Intelligent diagnosis of atrial septal defect in children using echocardiography with deep learning

Background Atrial septal defect(ASD)is one of the most common congenital heart diseases.The diagnosis of ASD via transthoracic echocardiography is subjective and time-consuming.Methods The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of automatic detection of ASD in children based on color Doppler echocardiographic static images using end-to-end convolutional neural networks.The proposed depthwise separable convolution model identifies ASDs with static color Doppler images in a standard view.Among the standard views,we selected two echocardiographic views,i.e.,the subcostal sagittal view of the atrium septum and the low parasternal four-chamber view.The developed ASD detection system was validated using a training set consisting of 396 echocardiographic images corresponding to 198 cases.Additionally,an independent test dataset of 112 images corresponding to 56 cases was used,including 101 cases with ASDs and 153 cases with normal hearts.Results The average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve,recall,precision,specificity,F1-score,and accuracy of the proposed ASD detection model were 91.99,80.00,82.22,87.50,79.57,and 83.04,respectively.Conclusions The proposed model can accurately and automatically identify ASD,providing a strong foundation for the intelligent diagnosis of congenital heart diseases.

Reliability of Echocardiographic Pulmonary Vascular Resistance to Screen for the New Definition of Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension in Uncorrected Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Background and Objective:The most feared complication of uncorrected secundum Atrial Septal Defect(ASD)is pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH).Pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR)is crucial in detecting precapil-lary pulmonary hypertension(PH)to guide the need for PAH-specific therapy.There is a change in the cut-off value of PVR according to the recently updated PH guideline.How echocardiographic PVR(PVRecho)correlates to PVR by right heart catheterization(RHC)(PVRcath)according to the new guidelines has not been known.The aim of this study is to determine the reliability of PVRecho in detecting PAH in Uncorrected Ostium Secundum ASD based on the current updated guideline and to help screen the high PVR group.Methods:429 ostium secun-dum ASD in the COngenital HeARt Disease in Adult and Pulmonary Hypertension(COHARD-PH)registry was divided into three groups according to the PVR.PVRecho was calculated using Abbas’Formula and compared the its gold standard,the PVRcath.The correlation between the two methods was analyzed.The Bland-Altman plot was used to analyze the agreement between the two methods.Receiver operating characteristics(ROC)analysis was used to determine the PVRecho cut-off value for high PVR.Results:The majority of the population(63.5%)had high PVR.Female gender dominated the study population(84%).PVR_(echo) was significantly correlated with PVRcath(r=0.6225,p<0.0001).Bland-Altman plot among all groups and in subgroups analysis showed a wide range of agreement.PVRecho underestimated PVRcath 5.124 WU.In subgroup analysis,PVRecho overestimated PVRcath 0.35 WU in those with PVR<2 WU.In the second and third groups,PVR_(echo) underestimated PVRcath 0.52 and 10.77 WU,respectively.Conclusion:PVRecho is reliable in predicting high PVR in uncorrected secun-dum ASD.However,there is a wide range of agreement.PVR_(echo) cut-off value of>1.62 WU showed good dis-criminatory power in determining high PVR.

The Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography for Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder

Objective: To evaluate of the role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)in percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) with the Amplatzer septal occluder. Methods:Sixty- two patients (10 to 55 years of age) were selected for percutaneous closure of ASD bytrans-esophageal echocardiography, which was also used to monitor the procedure, to select theappropriate size of the Amplatzer device, to verify its position, and to access the immediateresults of the procedure. During the follow-up, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) or TEE was usedto evaluate the presence and magnitude of residual shunt (RS), device position, and right cardiacchamber diameters. Results: The mean ASD diameter by TTE ([19. 1 +- 5. 8] mm) was significantlysmaller (P< 0. 001) than the stretched diameter of the ASD (25. 1 +- 6. 4) mm. There are nosignificant differences between the TEE -measured value (23. 5+_6. 2) mm and the stretched diameterof the ASD (P > 0. 05). Due to proper patient selection all procedures were successful. There wasimmediate and complete closure in 61/62 patients, only one patients had trivial residual shunt.Follow- up was performed using TTE or TEE right after operation, 1 d, 1 month, 3 months, 6 monthsand yearly thereafter. Ail, patients remain asymptomatic without any clinical or technical problems.Conclusion: With the aid of TEE, percutaneous closure of ASD can be performed successfully, safely,and effectively.

Misdiagnosis of unroofed coronary sinus syndrome as an ostium primum atrial septal defect by echocardiography:A case report

BACKGROUND Unroofed coronary sinus syndrome(UCSS)is a rare congenital heart disease,which has variable morphologic features and is strongly associated with persistent left superior vena cava(PLSVC).However,it is often difficult to visualize the left-to-right shunt pathway through the CS by transthoracic echocardiography(TTE).CASE SUMMARY A 37-year-old female was admitted to the hepatological surgery department of a hospital with complaint of subxiphoid pain that had started 1 wk prior.Physical examination revealed a grade 3/6 systolic murmur at the left margin of the sternum,between the 2nd and 3rd intercostal cartilage.The patient underwent echocardiography and was diagnosed with ostium primum atrial septal defect(ASD);thus,she was subsequently transferred to the cardiovascular surgery department.A second TTE evaluation before surgery showed type IV UCSS with secundum ASD.Right-heart contrast echocardiography(RHCE)showed that the right atrium and right ventricle were immediately filled with microbubbles,but no microbubble was observed in the CS.Meanwhile,negative filling was observed at the right atrium orifice of the CS and right atrium side of the secundum atrial septal.RHCE identified UCSS combined with secundum ASD but without PLSVC in this patient.CONCLUSION This rare case of UCSS highlights the value of TTE combined with RHCE in confirming UCSS with ASD or PLSVC.

Evaluation of Atrial Septal Defect Using Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography:Comparison with Surgical Findings

The present study evaluated the application of three dimensional echocardigraphy （3DE） in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect （ASD） and the measurement of its size by 3DE and compared the size with surgical findings. Two-dimensional and real-time three dimensional echocardiography （RT3DE） was performed in 26 patients with atrial septal defect, and the echocardiographic data were compared with the surgical findings. Significant correlation was found between defect diameter by RT3DE and that measured during surgery （r=0.77, P〈0.001）. The defect area changed significantly during cardiac cycle. Percentage change in defect size during cardiac cycle ranged from 6%-70%. Our study showed that the size and morphology of atrial septal defect obtained with RT3DE correlate well with surgical findings. Therefore, RT3DE is a feasible and accurate non-invasive imaging tool for assessment of atrial septal size and dynamic changes.

Clinical Value of Stereoscopic Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Atrial Septal Defects: Feasibility and Efficiency

Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography（S-3DE） is a novel displaying technol-ogy based on real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography （RT-3DE）. Our study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of S-3DE in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect （ASD） and its use in the guidance for transcatheter ASD occlusion. Twelve patients with secundum ASD underwent RT-3DE examination and 9 of the 12 were subjected to transcatheter closure of ASD. Stereoscopic vision was generated with a high-performance volume renderer with red-green stereoscopic glasses. S-3DE was compared with standard RT-3D display for the assessment of the shape, size, and the surrounding tis-sues of ASD and for the guidance of ASD occlusion. The appearance rate of coronary sinus and the mean formation time of the IVC, SVC were compared. Our results showed that S-3DE could measure the diameter of ASD accurately and there was no significant difference in the measurements between S-3DE and standard 3D display （2.89±0.73 cm vs 2.85±0.72 cm, P〉0.05; r=0.96, P〈0.05）. The appearance of coronary sinus for S-3DE was higher as compared with the standard 3D display （93.3% vs 100%）. The mean time of the IVC, SVC for S-3DE monitor was slightly shorter than that of the standard 3D display （11.0±3.8 s vs 10.3±3.6 s, P〉0.05）. The mean completion time of interven-tional procedure was shortened with S-3DE display as compared with standard 3D display （17.3±3.1 min vs 23.0±3.9 min, P〈0.05）. Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography could improve the visualization of three-dimensional echocardiography, facilitate the identification of the adjacent structures, decrease the time required for interventional manipulation. It may be a feasible, safe, and efficient tool for guiding transcatheter septal occlusion or the surgical interventions.

Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage occlusion prior to atrial septal defect closure: A case report

BACKGROUND In patients who suffer from both atrial fibrillation(AF)and atrial septal defect(ASD),cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation(PVI),sequential left atrial appendage(LAA)occlusion and ASD closure could be a strategy for effective prevention of stroke and right heart failure.CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old man was admitted to our institution due to recurrent episodes of palpitations and shortness of breath for 2 years,which had been worsening over the last 48 h.He had a history of AF,ASD,coronary heart disease with stent implantation and diabetes.Physical and laboratory examinations showed no abnormalities.The score of CHA2DS2VASc was 3,and HAS-BLED was 1.Echocardiography revealed a 25-mm secundum ASD.Pulmonary vein(PV)and LAA anatomy were assessed by cardiac computed tomography.PV mapping with 10-pole Lasso catheter was performed following ablation of all four PVs with complete PVI.Following the cryoballoon PVI,the patient underwent LAA occlusion under transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring.Lastly,a 34-mm JIYI ASD occlude device was implanted.A follow-up transesophageal echocardiography at 3 mo showed proper position of both devices and neither thrombi nor leakage was found.CONCLUSION Sequential cryoballoon PVI and LAA occlusion prior to ASD closure can be performed safely in AF patients with ASD.

Clinical Application of Three－dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect

This paper reports the use of three-dimensional (3-D) transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect. The results displayed that the interatrial septum had integrity in normal persons. The size,shape and position of atrial septal defects could be showed clearly and the type of the defects could be identified. The reconstructed imaging of interatrial septum on 3-D TEE was clear and stereoscopic. The technique is helpful in defining spatial location and extent of atrial septal defects.

Percutaneous closure of secundum type atrial septal defects:More than 5-year follow-up

AIM: To investigate long-term efficacy of two different devices more than five years after percutaneous atrial septal defect(ASD) closure in adults.METHODS: All patients who underwent percutaneous closure of an ASD in the St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, between February 1998 and December 2006 were included. Percutaneous closure took place under general anaesthesia and transesophageal echocardiographic moni toring. Transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) was performed 24 h post-procedure to visualize the device position and to look for residual shunting using color Doppler. All complications were registered. All patients were invited for an outpatient visit and contrast TTE more than 5-years after closure. Efficacy was based on the presence of a residual right-to-left shunt(RLS), graded as minimal, moderate or severe. The presence of a residual left-to-right shunt(LRS) was diagnosed using color Doppler, and was not graded. Descriptive statistics were used for patients' characteristics. Univariate analysis was used to identify predictors for residual shunting.RESULTS: In total, 104 patients(mean age 45.5 ± 17.1 years) underwent percutaneous ASD closure using an Amplatzer device(ASO) in 76 patients and a Cardioseal/Starflex device(CS/SF) in 28 patients. The mean follow-up was 6.4 ± 3.4 years. Device migration occurred in 4 patients of whom two cases occurred during the index hospitalization(1 ASO, 1 CS/SF). The other 2 cases of device migration occurred during the first 6 mo of follow-up(2 CS/SF). The recurrent thrombo-embolic event rate was similar in both groups: 0.4% per follow-up year. More than 12 mo post-ASD closure and latest follow-up, new-onset supraventricular tachyarrhythmia's occurred in 3.9% and 0% for the ASO and CS/SF group, respectively. The RLS rate at latest follow-up was 17.4%(minimal 10.9%, moderate 2.2%, severe 4.3%) and 45.5%(minimal 27.3%, moderate 18.2%, severe 0%) for the ASO- and CS/SF groups, respectively. There was no residual LRS in both groups.CONCLUSION: Percutaneous ASD closure has good long-term safety and efficacy profiles. The residual RLS rate seems to be high more than 5 years after closure, especially in the CS/SF. Residual LRS was not observed.

Completed atrioventricular block induced by atrial septal defect occluder unfolding:A case report

BACKGROUND An atrial septal defect is a common condition and accounts for 25%of adult congenital heart diseases.Transcatheter occlusion is a widely used technique for the treatment of secondary aperture-type atrial septal defects(ASDs).CASE SUMMARY A 30-year-old female patient was diagnosed with ASD by transthoracic echocardiography(TTE)1 year ago.The electrocardiogram showed a heart rate of 88 beats per minute,normal sinus rhythm,and no change in the ST-T wave.After admission,TTE showed an atrial septal defect with a left-to-right shunt,aortic root short-axis section with an ASD diameter of 8 mm,a parasternal four-chamber section with an ASD diameter of 9 mm,and subxiphoid biatrial section with a diameter of 13 mm.Percutaneous occlusion was proposed.The intraoperative TTE scan showed that the atrial septal defect was oval in shape,was located near the root of the aorta,and had a maximum diameter of 13 mm.A 10-F sheath was placed in the right femoral vein,and a 0.035°hard guidewire was used to establish the transport track between the left pulmonary vein and the inferior vena cava.A shape-memory alloy atrial septal occluder with a waist diameter of 20 mm was placed successfully and located correctly.TTE showed that the double disk unfolded well and that the clamping of the atrial septum was smooth.Immediately after the disc was revealed,electrocardiograph monitoring showed that the ST interval of the inferior leads was prolonged,the P waves and QRS waves were separated,a junctional escape rhythm maintained the heart rate,and the blood pressure began to decrease.After removing the occluder,the elevation in the ST segment returned to normal immediately,and the sinus rhythm returned to average approximately 10 min later.After consulting the patient’s family,we finally decided to withdraw from the operation.CONCLUSION Compression of the small coronary artery,which provides an alternative blood supply to the atrioventricular nodule during the operation,leads to the emergence of a complete atrioventricular block.

Should we consider patent foramen ovale and secundum atrial septal defect as different steps of a single anatomo-clinical continuum？

1 Introduction Isolated atrial septal defects （ASD） represent 7% of all cardiac anomalies and can present at any age. Adolescents and adults with simple congenital heart disease such as isolated atrial septal defects are more likely to reach adult age without being diagnosed. Secundum ASD （sASD） is by far the most common type, occurring in 1/1500 live births, with 65% to 75% involving females, On the other hand, patent foramen ovale （PFO） represents an endemic variant in the normal population with a prevalence of 25%-27%. These two entities appear so different that is difficult to fred a conjunction ring： nevertheless we use the same philosophy for the treatment, Indeed, device-based closure has been proved to be effective in both settings.

Superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect

Atrial septal defect (ASD)is the third commonest congenital heart disease in adults.The most common type of ASD is the ostium secundum accounting for 75%-80%of all ASDs.Less common are the ostium primum (accounting for 15%of all ASDs),the sinus venosus defect (5%-10%) and the coronary sinus defect (less than 1%).[1,2]

Outcomes of Three Different Minimal Invasive Approaches for Secundum Atrial Septal Defect Closure: A Single Institute Experience

Objective:The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate and evaluate the safety and efficacy of three approaches for closure of secundum atrial septal defect(ASD).Methods:In this study,we reviewed clinical data for transcatheter occlusion(TCO,n=63),transthoracic occlusion(TTO,n=55),and right anterolateral minithoracotomy(RALT,n=60)techniques used for ASD closure.We compared the safety and efficacy of the three approaches.Results:ASD size in the TTO group was similar to that in the RALT group(P=0.645)and significantly larger than that in the TCO group(P<O.OO1).The RALT group had more non-central types of ASD than the TTO and TCO groups(P=O.019 and P<O.OO1).The operative time in the TTO group was shorter than that in the TCO and RALT groups(P<O.OO1 and P<0.001).The ventilation time and intensive care unit duration were shorter in the TTO group than in the RALT group(P<O.OO1 and P<O.OO1).Hospital duration in the TCO group was shorter than that in the TTO and RALT groups(P<O.OO1 and P<O.OO1).There were no residual shunt and mortality in any group in hospital or during follow-up.There was no significant difference in the incidence of total complications among the three groups(P=0.738).Conclusion:TCO,TTO,and RALT can be performed with favorable cosmetic and clinical results for closing ASD.Appropriate patient selection is an important factor for successful closure.These techniques are promising alternatives to standard median sternotomy and merit additional study.

Improvement of the Technique for Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defect in Children

Objectives To improve experience of procedure and success rate of interventional treatment of atrial septal defect （ASD） in children, applying the technique of controlling release of devices in the pulmonary vein （controlling two disc of device opening for subsequence） in children cases with ASD who can not be occluded by regularly interventional treatment. Methods Since 2000 year 182 child cases （male 70 and 112 female） underwent the procedure of controlling release of devices in the pulmonary vein. The patients＇ age was from 2 to 14 years old （average 3.77±1.55）. The body weight was from 9 to 48 Kg （average 21.53±10.63）. When the devices were placed on the right position with difficulty and failure in some cases with short and soft rims of the defect and large defect and the angle between the device and the interval atrial septal （IAS）, It could be helpful to put the device into the left upper pulmonary vein, and to make right atrium （proximal） disc opened before the left atrium （distal） disc naturally fall down. At the end the double disc of the device clamped and stood up at the right position of the IAS. After closure of ASD, patients were followed up regularly by echocardiography, X-ray and ECG in the 1,3,6,12 month and 3,5 years. Results The successful rate of device implantation in the improving group （98.4%） was obviously higher than that in the regularly group （68%）. The techniques improved in this group with the smaller age, the lighter weight, the larger defect and the larger device comparing with the regularly group. The velocity of the pulmonary vein before occlusion procedure was （0.54±0.15）m/s; after procedure was （0.56±0.16）m/s, P 〉 0.05,there were no significant difference. All cases couldn＇t found pulmonary congestion by follow up. Conclusions The method of controlling release of device in the pulmonary vein has been used more than 5 years in the occlusion of ASD with double disc device. It is feasible and safety. The aim of the improvement is for overcoming the problem with larger ASD and the rim deficiency in the interventional procedure in children with ASD. In summary： 1. The performance of the procedure must be careful; 2. To avoid complication when put the sheath into the pulmonary vein; 3. To avoid to put the left disc into pulmonary vein too long and pull the device too much; 4. When the procedure have to operate repeatedly, the device can not be released before the position satisfactory. The improvement of the technique is needed to carry on long-term follow-up in the clinical trials.

Clinical relevance of atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale with migraine

AIM To test the potential association between atrial septal aneurysm(ASA) and migraine in patent foramen ovale(PFO) closure patients through an observational, singlecenter, case-controlled study.METHODS We studied a total of 450 migraineurs who had rightto-left shunts and underwent PFO closure in a retrospective single-center non-randomized registry from February 2012 to October 2016 on the condition that they were aged 18-45 years old. Migraine was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3^(rd) edition and evaluated using the Headache Impact Test-6(HIT-6). All patients underwent preoperative transesophageal echocardiography, contrast transthoracic echocardiography, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations, with subsequent fluoroscopy-guided PFO closure. Based on whether they have ASA or not, the patients were divided into two groups: A(PFO with ASA, n = 80) and B(PFO without ASA, n = 370). Baseline characteristics and procedural and follow-up data were reviewed. RESULTS Compared to group B, group A had an increased frequency of ischemic lesions(11.3% vs 6.2%, P = 0.038) and migraine with aura(32.5% vs 21.1%, P = 0.040). The PFO size was significantly larger in group A(P = 0.007). There was no significant difference in HIT-6 scores between the two groups before and at the oneyear follow-up after the PFO closure [61(9) vs 63(9), P = 0.227; 36(13) vs 36(10), P = 0.706].CONCLUSION Despite its small sample size, our study suggests that the prevalence of ASA in PFO with migraine patients is associated with ischemic stroke, larger PFO size, and migraine with aura.

Assessment of Atrial Septum Morphology by Live Three-dimensional Echocardiography

To evaluate the morphology of atrial septum by the live three-dimensional echocardiography （L3DE） and its value of clinical application, L3DE was performed in 62 subjects to observe the morphological characteristics and dynamic change of the overall anatomic structure of atrial septum. The study examined 49 patients with atrial septal defect （ASD）, including 3 patients with atrial septal aneurysm, and 10 healthy subjects. ASD in the 35 patients was surgically confirmed. The maximal diameters of ASD were measured and the percentages of area change were calculated. The parameters derived from L3DE were compared with intraoperative measurements. The results showed that L3DE could directly and clearly display the morphological features of overall anatomic structure of normal atrial septum, repaired and artificially-occluded atrial septum, atrial septal aneurysm. The defect area in ASD patients changed significantly during cardiac cycle, which reached a maximum at end-systole and a minimum at end-diastole, with a mean change percentage of 46.6%, ranging from 14.8% to 73.4%. The sizes obtained from L3DE bore an excellent correlation with intraoperative findings （r=0.90）. It is concluded that L3DE can clearly display the overall morphological features and dynamic change of atrial septum and measure the size of ASD area accurately, which is important in the decision to choose therapeutic protocols.

To What Extent Can Transcatheter Devices Replace Open-Heart Surgery in the Treatment of Cardiac Septal Defects?

Transcatheter treatments are widespread, having the advantages of being less invasive than surgery with quicker recovery times and reduced physical and psychological consequences. However correct patient selection is vital to optimise outcomes. In the case of an isolated atrial septal defect (ASD), transcatheter closure is preferred. Whilst multiple or large ASDs or ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are best treated through the transthoracic approach. Furthermore, the development of the transcatheter approach has yielded devices that can be used in the transthoracic approach resulting in hybrid techniques. This article aims to evaluate both transcatheter devices and open-heart surgery in the treatment of cardiac septal defects. A brief discussion follows on from the causes and history of cardiac defect treatments.

超声心动图在评估完全型肺静脉异位引流合并限制型与非限制型房间隔交通中的应用价值分析

目的 总结超声心动图在评估完全型肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)合并限制型与非限制型房间隔交通中的应用价值。方法 对2020年1月至2022年6月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院经外科手术确诊的49例TAPVC患者的超声心动图及临床资料进行回顾性分析。设定超声心动图测量房间隔交通≤5 mm为限制型房间隔交通,将患者分为限制组(23例)和非限制组(26例)。分别于术前及术后1、3个月行超声心动图检查,测量左心室内径(LVD)、右心室内径(RVD)、三尖瓣反流峰值压差(PTR)。分析并比较2组患者术前、术后心室内径和PTR的变化。结果 49例患者术前超声心动图诊断均与手术诊断一致,符合率100%。术前,限制组LVD、LVD/RVD比值明显低于非限制组,而PTR、RVD则明显高于非限制组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。术后1、3个月2组PTR、RVD和LVD/RVD比值比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),限制组LVD小于非限制组[(19.3±4.2)mm比(22.3±4.6)mm、(22.6±3.8)mm比(25.9±3.7)mm],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 超声心动图是诊断TAPVC的首选及准确的检查方法,早期诊断有利于尽早手术治疗,并能有效评价心脏容量改变及肺动脉高压下降情况,具有较高的临床应用价值。

单纯超声引导下经皮成人房间隔缺损封堵术的临床研究

目的探讨单纯超声引导经股静脉路径封堵成人房间隔缺损手术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2021年8月至2023年11月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院心脏外科进行经皮介入治疗的房间隔缺损成人患者116例,其中男17例,女99例;年龄18~73(39.7±11.5)岁,诊断中央型房间隔缺损110例,卵圆孔未闭型房间隔缺损6例。患者心功能正常,无合并其他心内畸形。患者均在气管插管全身麻醉下经股静脉路径,在经食管超声心动图和经胸超声心动图的引导下,进行房间隔缺损封堵术。结果114例患者房间隔缺损封堵成功。失败2例,1例大筛孔型房间隔缺损患者术中封堵器释放后,仍存在大量分流,遂撤回封堵器;另1例为大房间隔缺损(34 mm),左心房小,尝试肺静脉释放法失败;2例患者均中转胸腔镜辅助下房间隔缺损修补术。封堵成功患者平均手术时间(17.4±5.6)min,使用房间隔缺损封堵器平均直径(27.3±6.5)mm。术中未发生外周血管损伤、封堵器移位/脱落、严重残余分流等严重并发症。所有封堵成功患者拔除气管插管后直接转回普通病房,术后住院(2.1±0.9)d。结论单纯超声引导下经皮封堵成人房间隔缺损手术创伤小,安全有效,并能够避免X线损伤。

经胸超声心动图诊断封堵房间隔缺损过程中冠状动脉空气栓塞1例

患者女,55岁,间断头痛20年、加重伴心前区疼痛3个月,期间血压最高达160/110 mmHg;20年前于外院接受子宫切除术;无家族病及遗传病史。心电图未见明显异常。经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE):Ⅱ孔中央型房间隔缺损,最大直径8 mm;心房水平左向右分流,左心饱满;三尖瓣少量反流,肺动脉收缩压36 mmHg;经食管超声心动图见10 mm×4 mm椭圆形房间隔缺损,右心房内见冗长下腔静脉瓣回声飘动。