Model Examination for the Effect of Treading Stress on Young Green Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>)

Treading barley (“Mugifumi” in Japanese) is a barley culturing process that is unique and indispensable in Japan. Generally, roller machines or human feet are used to tread young barley several times (Figure 1). As a model examination, a stainless steel instrument was used for treading barley in this study (Figure 2(a)). Treading damages plants and decreases growth, such as the height and weight of aerial parts, which then recover gradually. In our study, the total amino acid contents increased with the treading stress. The treading stress induced a 1.7-fold increase in aspartic acid contents and an approximately 1.6-fold increase in glutamic acid, proline, cystine, and methionine contents. Isolation and purification suggested that the main components of the methanol-eluted fraction from the young green barley were six known phenolic compounds. Saponarin and lutonarin were the main components. The saponarin content was about 160 mg/g (methanol-soluble fraction) at 10 days after germination. We found that the higher antioxidant activity was due to the increased lutonarin/saponarin ratio from 10% to 24%. Therefore, our results suggest that treading stress is useful for young green barley.

Treading Lightly for Fast Growth

THE Chinese Government announced in early 2012 that the coun- try would continue implementing the proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy to support a steady and relatively fast economic growth. On August 2, the People＇s Bank of China, Chinas central bank, released the Report on the Implementation of Monetary Policies in Q2 2012, showing the policies＇ effectiveness.

Influence of railway wheel tread damage on wheel-rail impact loads and the durability of wheelsets

Dynamic wheel-rail contact forces induced by a severe form of wheel tread damage have been measured by a wheel impact load detector during full-scale field tests at different vehicle speeds.Based on laser scanning,the measured three-dimensional damage geometry is employed in simulations of dynamic vehicle-track interaction to calibrate and verify a simulation model.The relation between the magnitude of the impact load and various operational parameters,such as vehicle speed,lateral position of wheel-rail contact,track stiffness and position of impact within a sleeper bay,is investigated.The calibrated model is later employed in simulations featuring other forms of tread damage;their effects on impact load and subsequent fatigue impact on bearings,wheel webs and subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue of the wheel tread are assessed.The results quantify the effects of wheel tread defects and are valuable in a shift towards condition-based maintenance of running gear,and for general assessment of the severity of different types of railway wheel tread damage.

Simulation of vehicle braking behavior on wet asphalt pavement based on tire hydroplaning and frictional energy dissipation

To investigate the influence of wet conditions on vehicle braking behavior,a numerical-analytical method was proposed for the simulation of tire hydroplaning and frictional energy dissipation. First, a finite element model of tire hydroplaning was established using the coupled EulerianLagrangian method,including a pneumatic tire model and a textured asphalt pavement model. Then,the frictional force on the tire-pavement interface at different speeds was calculated by the model. Based on vehicle braking mechanism and frictional energy dissipation,a calculation method for braking distance was proposed based on a three-stage braking process. The proposed method was verified by comparing the calculated hydroplaning speed and braking distance with field test results.Then,vehicle braking distances and wet friction coefficients were calculated under different conditions. The results show that thinner water film,a more complex tread pattern and higher tire inflation pressure all contribute to the vehicle braking performance; moreover, the pavement texture has obvious influence on vehicle braking behavior,especially at a high speed. The proposed method shows great effectiveness in predicting vehicle braking behavior on wet asphalt pavements.

Abnormal Vertical Dynamic Performance of Subway Vehicles

A serious wheel out-of-round phenomenon exists in a certain subway vehicle in China. More seriously, the vertical vibration of car body of this subway vehicle will go beyond the restriction of the standard criterion when the wheel out-of-round exceeds 0.2 mm in radial direction. And the wheel out-of-round problem could not be solved by polishing the rail or re-profiling wheels. Aimed at this problem, a further analysis is conducted on the structure and the suspension systems of the subway vehicle. It is thought that the additional stiffness function of the traction bar, caused by the short length and the bigger connection stiffness of the traction bar, leads to the problem that the subway vehicle is sensitive to the vertical impact. By taking into account the stiffness of the traction bar, dynamic simulation models of the subway vehicle are set up to study the influence of the additional stiffness function of the traction bar on the vertical dynamic performance of the subway vehicle through the simulation method. The response of the subway vehicle to vertical impact of a triangle pitch is also simulated. Simulation results indicate that the connection between the car body and the bogie will become rigid and the damping function of the secondary suspension will be decreased due to the additional stiffness of the traction bar in braking condition or running on curve track. Then the vertical response of the car body to vertical impact will be strengthened and the vertical ride index decreased. The vertical dynamic performance of the subway vehicle will be improved through the method of decreasing the connection stiffness of the traction bar, which has been validated by the simulation results. This method of improvement can effectively solve the problem of abnormal dynamic performance of this subway vehicle, and provide a foundation for a new theory about the traction bar system design.

米其林陆续推出多规格Defender LTX M/S轮胎

美国《现代轮胎经销商》（www.moderntiredealer.com）2016年8月5日报道：米其林Defender LTX M/S轮胎系列新增30个规格（见图1）。米其林北美公司称,该轮胎系列产品适用于约75%的轻型载重汽车。米其林称,2015年夏天推出的Defender LTX M/S轮胎系列因兼具耐久胎面寿命和全天候牵引性能,可以更好地满足现代轻型载重汽车和SUV的较高扭矩需求。

Cross tolerance: a tread to decipher the code of endogenous global cerebral resistance

A cell is a house to myriad biochemical reactions composed in a symphony of various pathways,both survival and apoptotic.Apoptosis is of fundamental significance to an organ by replacing weary and senile cells with juvenile cells.

Alliance坚实滑移转向轮胎系列新增Galaxy Hulk深花纹胎面产品

美国《现代轮胎经销商》（www.moderntiredealer.com）2017年1月24日报道：Alliance轮胎集团（ATG）推出了一款高载荷坚实滑移转向轮胎Galaxy Hulk Deep-Tread SDS（见图1）。图1新Galaxy Hulk Deep-Tread SDS轮胎公司表示,新轮胎大块胎面花纹的坚实结构可在物料搬运、建筑和农业领域应对最棘手的挑战。

Single Bout of Resisted Exercises Using Physioball on Random Blood Sugar on a Female Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Lowering of random blood sugar on a female obese diabetic subject is the core of this case report. Single bout of high intensity exercises using Physioball helps to induce confidence in the subject.

Improving the Abrasion Resistance of ＂Green＂ Tyre Compounds

Since the introduction of＂green tyres＂ in the early 90＇s, the use of silica as a reinforcing filler, along with a silane coupling agent, has spread and grown worldwide. The greatest advantage of using silica over carbon black as reinforcing filler in a tyre tread compound is that a lower rolling resistance is achieved, while maintaining good wet traction. However, a previous study has shown that the wear resistance of a silica filled ENR （epoxidised natural rubber） compound was not as high as those of conventional OESBR （oil extended styrene butadiene rubber） and NR/BR compounds used in passenger car and truck tyre treads. In this work, with the aim of improving abrasion resistance, the effect of blending BR （butadiene rubber） into a silica filled ENR compound was studied. Blends with 0 to 30 phr BR were prepared in a Polylab Haake internal mixer. The rheological properties of the compounds were measured using a Mooney viscometer and oscillating-disc rheometer. The hardness, tensile strength and DIN abrasion resistance were also measured. The results showed that the ENR/silica compound properties such as tensile strength and hardness were as good as those of the conventional compounds. However, the most important finding was that abrasion resistance increased significantly with BR content, exceeding that of the conventional compound at BR： ENR ratios of greater than 20：80.

Finite Element Analysis for Groove Wander Prediction of Passenger Car Tires with the Longitudinal Tread Grooves

A finite element modeling technique is employed in this paper to predict the groove wander of longitudinal tread grooved tires. In generally, groove wander is the lateral force acting on a vehicle’s wheel resulting from the combination of rain grooves. If the lateral force of tire is generated by groove wander, unexpected lateral motion of vehicle will happen and it makes drivers uncomfortable. This paper describes the effect of groove wander according to the shape condition of tire tread groove and highway groove using the finite element analysis based on a static loading or a steady-state rolling assumption. The road groove can be located anywhere relative to the longitudinal tread groove. Therefore, the lateral force of the tire is changing depending on the location of the groove road. The numerical results for groove wander prediction of the longitudinal tread grooved tires are compared with the subjective evaluation. It is found that the waveform for the tire with varying grooved road position has a peak-to-peak lateral force in order to estimate the rating of groove wander. The effect of the road groove width and the pitch length on the peak-to-peak lateral force of tire is discussed. It is found that the prediction of FEA-based groove wander model using finite element analysis will be useful for the reliability design of the tire tread pattern design.

A numerical study on tread wear and fatigue damage of railway wheels subjected to anti-slip control

Tread wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage propagated on railway wheels are the two extremely important focal points as they can tremendously deteriorate wheel/rail interactions and hunting stability and destroy wheel surface materials, and subsequently, cut down the lifetime of the wheels. The on-board anti-slip controllers are of essence aiming to hold back the striking slipping of the powered wheelsets under low-adhesion wheel/rail conditions. This paper intends to investigate the impact of anti-slip control on wheel tread wear and fatigue damage under diverse wheel/rail friction conditions. To this end, a prediction model for wheel wear and fatigue damage evolution on account of a comprehensive vehicle–track interaction model is extended, where the wheel/rail non-Hertzian contact algorithm is used. Furthermore, the effect of frictional wear on the fatigue damage at wheel surface is considered. The simulation results indicate that the wheel/rail contact is full-slip under the low-adhesion conditions with braking effort. The wear amount under the low-adhesion conditions is observably higher than that under the dry condition. It is further suggested that the wheel tread is prone to suffering more serious wear and fatigue damage issues with a higher anti-slip control threshold compared to that with a lower one.

“马踏飞燕”新解

前言1969年,独立铜圆雕'马踏飞燕'(图1)出土于甘肃省武威县城北二里的雷台墓,又称'铜奔马'或'马超龙雀'。'马踏飞燕'通高34.5厘米、长45厘米、宽13厘米,马匹昂首嘶鸣,躯干强壮且四肢修长;头顶鬃毛和马尾向后方飘飞,躯体呈流线型,四肢动感强烈,右后蹄踏回头观望的飞鸟,极富感染力。雕塑整体构思奇特、造型优美,且完全符合力学平衡原理,成功塑造了运动速度与整体平衡相统一的奔马与飞鸟。

Relationship Between Measured Friction Coefficients and Two Tread Groove Design Parameters for Footwear Pads

The shoe sole geometrical design parameters are believed to be important factors affecting the coefficient of friction （COF） between the shoe/floor interface. This study is concerned with the relationship between the measured COF and the tread groove orientation and width on the footwear pad. Friction measurements using the Brungraber Mark Ⅱ slipmeter were conducted. Six tread groove width/orientations designs on the footwear pads under 27 footwear material/floor/contamination conditions were tested. The results show that tread orientation and width affect the measured COF significantly. Wider grooved footwear pads result in higher COF values and footwear pads with tread grooves perpendicular to the friction measurement direction have higher COF values. A regression model using measured COF as the dependent variable and tread groove width, groove orientation, footwear material, floor, and contamination conditions as independent variables was established. The models are significant at p〈0.0001 with R^2 of 0.97, which may be used in predicting the COF at the shoe-floor interface .

Inspired by Tree Frog:Bionic Design of Tread Pattern and Its Wet Friction Properties

The wet grip of tire has always been the focus because it is related to the personal safety of passengers directly.Many methods were employed to improve the wet grip of tire.Researchers paid more attention on bionics method recent years.In nature,tree frogs have high adhesion ability in wet environment,which is mainly due to their footpads having fine polygon grooves(mainly hexagon grooves).To improve the performance of wet grip of tire,from the perspective of bionics,inspired by the footpad of tree frog,the bionic hexagon tread pattern was designed.The friction test was carried out to compare with the common tread patterns such as serrated,striped and square patterns.The results showed that the bionic hexagon tread pattern generally had high friction coefficient and directional stability of friction.The main reason was that the hexagon tread block was less affected by the friction-induced torque and the groove of bionic hexagon tread pattern had better drainage characteristic.The bionic hexagon tread pattern provides new idea and method for the design of tires with high wet grip.

Application of Insert Chill Iron Melt in Investment Casting

The cast-steel creeper tread is a part with complex external surface and internal shape, having a hot spot cased by the uneven wall thickness. As the hot spot is far away from the gating system and the feeding channel is narrow, it is difficult to be fed by setting up a casting head, leading easily to shrinkage and causing great problems for investment casting. In this paper, the qualified castings can be successfully poured by feeding method of insert chill iron melt, smart design and placement process of chill, to realize simultaneous solidification of castings. The shrinkage of creeper tread is solved and the precision of castings is improved. This method exhibits easy operation, excellent feeding effect and simplified gating system to improve yield rate. Furthermore, it could save raw material, reduce waste product and lower product cost by using the insert chill iron melt in investment casting. The production practices showed that the qualified castings can be successfully poured by increasing feeding pressure, placing an internal chill to adjust the temperature of hot junction segments and realizing simultaneous solidification of castings.

Mechanism and Conditions of the Polygonal Wear of Vehicle Tire

Polygonal wear seriously decreases the lifespan of a tire of a passenger car and adversely affects vehicle dynamic safety.The present paper builds a model that reflects the dynamic contact characteristics of the tire and reveals the mechanism and conditions of polygonal wear of a tire.The model describes the dynamic contact behavior of the tread block and considers the characteristics of dynamic friction between the road and tread of a rolling tire.Conducting numerical bifurcation analysis,the paper reveals the conditions for self-excited vibration of the tread,i.e.,the improper combination of the vertical load,wheel slip angle,tire pressure and vehicle speed considerably strengthen the lateral self-excited vibration of the tread,which is the direct vibrational source of abnormal circumferential polygonal wear.The polygonal wear of a tire occurs when a vehicle travels for a certain long distance at a so-called polygonal wear speed.The polygonal wear speed should induce lateral self-excited vibration on the contact tread of the tire and the frequency of the lateral self-excited vibration should be divisible by the rolling frequency of tire that is determined by the polygonal wear speed.Visible polygonal wear requires that the vehicle travels at a certain polygonal wear speed for a minimal distance to produce a stably developing polygonal wear pattern even for subsequent driving at variable speed.

Chemical Analysis of Tire Traces in Traffic Accidents Investigation

The aim of the forensic investigation of traffic accidents is to help establish the nature and/or the circumstances of the event.This might be done with the purpose of determining the legal responsibilities of each person involved or to provide families,with a reconstruction of the events,to help understand why their relatives were injured or killed.A methodology for the comparison of chemical profiles of tire traces and tire tread samples obtained by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry has been developed.Chemical profiles are represented by relative abundances of 86 compounds.The variability of the tread within and between 12 tires was assessed.Considering the level of the source as"brand and model"the intra-variability was found to be smaller than the inter-variability leading to the complete discrimination of the 12 tires of the sample set.Braking tests were carried out on a racetrack in order to produce tire traces which origin was known.The results obtained with a supervised classification method showed that more than 94%of the replicates of the traces were correctly assigned to the class membership(i.e.,brand and model)of the tire at their origin.These results support that the chemical profile of one trace does not differ from the chemical profile of the tire at its origin but differs generally from the other chemical profiles of the sample set.

《轮胎评论》:大陆轮胎在加拿大开设翻胎厂

据《轮胎评论》消息,大陆轮胎美洲商用车轮胎集团与加拿大优质轮胎服务公司共同在加拿大西部萨斯喀彻温省(Saskatchewan)开设第一家商用轮胎翻新工厂。这座新厂占地1.74万平方英尺,雇用15名工人,年翻胎能力为2.4万条,使用大陆轮胎公司商品名为"Conti Tread"的优质胎面胶,采用大陆公司专有的Conti Life

冰雪轮胎CVC6

Continental ContiVikingContact 6以其独特的技术实现了冰雪和干燥路面都出色的操控表现evo的编辑在英国做了冰雪轮胎花纹深度对轮胎性能影响的测试,我们也来看看Continental在国内推出的冰雪轮胎ContiVikingContact 6。CVC 6以拥有分割胎面技术DTT（Divided Tread Technology）带来了更出色的雪地、冰面和干燥路面操控表现。