly controlled by the Kuroshio Current(KC),and the eddy within the KC strongly affected its distribution.

Effect of Nickel Distributions Embedded in Amorphous Carbon Films on Transport Properties

Electrical properties of C/Ni films are studied using four mosaic targets made of pure graphite and stripes of nickel with the surface areas of 1.78,3.21,3.92 and 4.64%.The conductivity data in the temperature range of400-500 K shows the extended state conduction.The conductivity data in the temperature range of 150-300 K shows the multi-phonon hopping conduction.The Berthelot-type conduction dominates in the temperature range of 50-150 K.The conductivity of the films in the temperature range about 〈 50 K is described in terms of variable-range hopping conduction.In low temperatures,the localized density of state around Fermi level（F）for the film deposition with 3.92% nickel has a maximum value of about 56.2×10^（17）cm^（-3）eV^（-1） with the minimum average hopping distance of about 3.43 × 10^（-6） cm.

不确定需求下铁路集装箱班列开行方案与定价联合优化

铁路集装箱班列开行方案与运价是影响铁路集装箱运输企业盈利的两个关键因素,且这二者相互联系、相互影响,对其进行联合优化可以提升铁路集装箱运输的市场竞争力。以最大化铁路集装箱运输预期利润为目标,构建联合优化班列开行方案与定价的随机混合整数非线性规划(SMINP)模型。此模型以二项Logit模型描述托运人在铁路集装箱运输与公路集装箱运输之间的运输方式选择行为,在集装箱总运输需求概率分布形式、一阶矩与二阶矩均不确定的情形下,基于分布鲁棒优化方法将此SMINP模型转化为其确定性等价类,根据转化后模型特点进一步利用增量分段线性化以及McCormick包络法对模型线性化,使其可通过调用Gurobi求解器高效求解。以大朗至大红门铁路集装箱运输线路进行算例分析,在线路通过能力与运价可变动范围等信息已知的前提下,求得最优集装箱班列开行方案与运价。算例结果表明本文所提方法能够提升铁路集装箱运输效率与收益。

考虑燃料电池汽车加氢负荷的电-氢系统协同优化运行

在建设新型电力系统背景下,为提高能源利用率,降低交通系统碳排放,促进配电网与交通网络融合,考虑燃料电池汽车加氢行为影响下负荷时空分布特性,构建计及燃料电池汽车交通流量与加氢行为的优化调度模型。首先,采用起止点对刻画燃料电池汽车交通流量模型,为模拟燃料电池汽车出行,采用Dijkstra算法搭建燃料电池汽车最短加氢路径模型。其次,针对可再生能源出力不确定性,基于Wasserstein距离建立风电功率预测误差模糊集,考虑电力-交通网络约束,并构建含加氢站优化调度的分布鲁棒优化模型。最后,利用强对偶理论将分布鲁棒优化模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型进行求解,采用改进的33节点配电网和24节点交通网对调度方法进行验证。结果表明,所提方法相比于鲁棒优化系统总成本有所降低,加氢站调度方案在保守和乐观之间达到平衡,实现加氢站与上级网络之间良性互动。

Electrical transport and current properties of rare-earth dysprosium Schottky electrode on p-type GaN at various annealing temperatures

The electrical and current transport properties of rapidly annealed Dy/p-GaN SBD are probed by I-V and C-V techniques. The estimated barrier heights（BH） of as-deposited and 200 ℃ annealed SBDs are 0.80 eV（I-V）/0.93 eV（C-V） and 0.87 eV（I-V）/1.03 eV（C-V）. However, the BH rises to 0.99 eV（I-V）/1.18 eV（C-V）and then slightly deceases to 0.92 eV（I-V）/1.03 eV（C-V） after annealing at 300 ℃ and 400 ℃. The utmost BH is attained after annealing at 300 ℃ and thus the optimum annealing for SBD is 300 ℃. By applying Cheung＇s functions, the series resistance of the SBD is estimated. The BHs estimated by I-V, Cheung＇s and ΨS-V plot are closely matched; hence the techniques used here are consistency and validity. The interface state density of the as-deposited and annealed contacts are calculated and we found that the NSS decreases up to 300 ℃ annealing and then slightly increases after annealing at 400 ℃. Analysis indicates that ohmic and space charge limited conduction mechanisms are found at low and higher voltages in forward-bias irrespective of annealing temperatures. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Poole-Frenkel emission is leading under the reverse bias of Dy/p-GaN SBD at all annealing temperatures.

考虑随机运能和送到时限的高铁快递运输计划优化方法

为充分利用高铁非高峰期的列车运能,高铁快运已成为铁路快捷货运发展新趋势.然而,受客运需求波动影响,载客动车组可用于高铁快递的运能呈现高度不确定性,给日常运营组织带来巨大挑战.为增强高铁快运系统应对随机运能的能力,提出一种考虑随机运能的高铁快递运输计划优化方法.首先,采用离散场景刻画列车运能的不确定性,以最大化高铁快运期望总收益为目标,综合考虑快递的送到时限和运营约束,针对场景概率分布精确已知情形,构建两阶段随机规划模型(SP);然后,进一步考虑场景概率分布信息部分已知情形,构建两阶段分布鲁棒优化模型(DRO),基于盒式模糊集,借助对偶理论将DRO模型转化为等价的整数线性规划模型并利用GUROBI求解;最后,基于宁杭高铁设计数值实验验证模型的有效性,结果表明,相较于SP模型,DRO模型体现出较强的鲁棒性,只需付出较小的代价即可有效抵抗运能波动对运输计划的影响,并且能够改善最坏情形下解的质量,切实改善高铁快递实际运营中的稳定性.