Investigation of the epidemiology,pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from cats and dogs in China from 2021 to 2023

Bordetella bronchiseptica(Bb)is recognized as a leading cause of respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.However,epidemiological data on Bb in dogs and cats in China are still limited,and there is no commercially available vaccine.Live vaccines containing Bb that are widely used abroad are generally efective but can establish latency and potentially reactivate to cause illness in some immunodefcient vaccinated recipients,raising safety concerns.In this study,34 canine-derived and two feline-derived Bb strains were isolated from 1809 canine and 113 feline nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from eight provinces in China from 2021 to 2023.The PCR results showed that the percentage of positive Bb was 22.94%(441/1922),and more than 90%of the Bb isolates had four virulence factor-encoding genes(VFGs),namely,fhaB,prn,betA and dnt.All the isolated strains displayed a multidrug-resistant phenotype.The virulence of 10 Bb strains isolated from dogs with respiratory symptoms was tested in mice,and we found that eight isolates were highly virulent.Furthermore,the eight Bb isolates with high virulence were inactivated and intramuscularly injected into mice,and three Bb strains(WH1218,WH1203 and WH1224)with the best protective efcacy were selected.Dogs immunized with these three strains exhibited strong protection against challenge with the Bb feld strain WH1218.Ultimately,the WH1218 strain with the greatest protection in dogs was selected as the vaccine candidate.Dogs and cats that received a vaccine containing 109 CFU of the inactivated WH1218 strain showed complete protection against challenge with the Bb feld strain WH1218.This study revealed that Bb is an important pathogen that causes respiratory diseases in domestic dogs and cats in China,and all the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance.The present work contributes to the current understanding of the prevalence,antimicrobial resistance,and virulence genes of Bb in domestic dogs and cats.Additionally,our results suggest that the WH1218 strain is a promising candidate safe and efcacious inactivated Bb vaccine.

Epidemiological Investigation and Genome Analysis of Duck Circovirus in Southern China

Duck circovirus （DuCV）, a potential immunosuppressive virus, was investigated in Southern China from March 2006 to December 2009 by using a polymerase chain reaction （PCR） based method. In this study, a total of 138 sick or dead duck samples from 18 different farms were examined with an average DuCV infection rate of-35%. It was found that ducks between the ages of 40~60 days were more susceptible to DuCV. There was no evidence showing that the DuCV virus was capable of vertical transmission. Farms with positive PCR results exhibited no regularly apparent clinical abnormalities such as feathering disorders, growth retardation or lower-than-average weight. The complete genomes of 91 strains from Fujian Province and 1 from Zhejiang Province were sequenced and analyzed. The 10 DuCV genomes, comlbared with others genomes downloaded from GenBank, ranged in size from 1988 to 1996 base pairs, with sequence identities ranging from 83.2% to 99.8%. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome sequences demonstrated that DuCVs can be divided into two distinct genetic genotypes, Group I （the Euro-USA lineage） and Group II（the Taiwan lineage）, with approximately 10.0% genetic difference between the two types. Molecular epidemiological data suggest there is no obvious difference among DuCV strains isolated from different geographic locations or different species, including Duck, Muscovy duck, Mule duck, Cheery duck, Mulard duck and Pekin duck.

Occupational Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Associated with Diesel Motor Operation in an Air-raid Shelter in June 2015, Jinan City, China-An Epidemiological Investigation

Carbon monoxide （CO） is an odorless, colorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbonbased compounds. Exposure to CO can cause various adverse health effects ranging from headache and fatigue to coma and death. Thousands of illnesses and deaths have been documented through CO poisoning surveillance systems and accident investigations each year.

Combination Use of PFGE and Drug-resistant Analysis in the Epidemiological Investigation of Listeria Monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is the pathogen of listeriosis and it causes severe infections like septicemia, encephalitis, and meningitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals, newborns, and pregnant women. Its wide distribution in the environment and ability to survive or even grow under adverse conditions has made L. monocytogenes an important public health concern and in food industry.

Epidemiological Investigation and Analysis of Chlamydia in Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai Province

Epidemiological investigation of chlamydia in yak and Tibetan sheep were conducted in Haiyan and Guinan counties, and samples were collected for laboratory detection, to understand the incidence range and damage degree of chlamydia in yak and Tibetan sheep in Qinghai Province. The result will provide technical support for preparation of scientific prevention and control measures against Chlamydia in Qinghai Province.

Epidemiological investigation of military training injuries for sea trainingand parachuting training

Objective: To study epidemiological characteristics of the military training injuries (MTI) during parachuting training of the air force and sea training of the navy. Methods:The subjects of this study were 1382, including 971 navy soldiers (300 recruits and 671 soldiers) and 411 for force recruits. Navy: Each of injured soldiers was investigated by the trained battalion surgeon; Air force: When the parachuting training finished , two doctors in specific field screened and investigated them one by one. Results: The incidence of injury in for force recruits was 16.3% and in navy recruits was 18. 7%. The incidence of navy soldiers was 5.5%, which was significantly lower than that of navy recruits. There was a peak of incidence in the 2nd training month of navy recruits. The peak of incidence of navy soldiers was in 1st training month. The incidence of air force maintained at a high level except 2nd training month. The incidences of lower legs and ankles were higher than those of other sites in navy with percentage of 42.9% and 17.9% respectively. The incidences of ankles and lumbar region were higher than those of other sites in air force with percentage of 26.9% and 23.9% respectively. Incidence of acute traumatic injuries was highest during special course. Conclusion: The result showed the incidence of injury in sea and parachuting training varied. Different preventive measures should be adopted during special training.

Analysis of Epidemiological Investigations and Responses to Human Rabies Deaths in Côte d’Ivoire, 2021

Rabies is an infectious disease that almost always leads to death as soon as the first signs appear, and is still endemic in several regions, including Côte d’Ivoire. Epidemiological investigations are carried out and response measures implemented in the event of any death from human rabies. However, the quality of these investigations does not always allow the adoption of response measures. The aim of this work was to evaluate the reports of epidemiological investigations and response actions carried out during the occurrence of human rabies deaths from 2016 to 2018. This was a cross-sectional study that took place from April to September 2021 at the National Institute of Public Hygiene and focused on human rabies deaths notified from 206 to 2018. Of sixty-one (61) human rabies deaths recorded, sixty (60) were investigated, among which fifty-nine (59) deaths had been subject to response. Most deaths occurred in rural areas (75%), and the main vector was the dog (98%). Several shortcomings were noted: response actions were not carried out promptly;joint interventions bringing together human and animal health professionals were rare, there was little communication about rabies to communities (36%), and very little vaccination of the vector, the source of the disease (12%);an almost total absence of capacity-building for local players (7%);the health districts of Abobo-Ouest, Bondoukou, Divo and Fresco, which had regularly recorded human rabies deaths, had not benefited from dog vaccination, which is supposed to break the circulation of the virus. The persistence of rabies deaths in the health districts could probably be linked to these shortcomings. Faced with these realities, it is essential to strengthen the epidemiological investigation capacities of the players involved, in order to improve the quality of investigations and ensure an effective response.

Analysis of Epidemiological Investigations and Responses to Human Rabies Deaths in Côte d’Ivoire, 2021

Rabies is an infectious disease that almost always leads to death as soon as the first signs appear, and is still endemic in several regions, including Côte d’Ivoire. Epidemiological investigations are carried out and response measures implemented in the event of any death from human rabies. However, the quality of these investigations does not always allow the adoption of response measures. The aim of this work was to evaluate the reports of epidemiological investigations and response actions carried out during the occurrence of human rabies deaths from 2016 to 2018. This was a cross-sectional study that took place from April to September 2021 at the National Institute of Public Hygiene and focused on human rabies deaths notified from 206 to 2018. Of sixty-one (61) human rabies deaths recorded, sixty (60) were investigated, among which fifty-nine (59) deaths had been subject to response. Most deaths occurred in rural areas (75%), and the main vector was the dog (98%). Several shortcomings were noted: response actions were not carried out promptly;joint interventions bringing together human and animal health professionals were rare, there was little communication about rabies to communities (36%), and very little vaccination of the vector, the source of the disease (12%);an almost total absence of capacity-building for local players (7%);the health districts of Abobo-Ouest, Bondoukou, Divo and Fresco, which had regularly recorded human rabies deaths, had not benefited from dog vaccination, which is supposed to break the circulation of the virus. The persistence of rabies deaths in the health districts could probably be linked to these shortcomings. Faced with these realities, it is essential to strengthen the epidemiological investigation capacities of the players involved, in order to improve the quality of investigations and ensure an effective response.

The precision of epidemiological investigation of COVID-19 transmission in Shanghai, China

Background:Shanghai had a local outbreak of COVID-19 from January 21 to 24.Timely and precise strategies were taken to prevent further spread of the disease.We discussed and shared the experience of COVID-19 containment in Shanghai.Process:The first two patients worked at two hospitals but no staff from the two hospitals were infected.

Comprehensive epidemiological assessment of trauma incidents at a level I trauma center

BACKGROUND The continuous development of social and economic progress and ongoing enhancement of infrastructure construction has led to drastic changes in the occurrence of trauma.AIM To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of trauma in Lanzhou City to provide theoretical references for improving quality of trauma care.METHODS A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 16585 trauma patients treated at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University Trauma Center from November 1,2021 to October 31,2023 was conducted.Data including age,sex,time of trauma,cause of trauma,and major injured body parts were statistically analyzed.RESULTS A total of 18235 patients were admitted,with complete data for 16585 cases.Of these,9793 were male and 6792 were female(male-to-female ratio of 1.44:1).The peak times for trauma occurrence were 10 AM-12 PM and 6-10 PM,and the peak months were from May to October.The leading causes of trauma were falls(45.32%),other trauma(15.88%),road traffic accidents(15.15%),violence(10.82%),cutting/stabbing(9.41%),mechanical injuries(2.65%),winter sports injuries(0.36%),animal bites(0.22%),burns(0.09%),and electrical injuries(0.02%).The distribution of majorly injured body parts showed statistical significance,with limbs/skin being the most affected followed by the head/neck,chest/abdomen,and back.CONCLUSION Medical institutions and government agencies can implement preventive measures and policies based on the characteristics of trauma determined in this study to enhance the quality and level of trauma care.

Epidemiology of trauma in Markazi (Center) province of Iran;eliminate the hazard is first priority

Objective:To investigate the epidemiology of traumatic patients,referred to the Vali-asr trauma center,Arak,Iran in the summer of 2016.Methods:In a cross-sectional study,all patients with trauma,entered the study considering inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data were then analyzed by the SPSSv.19.Mean,SD,percentage and frequency were used for data analysis.Results:A total of 1 049 patients were released after examination due to normal vital signs.A total of 483 patients were transferred to be under observation in hospital's wards.All patients were chest X-rayed,among whom,17 unusual cases were found.Conclusions:It is recommended that comprehensive investigations should be made to identify road and non-road hazardous factors,and that a great step and first priority in safety and removal of hazards is effectively taken by accurate planning in addition to higher public educations.

Geriatric epidemiology of trauma in a hospital in Southern Colombia

Objective: To describe the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of geriatric patients who were treated at a university hospital in southern Colombia. <br> Methods: A database of trauma patients over 65 admitted between June 2014 and December 2015 was constructed. Univariate analysis was performed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables were calculated. <br> Results: A total of 760 patients were analyzed, the median age was 74 years (65–98). The median injury severity score was 9 (4–25) the 71.97% were men, and overall mortality was 25.39%. The 92.10% was blunt trauma, and the main mechanism of injury was falls. <br> Conclusions: Trauma in the elderly is a common condition with high risk of mortality. It is important to know the frequency of these injuries to provide the best possible handling. In our hospital we found that geriatric trauma is a common disease, the main cause is falls without embargos traffic accidents are common in this population.

Ocular trauma in an urban Spanish population:epidemiology and visual outcome

AIM:To describe epidemiological aspects,clinical findings,and visual results in eye trauma patients requiring urgent surgery at a tertiary hospital.METHODS:Retrospective review of adult patients requiring urgent surgery for trauma to the eyeball from January 2010 and April 2020.Data was collected relative to age,gender,mechanism of the injury,type of wound,initial and final visual acuity,number and type of surgeries carried out.Injuries were classed according to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology(BETT)and the Ocular Trauma Score(OTS)categories.RESULTS:The survey included 92 eyes.Mean age was 54.76±22.18 y.The most frequent cause was domestic accidents(44.6%),followed by aggression(22.80%)and occupational accidents(17.4%).Trauma from aggression was more frequent in men(P=0.006)and accidents in the home more common in women(P=0.011).Patients over 65 y presented an odds ratio(OR)of 10.71 for suffering a domestic accident.Patients between 15-45 and 46-65 y were at higher risk of trauma from aggression(OR=17.52 and OR=10.94,respectively).As for the type of injury,63.04%were open-globe lesions,Zone II being the most frequently affected(27.2%).In Logistic regression analysis,old age(P=0.05)and retinal involvement(P=0.001)were found to be associated with higher rate of unfavourable visual outcome.CONCLUSION:The epidemiological aspects of eye trauma are highly dependent on the area of population studied.Domestic accidents are more relevant than workplace accidents in older urban areas with high socioeconomic status.A better knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics is useful for implementing specific prevention measures and appropriate treatment strategies.

A survey on the epidemiology of trauma and China trauma care training in subtropical regions of Hainan Province

Objective: To investigate the epidemiology of trauma patients in subtropical areas of Hainan Province and the improvement of the level of trauma treatment in China trauma care training (CTCT). Methods: From 01-01-2015 to 01-01-2016, the epidemiological data of 2476 patients with trauma were collected. From 01-01-2016 to 01-01-2017, 105 professional doctors and nurses in emergency surgery took part in CTCT, and their knowledge were compared before and after training. Results: There were 1656 male and 820 female trauma patients with 1614 cases in the middle and young age and 478 cases were the elderly. In terms of occupational distribution, 736 peasants, 574 workers and 458 retirees were involved. In May, the number of patients was the highest 332. October to January was the high-incidence season of trauma. In 24 hours a day: 11:00-13:00, 18:00-19:00, 23:00-03:00 were the high incidence periods. Referred to trauma sites, 904 cases of trauma happened on roads, 540 cases in family and 370 cases in restaurants or entertainment facilities. Through CTCT, the scores of the theoretical examination, the assessment of the trauma treatment skills and the field test scores of the emergency surgery practitioners were better than before (P<0.05).The misdiagnosis rate of severe trauma patients decreased from 26.21% to 15.36% (P<0.05). The mortality rate of severe trauma patients decreased from 18.67% to 13.94% (P<0.05). Conclusions:Trauma epidemiology in Hainan is closely related to its special geographical environment, which provides a reference for the prevention and treatment of trauma in Hainan, and some information for the government to formulate corresponding laws and regulations, as well as emergency plans and other relevant strategies. CTCT training improves the level of theoretical knowledge and first aid skills of medical personnel involved in trauma treatment. Health departments and medical education departments may consider extending CTCT training and continuing education programs to Hainan and other parts of China.

Mechanical Eye Trauma Epidemiology, Prognostic Factors, and Management Controversies—An Update

Purpose of Review: The management of eye injuries is both difficult and argumentative. This study attempts to highlight the management of ocular trauma using currently available information in the literature and author experience. This review presents a workable framework from the first presentation, epidemiology, classification, investigations, management principles, complications, prognostic factors, final visual outcome and management debates. Review Findings: Mechanical ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness and possible handicap worldwide. Among several classification systems, the most widely accepted is Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT). Mechanical ocular trauma is a topic of unsolved controversy. Patching for corneal abrasion, paracentesis for hyphema, the timing of cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation are all issues in anterior segment injuries. Regarding posterior segment controversies, the timing of vitrectomy, use of prophylactic cryotherapy, the necessity of intravitreal antibiotics in the absence of infection, the use of vitrectomy vs vitreous tap in traumatic endophthalmitis is the issues. The pediatric age group needs to be approached by a different protocol due to the risk of amblyopia, intraocular inflammation, and significant vitreoretinal adhesions. The various prognostic factors have a role in the final visual outcome. B scan is used to exclude R.D, Intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and vitreous haemorrhage in hazy media. Individual surgical strategies are used for every patient according to the classification and extent of the injuries. Conclusion: This article examines relevant evidence on the management challenges and controversies of mechanical trauma of the eye and offers treatment recommendations based on published research and the authors’ own experience.

Post-Traumatic Pyothorax: Epidemiology, Management and Prognosis in the Thoracic Surgery Department of the Donka National Hospital

Pyothoraxes, also called thoracic empyemas, are defined by the presence between the two layers of the pleura, of a frankly purulent liquid, or of a shady or clear liquid but containing a majority of altered polynuclear cells with germs direct examination. They are said to be traumatic when they follow a thoracic trauma whatever the mechanism;usually a pre-existing post-traumatic pleural effusion. The general objective of this study was to help identify the epidemiological and prognostic factors in the management of post-traumatic pyothorax in the Thoracic Surgery Department of the Donka National Hospital. Methodology: This was a descriptive retrospective study covering a period of 2.5 years from 01/06/2016 to 31/12/2018 carried out in the Thoracic Surgery Department of the Donka National Hospital. Results: During the study period, 17 cases of post-traumatic pyothorax were observed among the 288 files of admitted and hospitalized patients. In the course of this study, a rate was 5.90%. The most affected age group was 1 to 5 years old. The male sex was in the majority (76.5%). The most common occurrence was the fall, i.e. 41.2%. 47% of patients consult after 60 days. Chest pain and dyspnea were the main symptoms during our study (82.3%). Antibiotics and analgesics dominated the medical treatment used in 100% of the cases and pleural drainage was the first line surgical treatment practiced in 88.2% of the cases. The prognosis is favorable without sequelae in 52.9% of cases with an average hospital stay of 9 days. Post-traumatic pyothorax is a serious pathology involving the vital and functional respiratory prognosis, hence the need to diagnose and treat it early.

Urogenital Trauma: Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects at the Borgou University and Departmental Hospital Center (Benin)

Objective: To study the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of urogenital trauma at the Borgou University and Departmental Hospital Center. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that took place over a period of 4 years and 4 months (52 months) from January 1st 2017 to April 30th 2021. All cases of urogenital trauma treated in the General surgery department during the period were collected. Patient records, hospitalization registers and operating reports were used to collect information. Data entry was done using Epi data 3.1 software, French version. The analysis was performed using MedCalc software (version 19.4.1. Mariakerke, Belgium), and Epi info software version 7. Results: In 52 months, 75 cases of urogenital trauma were collected. The prevalence of urogenital trauma was 1.1% of admissions with an annual incidence of 17.3 cases. The modal age class was [20;40], i.e. 49.3%. Males accounted for 76.0% (n = 57) of cases. Urethral and kidney injuries were found in 33.3% and 21.3%, respectively. The external genitalia was involved in 24.0%. Road traffic accidents occupied the first place with 62.6%. Kidney lesions were revealed by lumbar pain in 62.5% (n = 10) and post traumatic hematuria in 25% (n = 4) of cases. Most of the patients (n = 8, i.e. 50%) were classified as grade I according to the AAST classification. Conclusion: Urogenital trauma is common in our environment and can be life-threatening. Knowledge of their epidemiology will allow for prevention and good management.

Epidemiological Analysis of Surgically Treated Acute Traumatic Epidural Hematoma

This study is a retrospective analysis of demographic, clinical, radiological and outcome data of surgically treated acute traumatic epidural hematomas. Forty-six consecutive cases of epidural hematomas were operated at the University Hospital Center of Yaoundé, Cameroon, between February 2006 and December 2013. The mean age was 29.56 years and63.04% of patients were between 21 and 30 years. Almost 94% of patients were males. Thirty-five percent of patients were motorcycle riders. Road traffic accident was the cause in 70% of cases. Mean time between head trauma and surgical evacuation was 78 hours. Head trauma was moderate in 52.17%. Initial loss of consciousness was found in 78.26% and lucid interval in 65.23%. Seventy-four percent of patients had signs of intracranial hypertension on admission, 35% had at least one neurologic focal sign and 50% had a scalp wound. Eight patients (17.39%) presented with unilateral or bilateral mydriasis. On computed tomography, the hematoma was on the left side in 60.86% of patients and frontal-parietal location was the most frequent. Computed tomography showed mass effect in 97.82% of patients. The most frequent surgical procedure was craniotomy. Six (13.04%) patients died, but 82.60% recovered fully (GOS 5). In Cameroon, traumatic acute epidural hematoma affects primarily healthy young men in their twenties and thirties. Road traffic accidents are the main etiology. Most patients had moderate head trauma and presented with intracranial hypertension. Early surgery is rarely done. Nevertheless, even with delayed surgery, most patients have good outcome.

Epidemiology of open fractures in sport: One centre's 15-year retrospective study

AIM To describe the epidemiology of sport-related open fractures from one centre's adult patient population over a 15-year period. METHODS A retrospective review of a prospectively-collected database was performed: The database contained information all sport-related open fractures, sustained from 1995 to 2009 in the Edinburgh, Mid and East Lothian Populations.RESULTS Over the 15-year period, there were 85 fractures recorded in 84 patients. The annual incidence of open sport-related fractures was 0.01 per 1000 population. The mean age at injury was 29.2 years(range 15-67). There were 70(83%) males and 14 females(17%).The 6 most common sports were soccer(n = 19, 22%), rugby(n = 9, 11%), cycling(n = 8, 9%), hockey(n = 8, 9%); horse riding(n = 6, 7%) and skiing(n = 6, 7%). The five most common anatomical locations were finger phalanges(n = 30, 35%); tibial diaphysis(n = 19, 23%); forearm(n = 12, 14%); ankle(n = 7, 8%) and metacarpals(n = 5, 6%). The mean injury severity score was 7.02. According to the Gustilo-Anderson classification system, 45(53%) fractures were grade 1; 28(33%) fractures were grade 2; 8(9%) fractures were grade 3a; and 4(5%) fractures were grade 3b. Out of the total number of fractures, 7(8%) required plastic surgical intervention as part of management. The types of flaps used were split skin graft(n = 4), fasciocutaneous flaps(n = 2); and adipofascial flap(n = 1). CONCLUSION We analysed the epidemiology of open fractures secondary to sport in one centre over a 15-year period. Soccer and rugby were the most common causative sports while fractures of the finger phalanx and of the tibial diaphysis were the most common sites. Open fractures are uncommon in sport; however, when they are sustained they usually occur on muddy sport fields or forest tracks and therefore must be treated appropriately. It is important that clinicians and sports therapists have knowledge of these injuries, in order to ensure they are managed optimally.

Epidemiological Survey on Canine Parvovirus Disease in Taizhou Region,Jiangsu Province,China

The canine parvovirus disease is an acute infectious disease caused by canine parvovirus(CPV). It is clinically characterized by severe vomiting,hemorrhagic enteritis,significant reduction in white blood cells and myocarditis. The disease with high incidence,highly infectious and high mortality has become one of the serious infectious diseases threatening dog raising industry in China. In this research,260 cases of canine parvovirus case from an Aite Pet Clinic in Taizhou City during January 2010 and March 2011 were analyzed. This study discloses the epidemiology of CPV in Taizhou region of Jiangsu Province,i. e.,the incidence of CPV and canine motility are closely correlated with age,breed,immune inoculation and season. This study provides useful guide for the clinical treatment of CPV in the future.