Microstructural Characteristic of Montmorillonite and Its Thermal Treatment Products

The montmorillonite was studied by differen t methods, such as chemical analysis, DAT, TG, X RD, IR, AFM and MAS NMR. The experimental results show that the hydroxyl in octa hedra sheets begins dehydrating when the thermal treatment temperature reaches 659℃, but th e layer structure remains the same,and the corresponding Al(Ⅵ) is turned into Al(Ⅳ) in octahedra sheets. When the temperature reaches 900℃, the layer struct ure of montmorillontite is destroyed, and the new mineral phase μ-cordierite i s found. When the temperature reaches 1200℃, the μ-cordierite phase loses its stability, and decomposes into cristobalite phase and mullite phase.Meanwhile, the recrystallization phenomenon in thermal treatment products is obvious. There is a small quantity of Al Ⅵ signal in MAS NMR spectrum, corresponding to Al of mullite. When the temperature reaches 1350℃, the cristobalite and mullite phases reduce slightly, and more Fe-cordierite phase appears, corresponding to Fe-cordierite spectrum in XRD and MAS NMR.

Technological Options to Ameliorate Waste Treatment of Intensive Pig Production in China:An Analysis Based on Bio-Economic Model

Ameliorating waste treatment by technological improvements affects the economic and the ecological-environment benefits of intensive pig production. The objective of the research was to develop and test a method to determine the technical optimization to ameliorate waste treatment methods and gain insight into the relationship between technological options and the economic and ecological effects. We developed an integrated bio-economic model which incorporates the farming production and waste disposal systems to simulate the impact of technological improvements in pig manure treatment on economic and environmental benefits for the case of a pilot farm in Beijing, China. Based on different waste treatment technology options, three scenarios are applied for the simulation analysis of the model. The simulation results reveal that the economic-environmental benefits of the livestock farm could be improved by reducing the cropland manure application and increasing the composting production with the current technologies. Nevertheless, the technical efficiency, the waste treatment capacity and the economic benefits could be further improved by the introduction of new technologies. It implies that technological and economic support policies should be implemented comprehensively on waste disposal and resource utilization to promote sustainable development in intensive livestock production in China.

Optimization of double chamber microbial fuel cell for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity production

Microbial fuel cells(M FCs)represent a new approach for treating w aste w ater along w ith electricity production.The present study addressed electricity production from domestic w astew ater using a mediator-less double chamber M FC.The electricity production w as monitored under different operational conditions for both summer and w inter samples.Optimization of the anodic and cathodic chambers resulted in a maximal current of 0.784 and 0.645 m A w ith the maximal pow er intensity of 209 and 117 m W/m2in pow er duration of 24 h for the summer and w inter samples,respectively.Scanning electron microscopy show ed that the bacterial biofilm formation on the anode w as denser for the summer sample than that w hen the w inter sample w as used,so w as the total bacterial count.Therefore,samples taken during summer w ere considered better in electricity production and w aste w ater treatment than those taken during w inter basically because of the high microbial load during the hot season.In parallel,there w as a decrease in both biological oxygen demand(BOD5)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)values which reached 71.8%and 72.85%,respectively at the end of the operation process for the summer sample,w hile there w as no evident decrease for the w inter sample.Optimizing the operating conditions not only increased the potential of using domestic w aste w ater in microbial fuel cells to produce electricity,but also improved the quality of the domestic w aste w ater.

The Effects of Microwave Pretreatment of Dairy Manure on Methane Production

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of a liquid-solids separation process and microwave pretreatment, as well as anaerobic biodegradability of microwave pretreated dairy manure. Liquid-solids separation of raw dairy manure resulted in solid and liquid fractions having different properties, with the solid fractions richer in total and volatile solids content and liquid fractions richer in nutrients and metal ions. Substantial amounts of soluble chemical oxygen demand and nutrients were released into the solution after the microwave treatment. The microwave pretreated dairy manure was also subjected to anaerobic digestion. The kinetic parameters of methane production potential, maximum methane production rate and lag time were determined using the modified Gompertz equation. Anaerobic digestion of liquid manure, without microwave treatment, outperformed the sets with microwave treatment. The microwave-treated liquid dairy manure, without acid addition had better results in terms of methane potential and methane production, than with acid addition. Thermophilic digestion exhibited a higher maximum methane production rate than that of mesophilic digestion, but lower methane yields. The microwave pretreatment of dairy manure resulted in high soluble chemical oxygen demand;however, methane yield was not increased.

基于逆电渗析原理的能量转换利用技术专利进展

逆电渗析技术是依靠离子交换膜选择性将溶液盐差梯度转换为膜电势,进而可用于发电或驱动电化学反应的技术。文章着眼于我国逆电渗析技术相关专利前沿进展,首先,从膜阻、膜厚、离子选择性、离子交换容量、耐污抗菌、稳定性等角度探讨了适配离子交换膜的权衡考量机制,分析了膜的改性方法与优化发展方向;然后,重点介绍了逆电渗析技术在发电、制氢、污水处理及海水淡化等领域的发展与专利布局情况,厘清(热能→)盐差能→(电能→)氢能等多条能源转换技术路线,并阐释了循环工作溶液的再生方法与发展脉络。逆电渗析技术与电渗析技术、可再生能源发电技术、低品位热回收技术相耦合是实现各技术优势互补、提高能效与产出的有效策略。

光电催化矿物材料的制备及应用研究进展

光电催化技术是解决环境污染和能源短缺问题最具应用前景的方法之一。基于半导体矿物的光电化学性质或非半导体矿物的天然物理特性,将矿物与光电催化功能体复合构建的光电催化矿物材料具有成本低、环境相容性好、性能优异等特点,其在矿物利用的新兴领域受到了广泛关注。本文在限定了光电催化矿物材料研究是否属于矿物应用范畴的基础上,介绍了光电催化矿物材料包含的矿物组分及特征,提出了光电催化矿物材料的分类,并对光电催化矿物材料的制备方法及矿物增强光电催化活性的机制进行了讨论。最后,概述了光电催化矿物材料用于水中污染物治理、光电催化水分解产氢、CO_(2)能源化等领域的研究现状;指出应重点关注矿物本征光电属性、有效建立材料复合结构与效能的联系、明确材料矿物学属性影响光电催化的机制等问题,拓展光电催化矿物材料在新能源、化学品合成和矿物/微生物作用等领域的应用研究。

预制菜食品微生物潜在风险点分布及其原因探究

病原微生物污染是引发预制菜食品质量安全问题的重要因素,从原料到消费终端,每个环节都有可能出现微生物的污染。所以,探究预制菜每个环节的微生物风险点是非常必要的。本文针对预制菜原料生产、加工环节、仓储运输、消费环节潜在的微生物污染因素,进行系统分析总结,分析形成微生物污染的原因,讨论相关检测方法,以期为预制菜食品安全可持续发展提供参考。

CPTPP与DEPA框架下数字产品非歧视待遇规则及中国应因

数字产品非歧视待遇在CPTPP与DEPA中均有规定,是我国加入CPTPP与DEPA必须面对的规则。适用该规则要注意数字产品原产地、同类数字产品以及歧视性待遇的认定问题。鉴于目前国际社会尚未对数字产品的性质达成共识,可暂时参考WTO中货物或者服务关于以上问题的认定标准。在其适用问题上,有关国家的实践如征收数字服务税、限制网络接入与使用、限制国外数字产品购买可能会与该规则的规定相悖。数字产品非歧视待遇在自由贸易协定、数字贸易协定以及WTO电子商务谈判中均有涉及,以美国、日本等为首的发达国家对该规则持积极肯定态度,不仅在其签署的自贸协定中纳入该规则,同时也积极倡导将该规则纳入WTO电子商务中。与此同时不少发展中国家如智利、秘鲁等在其签订的自贸协定或者数字贸易协定中也纳入了该规则。但是在我国目前签订的自贸协定中均没有涉及该规则,而且我国在WTO电子商务的提案中对该规则也持谨慎态度,主要原因在于我国数字产品与美国、日本、韩国等发达国家的数字产品相比竞争力较弱,接受该规则可能会进一步削弱我国数字产品的竞争力。我国积极申请加入CPTPP与DEPA,必须接受该规则对我国带来的机遇与挑战。该规则对我国的挑战主要表现为美式数字产品定义冲击我国数字贸易、负面清单模式扩大数字产品非歧视待遇适用范围、我国现行数字产品监管规定与其相冲突。为保护我国数字产品的发展,可通过援引政府补贴例外发展数字产品、利用负面清单限缩数字产品非歧视待遇适用范围、修改数字文化产品监管规定予以应对。

东方1-1气田生产废液处理技术研究

东方1-1气田生产废液具有高稳定性、高含油量、高悬浮物含量等特点,原始生产废液无法达到海域排放标准;若采取回注的方式又会堵塞注水井地层,因此,需要对生产废液进行处理。室内研究通过对东方1-1气田生产废液进行分析,确定破乳之后絮凝的处理方式,并优选了破乳剂及净水剂的种类和加量。实验结果显示,通过破乳剂及净水剂处理之后的生产废液,其含油量可降低至9.1mg/L,悬浮物含量可以降低至5.7mg/L,能达到回注及排放标准。

立地管理措施对2代26年生杉木林生产力的影响

为研究1代杉木林采伐后采用不同立地管理措施对更新的2代26年生杉木林生产力的影响,在1代20地位指数级的29年生杉木林(起源于本地普通杉木种子)中设置固定试验地,采伐后采用5种采伐剩余物处理方式和2代杉木种子园种子培育的苗木营造2代杉木试验林,研究造林后26 a 5种不同采伐剩余物处理对2代杉木人工林生产力的影响。结果表明,2代26年生杉木林平均蓄积量为666.312 m^(3)·hm^(-2),平均出材量为536.805 m^(3)·hm^(-2),年平均蓄积增长量为25.627 m^(3)·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)。不同处理的蓄积量和总材种出材量排序均为:保留采伐剩余物处理(BL2)>加倍采伐剩余物处理(BL3)>炼山处理(SB)>全树收获处理(BL1)>移除采伐剩余物处理(BL0),5种不同处理的大径材出材量均在65.52%以上,不同处理间蓄积量和出材量差异不显著。本试验的2代26年生杉木林并没有出现前人报道的连栽生产力下降的情况,且不同采伐剩余物处理之间的生产力也无显著差异。采伐后保留采伐剩余物、适地适树(杉木造林选择20以上地位指数级的林地)和采用经遗传改良的苗木造林是缓解杉木连栽地力衰退、维持杉木大径级无节材人工林可持续经营的有效途径。

黄连解毒散治疗牛附红细胞体病的效果研究

[目的]通过使用黄连解毒散治疗牛附红细胞体病,探究更合理的治疗方案。[方法]选取呼伦贝尔某养殖场患有牛附红细胞体病的肉牛20例,随机分为4组,分别为高剂量黄连解毒散组(A)、中剂量黄连解毒散组(B)、低剂量黄连解毒散组(C)、西药对照组(D),A、B、C组分别给予80、60、40 g/d剂量的黄连解毒散,D组为100g/d剂量的土霉素。分别于给药第5天、给药第10天、停药后第5天进行记录,并分析治愈率、复发率以及预后生产性能变化情况。[结果]给药第5天,D组治愈率最高,为60%;而给药第10天,B组治愈率优于D组且疗程结束时治愈率最高,为100%。C组复发率为25%、D组复发率为20%、A、B组复发率为0;给药后5d,B组效果最好。[结论]中剂量黄连解毒散组虽然相对于西药治疗发挥作用较慢,但具有最佳的治疗效果,且复发率低、预后良好,推荐60 g/d剂量为临床常用治疗剂量。

微生物燃料电池在废水处理中的研究概况

总结了微生物燃料电池(MFC)性能的影响因素(阳极材料、阴极材料、电极间距以及pH),探究了近年来MFC在生活污水、农业废水、工业废水处理方面的应用研究以及产电性能,探求了当前MFC的不足,并对MFC未来的发展方向进行了展望。

中药及其天然产物通过靶向铁死亡治疗癌症研究进展

铁死亡是一种独特的铁依赖性的细胞死亡方式,一种不同于细胞凋亡、各种形式的坏死和自噬的新型死亡表型。许多从中药中提取的活性成分可在不同癌症中通过诱导铁死亡发挥抗癌作用。越来越多的研究发现,对铁死亡的调控可影响肿瘤细胞对药物的敏感性,甚至逆转耐药。一些天然产物与化学治疗药物如顺铂、氟尿嘧啶、吉西他滨等联用可通过诱导铁死亡增强癌细胞对药物的敏感性。该文主要总结了可以通过诱导铁死亡发挥抗癌作用的中药及其天然产物,可为癌症治疗和逆转耐药提供新思路,同时也为发掘中药的潜在优势、拓宽中药的应用范围提供参考。

碱化处理对花棒营养价值的影响

为探究碱化处理对于全株花棒营养价值的影响,选取五月份开花期内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟地区的两年生花棒,柔丝铡短到2~3 cm后均分为四组,前三组为试验组,分别按花棒干物质含量的4%、6%、8%依次添加氢氧化钙,最后一组为对照组,碱化30 d后进行常规养分分析并运用体外产气法评估其营养价值。结果表明:(1)三个试验组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量相比对照组均显著降低(P<0.05),且随氢氧化钙添加量的增多呈减少的趋势。(2)发酵开始后9 h之前试验组与对照组产气量差异不显著(P>0.05),发酵开始后的12 h和24 h,6%添加组的花棒产气量显著高于对照组和4%添加组(P<0.05),但与8%添加组比较差异不显著。36 h及以后均以6%添加组花棒产气量最高,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)快速产气部分(a)各试验组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。慢速产气部分(b)6%添加水平显著高于对照组和8%添加组(P<0.05),但与4%添加组比较差异不显著。产气速率(c)各组之间差异不明显,仅8%添加组显著高于6%添加组(P<0.05)。潜在产气量(a+b)6%添加水平显著高于8%添加组(P<0.05),但与对照组和4%添加组比较差异不显著。(4)总可消化养分(TDN)、有机物质消化率(OMD)、代谢能(ME)和消化能(DE),6%添加组显著高于对照组和4%添加组(P<0.05),但与8%添加组比较差异不显著。总的来说,对全株花棒进行碱化处理可以有效降低中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的含量。体外发酵评价反映出添加干物质重量6%的氢氧化钙效果最好,可以提高其有机物质消化率、代谢能,改善饲料品质。

煤层气筛管水平井低产原因分析和治理对策研究——以沁水盆地南部煤层气筛管水平井为例

筛管水平井是煤层气开发过程中较为重要的一种井型,在渗透率高的浅层煤层气开发中取得产量突破。但随着储层地质条件变差、气井生产时间延长,实际生产实践中出现部分低产筛管水平井。本文从地质因素、钻井因素、排采因素、作业因素四个角度对煤层气筛管水平井低产原因进行了讨论。煤储层渗透率低、地层堵塞、井筒堵塞是造成筛管水平井低产的三大原因。针对不同低产原因形成了针对性措施增产改造工艺。各措施增产工艺技术在沁水盆地南部樊庄区块取得较好效果。

面点制作中的面筋处理探究

面团中的面筋可以在一定程度上影响面点成品的口感及其质量。因此,本文讨论了制作面点时会影响面筋形成的各项因素及处理面筋的方法,以供参考。

某油田生产流程硫化氢治理技术研究

通过分析某油田的生产历史和硫化氢成因机理,制定针对性的生产流程硫化氢治理方案,并在现场采用两种治理药剂,对油田生产流程中的硫化氢污染进行加药治理。通过对现场生产水中SO42-、S2-、VFA及伴生气中的硫化氢浓度检测结果说明,两种药剂均有明显治理效果;在硫化氢浓度和产量两个指标上分析,药剂I的治理效果优于药剂II的治理效果;同时两种药剂均对有益菌NRB的增殖和SRB的抑制效果起到促进作用。

饮用水消毒副产物的控制工艺研究

为了预防通过饮用水途径传播的传染病,消毒已经成为水处理工艺中不可或缺的步骤。然而,消毒工艺在杀灭微生物的同时,也会产生消毒副产物(DBPs)。消毒副产物因其具有致癌、致畸和致突变的三致特性而在全球范围内备受关注。本文聚焦于消毒副产物的生成条件与危害两方面,考察了饮用水中消毒副产物的控制方法,并对现阶段消毒副产物研究方法中存在的问题与不足进行分析。最后针对消毒副产物未来的控制策略提出展望。

Analysis on Present Situation of Anaerobic Digestion Products of Sludge in Landscaping Application and Market Demand in Chongqing

Taking the anaerobic digestion products of sludge as the object, through the analysis on the development of garden substrate market at home and abroad and the development status of horticultural products from the anaerobic digestion products, the direction for the utilization of the anaerobic digestion products of sludge was pointed out. Based on the demand of Chongqing’s garden market, this paper analyzed the potential utilization of sludge anaerobic digestion products in Chongqing, and briefly introduced the research status of landscaping utilization of sludge anaerobic digestion products in Chongqing, in order to provide reference for the industry.

有色金属矿山选矿废水处理技术及生产应用

随着工业化进程的加速和环境保护意识的提高,对废水排放标准和处理技术的要求也越来越严格。矿山废水不仅含有大量的有机物和重金属离子等污染物,而且其复杂的成分和高浓度的污染物使得处理工作更加具有挑战性。文中探讨有色金属矿山废水的来源、成分及其对环境的影响,介绍各种处理方法以及废水回用的方式,以期为解决有色金属矿山废水处理及资源回用问题提供参考和启示。