Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China

Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program（NFPP） is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China＇s natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested.

A statistical analysis of spatiotemporal variations and determinant factors of forest carbon storage under China's Natural Forest Protection Program

The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP)is one of the key ecological forestry programs in China.It not only facilitates the improvement of forest ecological quality in NFPP areas,but also plays a significant role in increasing the carbon storage of forest ecosystems.The program covers 17 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities with correspondingly diverse forest resources and environments,ecological features,engineering measures and forest management regimes,all of which affect regional carbon storage.In this study,volume of timber harvest,tending area,pest-infested forest,firedamaged forest,reforestation,and average annual precipitation,and temperature were evaluated as factors that influence carbon storage.We developed a vector autoregression model for these seven indicators and we studied the dominant factors of carbon storage in the areas covered by NFPP.Timber harvest was the dominant factorinfluencing carbon storage in the Yellow and Yangtze River basins.Reforestation contributed most to carbon storage in the state-owned forest region in Xinjiang.In state-owned forest regions of Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces,the dominant factors were forest fires and forest cultivation,respectively.For the enhancement of carbon sequestration capacity,a longer rotation period and a smaller timber harvest are recommended for the Yellow and Yangtze River basins.Trees should be planted in stateowned forests in Xinjiang.Forest fires should be prevented in state-owned forests in Heilongjiang,and greater forest tending efforts should be made in the state-owned forests in Jilin.

Biomass Carbon Storage and Its Sequestration Potential of Afforestation under Natural Forest Protection Program in China

Based on the data from China′s Seventh Forest Inventory for the period of 2004–2008, area and stand volume of different types and age-classes of plantation were used to establish the relationship between biomass density and age of planted forests in different regions of the country. Combined with the plantation area in the first-stage of the Natural Forest Protection(NFP) program(1998–2010), this study calculated the biomass carbon storage of the afforestation in the first-stage of the program. On this basis, the carbon sequestration potential of these forests was estimated for the second stage of the program(2011–2020). Biomass carbon storage of plantation established in the first stage of the program was 33.67 Tg C, which was majority accounted by protection forests(30.26 Tg C). There was a significant difference among carbon storage in different regions, which depended on the relationship of biomass carbon density, forest age and plantation area. Under the natural growth, the carbon storage was forecasted to increase annually from 2011 to 2020, reaching 96.03 Tg C at the end of the second-stage of the program in 2020. The annual growth of the carbon storage was forecasted to be 6.24 Tg C/yr, which suggested that NFP program has a significant potential for enhancing carbon sequestration in plantation forests under its domain.

The Natural Forest Protection Program in China： A Contingent Valuation Study in Heilongjiang Province

In 1998, the Chinese Government implemented the NFPP （Natural Forest Protection Program）, which included logging restrictions, protected areas, replanting, and a range of other policies aimed at safeguarding the state of the country＇s forests and reducing the risk of erosion and flooding. A second phase of this program is currently being discussed. In this paper, contingent valuation is used to estimate the WTP （willingness to pay） for maintaining the program among the inhabitants in Heilongjiang Province in northern China. The results show that, even with fairly conservative assumptions, the aggregated WTP for maintaining the program for another five years is some 3.24 billion yuan per year. This can be compared with the current cost of the Program in the province, which is some 1.57 billion yuan per year.

Strategies on natural forest protection of collective forest area in minority nationality community in China─A case of the forest resource management in datu village

In the recent 20 years, it is a trend that forest will be distributed to villagers to manage in the world.Also in China, "forestry three determinations" has been carried out since 1980, and many new forestry devolutionshave been put fotward to and come into being. To face the fact of overusing up natural forest to result in the deterioration of ecology environment, the strategy of naturaf forest protection project (NFPP) is raised after the heavyflood in 1998. Now, it i s paid close attention to systematically study to carry Out the strategies of NFPP in collective forest area, especially in the community of minority nationalities. Based on the case of forest resource management in Datu Miao Village, the experience of its forest management in the past is analyzed and the strategies of NFPP in collective forest area are put forward.

Development and evaluation of local communities incentive programs for improving the traditional forest management:A case study of Northern Zagros forests,Iran

We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs （FIP） based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling （SRS）. The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses （DPSIR） to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation.

Humus horizon development during natural forest succession process in the Polish Carpathians

As a result of socio-economic changes and land abandonment,the main ecological driver of the Carpathian landscape is the progression of the natural forest succession process.Thus,aspects of this process have become worthy of attention,especially in the context of carbon sequestration and the management of protected areas.Soil processes,especially within the topsoil,are some of the most susceptible to change,due to the accumulation of organic matter during such land-use transformations.The purposes of this study were to investigate the differences in topsoil development using the A Horizon Development Index(ADI)and to study the composition of humic substances and advanced organic matter humification in different land-use areas in selected Carpathian national parks,i.e.Bieszczady,Magura and Pieniny National Parks in southern Poland.Additionally,a goal of this study was to compare the ADI and the spectroscopic coefficients of humic substances as indicators of the degree of humus horizon shaping as well as advanced organic matter humification.In total,ten transects were selected,each consisting of three different land-use areas:semi-natural meadow,successional forest and old-growth forest.Soil colour was determined in fresh and air-dried samples using the Munsell colour chart.In air-dried soil samples p H,soil texture,total organic carbon and total nitrogen were measured.Humic substances were extracted and further characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy.The ADI confirmed the influence of natural forest succession on soil colour darkening and the development of the uppermost soil layer.Spectroscopic analyses of humic substances showed two different patterns depending on soil depth.In the 0–10 cm layer,natural forest succession reduced the rate of the humification process and decreased the degree of maturity of fulvic acids;in the 10–20 cm layer,it led to an increase in the rate of the humification process and a decrease in the content of humic and fulvic acids at the beginning of the transformation.The comparison of two different indicators of soil development–the ADI and the spectroscopic coefficients of humic substances(Q_(4/6),Q_(2/4),Q_(2/3),Δlog K)–indicated that these indexes are based on different features of soil and cannot be used interchangeably.

Impacts of Mau Forest Catchment on the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya

Remote sensing and GIS applications are being widely used for various projects relating to natural resource management. Forests are very important national assets for economic, environmental protection, social and cultural values and should be conserved in order to realize all these benefits. Kenya’s forests are rapidly declining due to pressure from increased population, technological innovation, urbanization human development and other land uses. Mau forest is one of the major forests in Kenya that is a catchment area for many Great Rift Valley lakes within the country and faces a lot of destruction. Continued destruction of the Mau forest will cause catastrophic environmental damage, resulting in massive food crises and compromising the livelihoods of millions of Kenyans, and the possible collapse of the tourism industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the increasing rate of deforestation and the reduction of the volumes of water in the neighboring lakes between the years 1989 to 2010. Satellite images from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used for the detection of changes in the Mau forest and the dynamics of the neighboring water bodies that included lakes: Naivasha, Baringo, Nakuru, Elementaita and Bogoria. The research showed that from a period of 1989 to 2010 Mau forest has been decreasing due to deforestation and the water bodies have irregular dynamics in that, from 1989 to 2000, there was rise in the volume of water, this is attributed to the El Nino rains experienced in the country during the year 1997 and 1998. But between 2000 and 2010 the volume decreased as the forest is also decreasing. It is recommended that the government creates awareness to sensitize the public on the importance of such forests as catchment areas in Kenya.

贵州省天然林和公益林并轨管理体系探索

为科学、高效和精准地推动贵州省天然林和公益林并轨管理工作,提出并轨管理的相关措施,为支撑经济社会高质量发展提供生态保障。依据贵州省2022年林草生态综合监测数据,结合省内外实地调研,通过分析天然林保护和公益林管理现状、存在问题,提出实施并轨管理的具体措施。贵州省天然林和公益林重叠面积高达360.82万hm^(2),在法律层面上两者的管控措施相似,保护等级相当。补偿标准皆为每年240元·hm^(-2)。管理机构存在职能重叠、队伍庞大、补偿机制不完善、资金投入不足、护林员管理不健全等问题。实现天然林与公益林并轨管理,统一管理机构是基础,统筹资源底数是方法,规范政策制度是支撑和保障。

天然林保护与公益林管理并轨的底层逻辑及深化策略

天然林保护与公益林管理并轨可使森林分类经营和林业生态体系建设更加科学化和规范化,有助于解决新时代新形势下森林资源保护管理存在的问题,是生态文明思想的实践创新。文中梳理中华人民共和国成立以来森林分类经营政策的演变过程,从统一基础数据、统一财政政策、统一管护体系3个方面探究实现天然林保护与公益林管理并轨的底层逻辑,从法律法规、产权制度、财税制度、技术标准、生态产品价值实现机制5个方面总结当前面临的挑战与困难,并从健全法律法规体系、调整生态林产权制度改革方向、进一步深化财税制度改革、整合修订相关技术标准、探索生态产品价值实现机制5个方面提出了深化策略。

滇西北重要生态系统分布特征研究

基于滇西北区域林地变更成果、高分辨率卫星影像等数据,采用影像判读确定滇西北区域的重要生态系统类型,采用随机抽样方法对初步成果进行实地验证。结果表明:滇西北重要生态系统总面积为4494278.26 hm^(2),占滇西北土地总面积的76.96%,其中暖温性针叶林生态系统占比最大为23.10%,在滇西北各县均有分布;香格里拉市分布的重要生态系统面积最大,寒温性针叶林、温凉性针叶林和高寒山地硬叶常绿阔叶林生态系统主要分布于香格里拉市;纳入保护地的重要生态系统面积占滇西北重要生态系统面积的77.32%。

天保工程20年对黑龙江大兴安岭国有林区森林碳库的影响

天然林是中国应对气候变化和落实国家自主贡献的重要载体。科学评估天保工程对实施区域森林碳汇/碳源特征的影响,对于巩固提升区域尺度森林固碳增汇作用和统筹区域生态-经济-社会协调发展具有重要意义。以黑龙江大兴安岭重点国有林区为研究对象,基于多期和多类森林调查和统计数据,运用材积源生物量法,将天保工程实施过程中的人工造林、森林抚育、木材调减、森林巡护等经营管理活动产生的影响纳入核算过程,测算1998-2018年天保工程对该区域森林碳库的影响。结果表明,(1)通过实施天保工程,20年来黑龙江大兴安岭重点国有林区累计产生净固碳量1.32×10^(8)Mg,相当于抵消了同期黑龙江省二氧化碳累计排放量的近12%,且相较于生物质能和碳捕集与封存等工业措施具有明显的成本优势。(2)对存量森林资源开展森林经营管理所产生的森林碳汇量是研究区净固碳量的最大贡献来源,占比高达80.0%。(3)人工造林和调减木材任务在空间布局上的不均,是造成研究区净固碳量存在一定程度空间异质性的主要原因。(4)天保工程在实施过程中引发的碳排放、碳泄漏会抵消研究区的部分固碳效益,但抵消比例仅为0.29%,森林固碳增汇的整体效益不受影响。在后天保工程时代为持续稳定发挥研究区的森林碳库作用,建议从固碳、增汇、保汇3个方面科学强化天然林的保护与修复成效,避免或减少森林碳库无序损耗,创新天然林碳汇价值实现路径,减少计量与监测不确定性影响,实现森林生态系统固碳增汇效能持续提升。

天保二期工程实施后白河林业局林区林木和林地资源变化调查研究

本研究以吉林省白河林业局的天然林资源保护工程区域为研究对象,以天保二期工程(2011-2020年)的林相图、遥感卫片与调查资料库为研究基础,应用GIS分析软件的叠加分析、属性分级色彩等功能,分析森林资源变化情况,通过Mapinfo 8.5软件的通用转换器功能,将林相地图转换为ArcGIS 10.0可操作的ESRISHP格式地图文件,利用空间分析模型,在ArcGIS 10.0统计分析功能的支持下,完成数据空间叠加运算,生成地类面积、郁闭度和蓄积量等变化图。通过工程实施前后森林资源调查对比发现,活立木蓄积量提升7.95%,乔木林地蓄积量提升8.32%,郁闭度超过0.70的森林蓄积量和面积均在增长,森林覆盖率提升2.3%,林木绿化率提升2.5%。提出了森林资源存在的问题,根据森林资源现状提出了保护及经营建议。

天然林资源保护及幼林抚育管理技术分析

以天然林为研究对象,研究发现加强天然林资源保护以及对幼林进行科学抚育具有改善生态气候、保护生物多样性等作用,然而现阶段在天然林资源保护以及幼林抚育过程中存在体系不完善、火灾威胁大、保护意识欠缺、技术相对滞后和资金短缺等问题,进而提出应采取完善监管体系、加强防火保护、依法治林、引入现代化技术与设备和加强幼林的抚育等措施,以求为推进森林资源和林业经济的稳定、可持续发展奠定基础。

辽宁省天然林保护与可持续经营问题及对策

辽宁省的天然林资源在生态防护中发挥了重要作用,在调结构、促经济、增收入等方面也具有重要价值。近年来,辽宁省天然林保护经营取得了显著的成效,但在森林资源和抚育措施等方面还存在一定问题。要树立天然林保护与可持续经营并重的发展理念,科学划分经营类型,通过科学的营林措施提高森林质量,适度开发天然林资源,发挥天然林的生态及经济效益,以期实现对辽宁省天然林的保护与可持续经营。

天然林保护工程中森林经营技术的应用

随着我国经济的快速发展和人们生活的改善,对森林资源的需求不断增加,与此同时,生态环境也不同程度地遭受到了一些破坏。森林是生态环境改善的主体,尤其是天然林。加强对天然林的保护工作,并有针对性地采取不同的经营技术,可以有效地改善生态环境。文章基于天然林保护的内涵,阐述了天然林保护工程的演替,分析了天然林与森林作业的关系,研究并提出了天然林保护工程中森林经营技术的应用,同时提出在天然林保护工程中开展森林经营的有效措施,为天然林保护工程的更好实施提供一定的参考。

我国东北天然林保护工程区森林植被的碳储量

以东北天然林保护工程区森林生态系统为对象,通过对其主要森林类型进行调查,探讨天保工程经营区划对森林植被固碳现状的影响,并结合已有的东北林区生物量与蓄积量数据库,建立了东北林区主要树种组的生物量-蓄积量回归模型,然后以第7次森林资源清查为基础,对东北天保工程区森林植被碳储量进行估算,以期为全国森林生物量的估算和天保工程的评估提供参考。结果表明,不同经营区之间(重点公益林、一般公益林和商品林)森林植被碳密度的差异并不显著,这可能与天然林保护工程实施初期经营区划的标准、样地的选择以及天保工程实施过程中粗放的管理方式有关。东北天保工程区森林植被碳储量为1045 Tg C,占东北、内蒙古三省森林植被总碳储量的68%;工程区以天然林为主,占工程区总植被碳储量的97%。工程区森林植被平均碳密度为41 Mg/hm2,较东北、内蒙古三省平均植被碳密度高14%;工程区植被碳密度随林龄的增加逐渐增大,由幼龄林的13 Mg/hm2到过熟林的63 Mg/hm2。因此,继续加强天然林保护工程的实施,提高其林分质量,这对未来我国森林碳汇潜力的增加和森林的可持续发展都具有重要的意义。

中国天然林资源保护工程综合评价指标体系与评估方法

天然林资源是国家重要的战略资源与生态资源,在维护国土生态安全、应对气候变化、保护生物多样性等方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用。作为覆盖范围最广、投资规模最大的天然林资源保护工程(简称天保工程)自2000年正式启动以来,对长江上游、黄河上中游地区以及东北、内蒙古、新疆、海南等重点国有林区的森林资源保护修复、区域生态环境改善及经济社会可持续发展等多方面都产生了巨大、深远影响。天保工程二期于2020年结束,全面定量评估天保工程的生态、经济和社会综合效益和国内外的巨大影响,可为全面推进我国天然林资源保护修复提供科技支撑,为后续政策修订提供决策依据。本文基于空间信息技术、样地调查、生态站观测、比较分析等手段,构建了适用于天保工程的综合评价指标体系与评估方法,涵盖森林资源、生态效益、社会经济效益、生态修复措施和政策设计5个方面,对全面贯彻落实国家生态文明战略和《天然林保护修复制度方案》具有重要的现实意义和深远历史意义,为开展全国性的重大生态工程评估提供借鉴和参考。

基于生态足迹模型的延边林区可持续发展评价

生态足迹是评价可持续发展状况和能力的重要指标之一.本文以统计年鉴和林业年鉴为主要数据来源,对延边林区1996～2002年的生态足迹进行了计算和分析.结果表明,该区人均生态足迹逐年下降,人均生态承载力波动较小,而人均生态盈余逐年增长.人均万元GDP生态足迹逐年递减,同西部地区相当,而明显高于东部.人均林地生态足迹变化平稳,天然林保护工程实施前后林地生产足迹和林地出口足迹的平均值分别降低了0.341和0.327 hm^2·人^-1,降幅分别为46.32%和54.94%.延边区域和林业的发展是可持续的,天然林保护工程的实施有助于增强其可持续发展能力,但同林业发达国家相比,仍有很大差距.依靠科技,提高单位面积林地产量和资源利用率,合理经营和管理森林生态系统是今后的工作重点.

天然林抚育经营技术研究现状与展望

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